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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,747 records · Page 97
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Whitepaper submitted to Snowmass21: Advanced accelerator linear collider demonstration facility at intermediate energy

It is widely accepted that the next lepton collider beyond a Higgs factory would require center-of-mass energy of the order of up to 15 TeV. Since, given reasonable space and cost restrictions, conventional accelerator technology reaches its limits near this energy, high-gradient advanced acceleration concepts are attractive. Advanced and novel accelerators (ANAs) are leading candidates due to their ability to produce acceleration gradients on the order of 1--100~GV/m, leading to compact acceleration structures. Over the last 10-15 years significant progress has been achieved in accelerating electron beams by ANAs. For example, the demonstration of several-GeV electron beams from laser-powered capillary discharge waveguides, as well as the proof-of-principle coupling of two accelerating structures powered by different laser pulses, has increased interest in ANAs as a viable technology to be considered for a compact, TeV-class, lepton linear collider. However, intermediate facilities are required to test the technology and demonstrate key subsystems. A 20-100 GeV center-of-mass energy ANA-based lepton collider can be a possible candidate for an intermediate facility. Apart from being a test beam facility for accelerator and detector studies, this collider will provide opportunities to study muon and proton beam acceleration, investigate charged particle interactions with extreme electromagnetic fields (relevant for beam delivery system designs and to study the physics at the interaction point), as well as precision Quantum Chromodynamics and Beyond the Standard Model physics measurements. Possible applications of this collider include the studies of $\gamma\gamma$ and $e$-ion collider designs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Intrabeam Stripping of H- Ions in the JLEIC Ion Linac with PyORBIT

Jefferson Lab is designing an electron-ion collider (JLEIC) to meet the experimental needs of the nuclear physics community. In JLEIC, a potential mechanism for beam loss is intrabeam stripping of the H- ions in the linear accelerator (linac). As the ions interact with each other, there is a chance that electrons will be stripped from the ions. This creates neutral particles that are unaffected by the electromagnetic fields and are thus lost. This project determined whether intrabeam stripping is a relevant form of beam loss for JLEIC. The pyORBIT code was modified to simulate the beam dynamics of the JLEIC linac. Then plots were created of relativistic velocity to determine the likelihood of intrabeam stripping. From these plots, the relativistic velocity values of the ion beam were found to be similar to values from previous studies on other linacs; however, the calculated average power of JLEIC is significantly lower than the powers of other linacs. Previous predictions have shown that intrabeam stripping is negligible below a certain average power value. Our value for average power was many orders of magnitude below this average power value and thus confirmed that intrabeam stripping of the H- ions will have negligible effects on the amount of beam loss in JLEIC ion linac.

Sy, Amy↗
DOE OSTI2023

Compact Multicell Superconducting Crab Cavity for ILC

We propose a novel design of a crab cavity (CC) for the ILC project with low parasitic High Order Modes (HOM) losses and preserving the beam emittance, which is critical for operation with high beam current intensity. Multiple electrodes immersed in the hollow waveguide form a trapped-mode resonator. The transverse components of the electromagnetic field of the trapped dipole mode induce a transverse kick and efficiently deflect charged particles passing through the cavity. We present a scalable design of a superconducting Quasi-waveguide Multicell Resonator (QMiR) seamlessly connected with a beam vacuum chamber. The cavity is completely open at both ends, which significantly reduces the maximum loaded quality factor of the higher order modes (HOM), avoids complex HOM couplers, and thus simplifies the mechanical design of the cavity. The same port is used to feed RF power to the operating mode and to extract the same order modes (SOM). Finally, we estimate the expected cryogenic losses, HOM impedance limits, RF input power required, and frequency tuning for a QMiR cavity designed to operate at 2.6 GHz.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Radiation Hardened Beam Instrumentations for Multi-mega-watt Beam Facilities

A beam instrumentation is an essential element for the successful operate particle accelerators in which various diagnostics and beam control systems are integrated into beam optics. However, the performance of beam instrumentation is often subject to constraints such as prompt radiation dose, integrated radiation dose, operation (ambient) temperature and humidity, available space, and strength of embedded electromagnetic fields at the monitoring point. These constraints will limit the dynamic range of operational beam parameters, like the maximum achievable beam power. A seamless R\&D effort to develop the radiation hardened beam instrumentation should be made for future multi-MW beam facilities. In this paper, we describes about a radiation hardened beam instrumentation based on the operational experience of the NuMI beam line.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Current rectification based on noncentrosymmetric quantum materials

Rectification is a process that converts electromagnetic fields into direct current (DC). Such a process underlies a wide range of technologies, including wireless communication, wireless charging, energy harvesting, and infrared detection. Existing rectifiers are mostly based on semiconductor diodes, with limited applicability to small voltages or high frequency inputs. Here, we present an alternative approach to current rectification that uses the electronic properties of quantum crystals without semiconductor junctions. We identify a new mechanism for rectification from skew scattering due to the chirality of itinerant electrons in time-reversal-invariant but inversion-breaking materials. Our calculations reveal large, tunable rectification effects in graphene multilayers and transition metal dichalcogenides. These effects can be used in high-frequency rectifiers by rational material design and quantum wavefunction engineering.

Isobe, Hiroki↗
DOE OSTI2024

Overview of Quantum Sensing Materials and Techniques for Energy Sector Applications

The energy sector has become increasingly dependent upon highly sensitive sensing devices for a wide range of applications. Variables such as temperature, pH, electromagnetic fields, ions, and pressure must be measured with high precision, often in harsh conditions (e.g. highly corrosive environments due to high temperature, pressure and humidity). These sensors are deployed in infrastructure such as transformers, pipelines, mines, nuclear power plants, and other areas to ensure safe operating conditions and uninterrupted, optimized service. Moreover, new opportunities for sensors have emerged due to the expansion of smart grids/meters, driverless vehicles, and the discovery of new oil, gas, and critical mineral deposits. The continued maturation of quantum sensing technologies offers exciting opportunities for quantum-enhanced measurements within the energy sector that may provide significant improvements in sensitivity beyond the classical limit. Here, an overview of established and emerging quantum materials for sensing applications will be provided, from trapped ions to color centers in diamond and silicon carbide. Associated quantum sensing methods for these materials will be discussed, with an emphasis on platforms that are nearing commercial viability. Specific application opportunities within the energy sector for quantum sensors will then be analyzed, including oil/gas discovery, greenhouse gas emission monitoring, pH and ion sensing, current measurement in electric vehicle batteries, and quantum-enhanced spectroscopy. Remaining barriers, such as quantum sensor platform miniaturization and ruggedization, will also be analyzed. A specific project at the National Energy Technology Laboratory involving the functionalization of qubits using metal-organic frameworks for enhanced quantum sensing will also be highlighted. Here, nitrogen vacancy centers (NV) in nanodiamonds, a commercially available qubit with long coherence times and utilizable quantum properties at room temperature, are encapsulated in a controlled way using the metal-organic framework ZIF-8. The ZIF-8 provides a well-defined, porous scaffold that can be controlled to promote the selective uptake of specific target analytes, such as gas molecules or ions. The quantum sensing performance of this composite material is either preserved or enhanced following ZIF-8 encapsulation; the optically detected magnetic resonance response of the NV nanodiamonds with and without the ZIF-8 coating are identical, while the ZIF-8 coating increases the longitudinal spin relaxation lifetime (T1) of the NV centers, an important parameter for spin relaxometry-based quantum sensing experiments. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of qubit functionalization as a crucial step for rationally designing high performance quantum sensors.

Crawford, Scott↗
DOE OSTI2025

Emergent properties of magnons coupled to microwave photons (Final Technical Report)

Studying the emergent properties of hybrid quantum material platforms holds great promise for advancing quantum technologies and transforming our ability to control quantum mechanical interactions. A key development in recent years is the recognition that magnons – the elementary quanta of spin waves – can serve as fundamental building blocks in quantum systems. Understanding the mechanisms behind the generation and control of hybrid quasiparticles based on magnons could pave the way for engineering new materials for quantum coherent processing and quantum computing. This research project focused on the precise control of light-matter interactions in magnetic hybrid systems and nanostructures, where light is carried by microwave photons and matter by magnons in engineered magnetic metamaterials. Furthermore, we investigated hybridized magnon interactions in magnetic nanostructures and devices. To this end, the project has developed new measurement techniques and systematically studied novel material systems for efficient magnon-photon coupling. A key focus was uncovering the fundamental mechanisms governing magnon-photon and magnon-phonon interactions – critical for utilizing magnons as coherent information transducers between carriers. Specifically, this research addressed: 1. Investigate the dispersion and collective properties of magnon hybrid systems in new material systems. 2. Develop magnonic hybrids with non-zero wavevectors and achieve effective control of magnon-polariton properties through engineered magnonic behaviors. 3. Determine how spin-orbit torques interact with electromagnetic fields in the strong coupling regime. This work generated new insights into the physics of magnonic hybrid systems and their emergent properties by broadening the range of material platforms and measurement techniques used to study magnon-photon and magnon-magnon coupling. The findings deepen our understanding of magnon-polaritons and lay the groundwork for novel spintronic devices with potential applications in quantum information science.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exploration of Potential Superconducting Multi-Mode Cavity Architectures for Quantum Computing

This thesis describes the investigation of superconducting multi-mode cavity architecture for superconducting transmon-based quantum computing. The dissertation highlights useful features of radio-frequency cavities used for quantum computing, with a brief discussion on the advantages of superconducting cavities. In the subsequent section, the concept of transmon is introduced and the mechanism of coupling with a cavity is analyzed. Once the foundations of the topic are laid down, the thesis focuses on optimizing a multi-mode superconducting rf cavity design originally developed for high-energy physics applications. Such section articulates in two main parts, the first part concerning the "bare" cavity remake via finite-elements eigenmode simulations using a computer-aided design software called CST Studio Suite®. In the second part, a transmon qubit is physically inserted into the modified cavity to assess the qubit-cavity coupling of the new design. In evaluating said coupling, two distinct analysis methods are used, namely the black-box quantization method and the energy participation ratio method, both implemented using Ansys® High-Frequency Electromagnetic-Field Simulator, or HFSS™. Results from the two evaluations, compared together, show that the optimized design meets the requisites to be used for quantum computing purposes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Detection of high-frequency gravitational waves using SRF cavities

Today, apart from some isolated R&D efforts, there are no gravitational wave (GW) experiments, yet which explore a large part of the vast frequency range above the LIGO/Virgo band. It is planned to establish an experiment at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) and at the Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems (SQMS) Center at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) to search for high-frequency GWs in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 100 MHz. The basic idea is to use superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities to detect tiny harmonic deformations induced by GWs which change the boundary conditions of the oscillating electromagnetic field. This paper summarizes the challenging environmental boundary requirements, and the R&D to operate a cavity using a low level RF (LLRF) system which pushes beyond state-of-the-art accuracy and resolutions and a seismic noise mitigated cryostat at 1.8 K. The focus of this paper is the warm and cold commissioning of a prototype cavity, built 20 years ago during the MAGO collaboration, and its first measurement in our collaborative research project.

Wenskat, M. [DESY; Hamburg U.] (ORCID:000000016546↗
DOE OSTI2026

Coming Closer to High Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection With MAGO

In the last years, low frequency gravitational waves (GWs) have been consistently measured by the LIGOVirgo collaboration, but little to no attention has been paid to higher frequencies GWs in the range of 10 kHz to 100 MHz, at which confirmation for current theories or even new physics could be hidden. The MAGO 2.0 project aims at filling this gap in the parameter space using superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. Exploiting the excellent Q-factors of these resonators, we plan to detect tiny harmonic deformations induced by GWs which change the boundary conditions of the oscillating electromagnetic field. We present the results of the first cold tests ran at DESY and FNAL using the cavity prototype built 20 years ago at the end of the MAGO collaboration, characterizing the RF spectrum, Q-factor and surface resistance. Additionally we introduce the mechanical vibration spectrum characterization and the RF response of the cavity with the injection of a “fake GW” signal using piezoelectric actuators.

Marconato, Giovanni [Hamburg U.]↗
DOE OSTI2021

(Poster) TRIPWIRE: Multi-modal Distributed Sensing For Repository Verification

Poster submission. This project is developing and demonstrating a multi-modal sensor system, TRIPWIRE, for containment verification in inaccessible radiological and nuclear waste repositories. The TRIPWIRE system will continuously monitor ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields and vibration in the vicinity of emplaced nuclear materials buried in a repository, reporting on disturbances with a real-time alarm control station.

98 - NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization and Evaluation of Scintillating Fiber System Components

Idaho National Laboratory is studying long scintillation fibers (SF) in a project called “TRIPWIRE” which aims to verify containment in inaccessible nuclear waste repositories. This system will continuously monitor ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, and seismic activity in the vicinity of nuclear waste. Previous experiments have determined a better alternative to long SF is to couple shorter SF to kilometer scale optical fiber (OF) to reach electronics far outside of the repository. Minor signal attenuation from coupling these fibers has been observed using optical spectrometry. This experiment characterized two photomultiplier tubes (PMT) to reduce this loss by matching their spectral response characteristics to the SF’s emission spectrum. The experiment created a comparison between the two PMTs showing results that suggest other characteristics are playing a major role in improving signal attenuation when the SF is coupled to OF.

98 - NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL↗
DOE OSTI2026

Neural-Network Inverse Design of SRF Cavities and Transmons for Bosonic Quantum Computation

Three-dimensional superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities provide exceptionally long-lived electromagnetic modes and, when coupled to nonlinear elements such as transmon qubits, become promising architectures for bosonic quantum information processing. The inverse design of such systems, i.e., recovering device geometries that produce specified electromagnetic and coupling targets, is generally a one-to-many problem. The qubit-cavity coupling strength depends sensitively on both the transmon geometry and its position within the cavity's electromagnetic field. As these systems scale up and their design parameter spaces grow, the cost of conventional iterative simulation becomes prohibitive. We present two deep neural network (DNN) approaches that address this inverse-design problem at complementary levels of the design stack. The first proposes SRF cavity geometries that produce target cavity observables. The second proposes transmon qubit designs that produce target qubit-cavity parameters - the coupling rate, qubit frequency, and anharmonicity $(g, ν_q, α)$. The recovered candidate designs match the targets to within ~5% (cavity) and ~2% (transmon), confirmed by end-to-end re-simulation. Both approaches map desired device behavior directly to candidate designs, a fast alternative to the iterative simulation studies usually required.

Yaker, Joseph [Fermilab; Northwestern U.]↗
DOE OSTI2012

Detection of electromagnetic waves using charged MEMS structures

We describe micromechanical structures that are capable of sensing both electrostatic fields and electromagnetic fields over a wide frequency range. Typically, sensing of electromagnetic waves is achieved with electrically conducting antennas, which despite the many advantages do not exhibit high sensitivity over a broad frequency range. An important aspect of our present work is that, in contrast to traditional antennas, the dimensions of micromechanical oscillators sensitive to electromagnetic waves can be much smaller than the wavelength. We characterized the micromechanical oscillators and measured responses to electric fields and estimated the performance limits by evaluating the signal-to-noise ratio theoretically and experimentally.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Causal signal transmission by quantum fields. V: Generalised Keldysh rotations and electromagnetic response of the Dirac sea

The connection between real-time quantum field theory (RTQFT) [see, e.g., A. Kamenev and A. Levchenko, Adv. Phys. 58 (2009) 197] and phase-space techniques [E. Wolf and L. Mandel, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge, 1995)] is investigated. The Keldysh rotation that forms the basis of RTQFT is shown to be a phase-space mapping of the quantum system based on the symmetric (Weyl) ordering. Following this observation, we define generalised Keldysh rotations based on the class of operator orderings introduced by Cahill and Glauber [K.E. Cahill, R.J. Glauber, Phys. Rev. 177 (1969) 1882]. Each rotation is a phase-space mapping, generalising the corresponding ordering from free to interacting fields. In particular, response transformation [L.I. Plimak, S. Stenholm, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 323 (2008) 1989] extends the normal ordering of free-field operators to the time-normal ordering of Heisenberg operators. Structural properties of the response transformation, such as its association with the nonlinear quantum response problem and the related causality properties, hold for all generalised Keldysh rotations. Furthermore, we argue that response transformation is especially suited for RTQFT formulation of spatial, in particular, relativistic, problems, because it extends cancellation of zero-point fluctuations, characteristic of the normal ordering, to interacting fields. As an example, we consider quantised electromagnetic field in the Dirac sea. In the time-normally-ordered representation, dynamics of the field looks essentially classical (fields radiated by currents), without any contribution from zero-point fluctuations. For comparison, we calculate zero-point fluctuations of the interacting electromagnetic field under orderings other than time-normal. The resulting expression is physically inconsistent: it does not obey the Lorentz condition, nor Maxwell's equations. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Keldysh rotation is a phase-space mapping based on Weyl's operator ordering. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Generalised Keldysh rotations (GKRs) based on other orderings are introduced. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Special properties of the GKR based on the normal ordering are elucidated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In relativistic QED, other rotations are shown to be physically inconsistent.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2012

Analysis of the Radiated Field in an Electromagnetic Reverberation Chamber as an Upset-Inducing Stimulus for Digital Systems

Preliminary data analysis for a physical fault injection experiment of a digital system exposed to High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) in an electromagnetic reverberation chamber suggests a direct causal relation between the time profile of the field strength amplitude in the chamber and the severity of observed effects at the outputs of the radiated system. This report presents an analysis of the field strength modulation induced by the movement of the field stirrers in the reverberation chamber. The analysis is framed as a characterization of the discrete features of the field strength waveform responsible for the faults experienced by a radiated digital system. The results presented here will serve as a basis to refine the approach for a detailed analysis of HIRF-induced upsets observed during the radiation experiment. This work offers a novel perspective into the use of an electromagnetic reverberation chamber to generate upset-inducing stimuli for the study of fault effects in digital systems.

Torres-Pomales, Wilfredo↗