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Puget Sound Water Resources: Using Earth Observations to Map Bull Kelp in the Puget Sound, Washington, to Support Conservation and Restoration
Bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) is a critical component of nearshore ecosystems in the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea. The Port of Seattle and Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) have identified possible declines in bull kelp extent and changes in its distribution throughout the Central Puget Sound near Seattle, Washington. Bull kelp losses threaten critical ecological services and marine habitat, as well as important cultural resources. However, these changes are not well tracked or understood due to the expensive and time-intensive nature of traditional kelp canopy monitoring methods. The Port of Seattle and Washington DNR partnered with the NASA DEVELOP team to explore the feasibility of using Earth observations between 2016 and 2021 obtained from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) as a potential tool to monitor and map bull kelp. Our team identified a variety of challenges that need to be addressed before this approach can be utilized as an effective means for identifying or mapping nearshore urban kelp beds. We found that neither Sentinel-2 nor Landsat 8 significantly differentiates between kelp and no-known kelp using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) or Normalized Difference Red-Edge Blue (NDREB). While the tidal and current filtering methods discussed here may be beneficial for identifying promising single image dates for kelp classification, the filters we used reduced the number of images each year to the point that modeling or mapping yearly kelp extent or creating time series of kelp did not appear to be feasible.
Coronado Ecological Conservation: Assessing Vegetation Change Due to Border Wall Construction and Shifting Social Trails
Species monitoring is essential for mitigating the impacts of plant invasion, such as radical changes in an area’s ecosystem, degraded soil health, increased wildfire severity, landslides, and increased flooding. For this project, NASA DEVELOP partnered with the National Park Service (NPS) to investigate invasive species in disturbed lands: specifically, areas affected by off-trail travel and U.S.-Mexico border construction activities. The team assessed how construction has impacted the distribution of Lehmann’s lovegrass and Russian thistle invasives throughout Coronado National Memorial, AZ from 1986-2022. Using data from Landsat 5 and 8, Sentinel-2, NAIP, and PlanetScope, the team computed NDVI, NDMI, MSAVI2, EVI, and Tasseled Cap Wetness, Brightness, and Greenness transformations as vegetation health indicators to input into various machine learning algorithms. To minimize noise, the team conducted Principal Component Analysis on vegetation indices and spectral bands before running k-means clustering and random forest classification algorithms. Between all datasets, the team found that the median area fully overtaken by invasive plants was 5.37% of the park’s total area in 2022. The NPS will use end products to help increase restoration efforts in disturbed areas with high concentrations of invasive plants, and this project can serve as a jumping off point for future invasive species monitoring. The NPS’s collection of ground data for 2022-2023, in conjunction with future data collection, will notably improve the accuracy of classification models, leading to more precise monitoring of invasive species spread over time.
Southeast Coast Ecological Conservation: Investigating the Development of Ghost Forests Due to Saltwater Intrusion along the Savannah River, Georgia Coastline of the United States
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Paria River Ecological Conservation: Mapping Russian Olive and Tamarisk to Inform Invasive Species Management along the Paria River, Utah
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Bandelier Ecological Conservation: Mapping Invasive Species Along the Rio Grande Corridor in Bandelier National Monument
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Oregon Coast Range Ecological Conservation: Mapping Recent Logging Within Drinking Watersheds of Oregon’s Coastal Range to Support Future Resource Management Policies
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Southeast Coast Ecological Conservation: Investigating the Development of Ghost Forests Due to Saltwater Intrusion along the Savannah River, Georgia Coastline of the United States
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Paria River Ecological Conservation: Mapping Russian Olive and Tamarisk to Inform Invasive Species Management Along the Paria River in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah & Arizona
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Southern Wyoming Ecological Conservation II: Improving Invasive Species Detection Mapping with Novel Phenology Approaches
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Coastal Virginia Ecological Conservation Mapping Wetland Change Across the Coastal Regions of Virginia to Identify Areas Most Susceptible to Wetland Loss and Most in Need of Wetland Protection Advocacy
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Alaska Ecological Conservation: Using NASA Earth Observations to Identify Recent Changes in River Ice Phenology and Its Impacts on Caribou Migration
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Jefferson County Ecological Conservation: Quantifying the Effects of Hydrologic Restoration in the Camas National Wildlife Refuge and Mud Lake Wildlife Management Area
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Big Bend Ecological Conservation Integrating Earth Observations into Invasive Species Management Decisions in Big Bend National Park in Texas
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Coastal Virginia Ecological Conservation: Mapping Wetland Change Across the Coastal Regions of Virginia to Identify Areas Most Susceptible to Wetland Loss and Most in Need of Wetland Protection Advocacy
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Alaska Ecological Conservation: Using NASA Earth Observations to Identify Recent Changes in River Ice Phenology and Its Impacts on Caribou Migration
Each fall, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in the Western Arctic Herd migrate hundreds of kilometers across northwestern Alaska to acquire seasonal resources and reach wintering grounds. Various rivers intersect migration paths, and caribou can only cross over open water or high-ice extents but are unable to cross rivers in stages of partial freezing. Recent temperature increases in Alaska can alter the timing and duration of ice formation periods, impeding migratory patterns. The Massachusetts NASA DEVELOP team partnered with the National Park Service in Alaska to detect river ice onset dates and formation periods using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager-2, Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar and Sentinel-2A/B MultiSpectral Instrument imagery in Google Earth Engine. This feasibility analysis measured ice coverage using the Normalized Difference Infrared Index, Relative Difference River Ice, and Vertical-Vertical/Vertical-Horizontal backscatter values based on the spectral and surface characteristics of rivers. The team produced annual freezing timelines, time series plots, and maps at three river stretches to analyze river ice phenology changes. Radar imagery assessed ice coverage more accurately, while optical imagery better identified ice onset dates. Meanwhile indices were unable to robustly establish ice formation thresholds across the study period. These study results can help the National Park Service to better evaluate spatiotemporal migratory shifts and contextualize recent regional caribou declines.
Cape Hatteras Ecological Conservation: Delineating Shoreline and Mapping Change Along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore for Coastline Management and Transportation Corridor Adaptation Strategies
The National Park Service at Cape Hatteras National Seashore works to protect North Carolina’s Outer Banks where frequent storms bring heavy winds and flooding, leading to overwash events on the main highway, North Carolina Highway 12. Shorelines are susceptible to erosion directly affecting transportation and housing infrastructures. Storm events can disrupt transportation on NC-12 and ferry service from Ocracoke Island to Hatteras Island, leaving inhabitants stranded on Ocracoke Island for indefinite amounts of time. The National Park Service’s current decision-making practices involve mitigating infrastructure damage by enlisting the help of North Carolina’s Department of Transportation and finding ways to relocate this infrastructure, as well as dredging and sediment placement that support beach nourishment efforts. Our NASA DEVELOP team partnered with the National Park Service to explore the use of optical data to delineate shoreline and map coastline change from 2014 to 2024. We used Earth observations collected by Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager-2, and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral instrument to support decision-making related to prioritizing strategic planning for transportation corridor adaptations including potential relocation of infrastructure, and beach nourishment efforts. We derived coastline maps by consolidating images from each year to create composite images for winter and summer coastline seasonal oscillation patterns. The results highlight shoreline loss over the ~10-year study period, and the difference in shoreline inundation in the winter and summer seasons. These observations create a better understanding of successful mitigation efforts and allow the National Park Service to continue to focus on plans for infrastructure updates.
Helium Conservation by Diffusion Limited Purging of Liquid Hydrogen Tanks
The NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) has developed an analytical model that predicts diffusion between two gases during piston purging of liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks. This model helps explain dramatic helium savings seen in a recent Kennedy Space Center (KSC) purge, shows that undesired turbulent mixing occurred in Space Shuttle External Tank purges, and is applicable to future helium purges of the Space Launch System Core Stage LH2 tanks.