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At least 1,747 records · Page 97

The effect of rare-earth substitution on the Debye temperature of inorganic phosphors

In the quest to predict photoluminescent efficiency in rare-earth substituted inorganic phosphors, research has shown that materials consisting of ordered, rigid crystal structures tend to possess the highest photoluminescent quantum yields. A compound's Debye temperature (Θ D ), which can be calculated using ab initio calculations, is an ideal proxy for quantitatively comparing structural rigidity among different inorganic compounds, allowing potentially efficient phosphors to be selected from large crystal structure databases. However, the high computational cost of these calculations limits estimating Θ D for unsubstituted host crystal structures only. It is assumed that the low substitution concentration of the rare-earth luminescent center does not significantly influence a material's Debye temperature. This work evaluates the validity of this approximation by examining the effect of luminescent center substitution on a host structure's Θ D . Two well-known phosphors, (Y 1– x Ce x ) 3 Al 5 O 12 ( x = 0 – 0.05) and Ba 1-δ Eu δ MgAl 10 O 17 (δ = 0 – 0.15), were synthesized with varying rare-earth concentrations, while Θ D was computationally estimated and then determined by ultrasonic pulse-echo speed-of-sound and low-temperature heat capacity measurements. Overall, the ensuing results provide key implications for using Θ D as a proxy for structural rigidity in substituted inorganic compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Quantum fluctuations and isotope effects in ab initio descriptions of water

Isotope substitution is extensively used to investigate the microscopic behavior of hydrogen bonded systems such as liquid water. The changes in structure and stability of these systems upon isotope substitution arise entirely from the quantum mechanical nature of the nuclei. Here, we provide a fully ab initio determination of the isotope exchange free energy and fractionation ratio of hydrogen and deuterium in water treating exactly nuclear quantum effects and explicitly modeling the quantum nature of the electrons. This allows us to assess how quantum effects in water manifest as isotope effects, and unravel how the interplay between electronic exchange and correlation and nuclear quantum fluctuations determine the structure of the hydrogen bond in water.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Impacts of Carrier Transport and Deep Level Defects on Delayed Cathodoluminescence in Droop-Mitigating InGaN/GaN LEDs

Prevalent droop mitigation strategies in InGaN-based LEDs require structural and/or compositional changes in the active region but are accompanied by a detrimental reduction in external quantum efficiency (EQE) due to increased Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. Understanding the optoelectronic impacts of structural modifications in InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QW) remains critical for emerging high-power LEDs. In this work, we use a combination of electron microscopy tools along with standard electrical characterization to investigate a wide range of low-droop InGaN/GaN QW designs. We find that chip-scale EQE is uncorrelated with extended well-width fluctuations observed in scanning transmission electron microscopy. Further, we observe delayed cathodoluminescence (CL) response from designs in which calculated band profiles suggest facile carrier escape from individual QWs. Samples with the slowest CL responses also exhibit the lowest EQEs and highest QW defect densities in deep level optical spectroscopy. We propose a model in which the electron beam (i) passivates deep level defect states and (ii) drives charge carrier accumulation and subsequent reduction of the built-in field across the multi-QW active region, resulting in delayed radiative recombination. Finally, we correlate CL rise dynamics with capacitance-voltage measurements and show that certain early-time components of the CL dynamics reflect the open circuit carrier population within one or more QWs.

Zhao, Zhibo↗

Growth and characterization of In{sub X}Ga{sub 1-X}N/GaN single quantum well prepared by MOCVD

The InGaN/GaN SQW structures were grown on c-plane sapphire substrate using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The thickness and indium composition of the InGaN was determined by HRXRD. From simulation fit the composition of indium was found to be 10% and thickness was around 5nm and 10nm. The Photoluminescence emission was found to be shifited towards lower wavelength as 479nm, 440nm on increasing the thickness. The photoluminescence intensity was degrades with increases of InGaN thickness. Atomic force microscopy studies were also carried out and the results are discussed in detail.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The Effect of Ligands and Solvents on Nonradiative Transitions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots (A Review)

Data on quantum yields and photoluminescence decay times of quantum dots have been collected. Photoprocesses that occur in quantum dots are compared with photoprocesses occurring in complex organic molecules in the condensed phase. The review consists of the introduction, three parts, and conclusions. The first two parts are devoted to quantum dots that are formed by indirect-gap semiconductors. The first part is devoted to data on the photoluminescence quantum yields and decay times of carbon quantum dots, and Table 1 presents selected values and short comments to these data. Table 2 of the same part presents data on fast relaxation processes in the same objects. In the second part, Tables 3 and 4, as well as the following text, contain similar information about silicon quantum dots. Data on photoprocesses in quantum dots formed by direct-gap semiconductors are collected in the third part. Data on the photoluminescence yields, decay times, and relaxation processes are listed in Tables 5 and 6. Particular attention in the present review is given to the effect that a change in the frequency of vibrations in the environment of a quantum dot has on the photoluminescence yields and the rate of relaxation processes between electronic levels in bands, which indicates that the inductive resonance mechanism of nonradiative transitions is applicable to these systems.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

X-ray Spectroscopy Characterization of Electronic Structure and Metal–Metal Bonding in Dicobalt Complexes

Developing multimetallic complexes with tunable metal–metal interactions has long been a target of synthetic inorganic chemistry efforts due to the unique properties that such compounds can exhibit. However, understanding relationships between metal–metal bonding and chemical properties is challenging due to system-dependent factors that influence metal–metal and metal–ligand interactions, including ligand identity, coordination geometry, and metal–metal distance. In this work, we apply X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations to describe electronic structure and bonding in a series of dicobalt complexes. The compounds with silane ligands and pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry exhibit Co–Co σ and multicentered bonding character, which we characterize from both the occupied and vacant perspectives via their contributions to the Co X-ray emission and absorption spectra, respectively. In contrast, the dicobalt complexes with a pseudotetrahedral coordination environment do not exhibit Co–Co bonding due to symmetry constraints on orbital overlap. We extend these insights to the theoretical evaluation of related dicobalt complexes to explain how ligand coordination and symmetry dictate the presence or absence of a Co–Co bond. In conclusion, this work highlights how fundamental insights into electronic structure and bonding through X-ray spectroscopy uncover important factors governing metal–metal interactions and guide the rational design of multimetallic complexes with tunable metal–metal bonds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

SparcleQC: Automated Input File Creation for QM/MM Studies of Protein:Ligand Complexes

SparcleQC is a Python package that, given a protein:ligand complex in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) file format, can create quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM)-like input files for the electronic structure theory packages PSI4, QChem, and NWChem. The resulting input files include quantum mechanical representations of the ligand and a small section of the protein, surrounded by point charges that represent the rest of the protein. Creation of these QM/MM input files includes cutting and capping the QM subregion, obtaining point charges for the protein, and adjusting charges at the QM/MM boundary; and each of these tasks are automated by the software. In this article, we describe the details of SparcleQC’s procedure, show examples of the Python API, and explain additional features that are helpful in protein:ligand interaction studies. Finally, we show that SparcleQC enables automated preparation of input files for QM/MM calculations, which can return can return accurate interaction energies in minutes, while a fully quantum mechanical computation on the protein:ligand complex could take days, if it is even possible.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Alignment of the diamond nitrogen vacancy center by strain engineering

The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a sensitive probe of magnetic field and a promising qubit candidate for quantum information processing. The performance of many NV-based devices improves by aligning the NV(s) parallel to a single crystallographic direction. Using ab initio theoretical techniques, we show that NV orientation can be controlled by high-temperature annealing in the presence of strain under currently accessible experimental conditions. We find that (89 ± 7)% of NVs align along the [111] crystallographic direction under 2% compressive biaxial strain (perpendicular to [111]) and an annealing temperature of 970 °C.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetism in curved geometries

Curvature impacts physical properties across multiple length scales, ranging from the macroscopic scale, where the shape and size vary drastically with the curvature, to the nanoscale at interfaces and inhomogeneities in materials with structural, chemical, electronic, and magnetic short-range order. In quantum materials, where correlations, entanglement, and topology dominate, the curvature opens the path to novel characteristics and phenomena that have recently emerged and could have a dramatic impact on future fundamental and applied studies of materials. Particularly, magnetic systems hosting non-collinear and topological states and 3D magnetic nanostructures strongly benefit from treating curvature as a new design parameter to explore prospective applications in the magnetic field and stress sensing, microrobotics, and information processing and storage. This Perspective gives an overview of recent progress in synthesis, theory, and characterization studies and discusses future directions, challenges, and application potential of the harnessing curvature for 3D nanomagnetism.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Quantum Fourier transform revisited

Summary The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is one of the most successful numerical algorithms of the 20th century and has found numerous applications in many branches of computational science and engineering. The FFT algorithm can be derived from a particular matrix decomposition of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix. In this paper, we show that the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) can be derived by further decomposing the diagonal factors of the FFT matrix decomposition into products of matrices with Kronecker product structure. We analyze the implication of this Kronecker product structure on the discrete Fourier transform of rank‐1 tensors on a classical computer. We also explain why such a structure can take advantage of an important quantum computer feature that enables the QFT algorithm to attain an exponential speedup on a quantum computer over the FFT algorithm on a classical computer. Further, the connection between the matrix decomposition of the DFT matrix and a quantum circuit is made. We also discuss a natural extension of a radix‐2 QFT decomposition to a radix‐ d QFT decomposition. No prior knowledge of quantum computing is required to understand what is presented in this paper. Yet, we believe this paper may help readers to gain some rudimentary understanding of the nature of quantum computing from a matrix computation point of view.

Camps, Daan↗

Controlling magnetic order and quantum disorder in molecule-based magnets.

We investigate the structural and magnetic properties of two molecule-based magnets synthesized from the same starting components. Their different structural motifs promote contrasting exchange pathways and consequently lead to markedly different magnetic ground states. Through examination of their structural and magnetic properties we show that [Cu(pyz)(H 2 O)(gly) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 may be considered a quasi-one-dimensional quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet whereas the related compound [Cu(pyz)(gly)](ClO 4 ) , which is formed from dimers of antiferromagnetically interacting Cu 2+ spins, remains disordered down to at least 0.03 K in zero field but shows a field-temperature phase diagram reminiscent of that seen in materials showing a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons.

Lancaster, T.↗

Local structure of potassium doped nickel oxide: A combined experimental-theoretical study

The electronic structure of Mott and charge-transfer insulators can be tuned through charge doping to achieve a variety of fascinating physical properties, e.g., superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, and metal-to-insulator transitions. Strong correlations between d electrons give rise to these properties but they are also the reason why they are inherently difficult to model. This holds true especially for the evolution of properties upon charge doping. Here, we hole-dope nickel oxide with potassium and elucidate the resulting structure by using a range of experimental and theoretical tools; potassium is twice as big as nickel and is expected to lead to distortions in its vicinity. Our measurements of the x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) show a significant distortion around the dopant and that the dopant is fully incorporated in the nickel oxide matrix. In parallel, the theoretical investigations include developing a Gaussian process for quantum Monte Carlo calculations to determine the lowest energy local structure around the potassium dopant. While the optimal structures determined from density functional theory and quantum Monte Carlo calculations agree very well, we find a large discrepancy between the experimentally determined structures and the theoretical doped structures. Further modeling indicates that the discrepancy is likely due to vacancy defects. Furthermore, our work shows that potassium doping is a possible avenue to doping NiO, in spite of the size of the potassium dopant. In addition, the Gaussian process opens up a new route towards obtaining structure predictions outside of density functional theory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Structure and Stability of Lithium Superoxide Clusters and Relevance to LiO2 Batteries

The discharge mechanism of a Li-O-2 battery involves lithium superoxide (LiO2) radicals. In this Letter, we have performed high-level quantum chemical calculations (G4MP2) to investigate the structure and stability of LiO2 clusters. The clusters have planar ring-shaped structures, high spins, and are thermodynamically more stable than LiO2 dimer. The computed energy barrier for disproportionation of the larger clusters is also significantly higher than the corresponding barrier in the LiO2 dimer (1.0 eV vs 0.5 eV). This means that disproportionation rate should be much slower if the reaction involves LiO2 clusters other than the dimer. As a result, the clusters may survive long enough to be incorporated into the growing discharge product. These results are discussed in terms of recent experimental studies of the electronic structure and morphology of the discharge products in Li-air batteries.

Das, Ujjal↗

Role of Intermolecular Interactions in Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO 2 Capture: Vibrational Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies

Recent research and reviews on CO 2 capture methods, along with advancements in industry, have highlighted high costs and energy-intensive nature as the primary limitations of conventional direct air capture and storage (DACS) methods. In response to these challenges, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising absorbents due to their scalability, selectivity, and lower environmental impact compared to other absorbents. However, the molecular origins of their enhanced thermal stability and selectivity for DAC applications have not been explored before. Therefore, the current study focuses on a comprehensive investigation into the molecular interactions within an alkaline DES composed of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and ethylene glycol (EG). Combining Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and quantum chemical calculations, the study reports structural changes and intermolecular interactions induced in EG upon addition of KOH and its implications on CO 2 capture. Experimental and computational spectroscopic studies confirm the presence of noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonds) within both EG and the KOH-EG system and point to the aggregation of ions at higher KOH concentrations. Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) surface analysis, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) analysis, and reduced density gradient-noncovalent interaction (RDG-NCI) plot analysis elucidate changes in polarizability, charge distribution, hydrogen bond types, noncovalent interactions, and interaction strengths, respectively. Evaluation of explicit and hybrid models assesses their effectiveness in representing intermolecular interactions. This research enhances our understanding of molecular interactions in the KOH-EG system, which are essential for both the absorption and desorption of CO 2 . The study also aids in predicting and selecting DES components, optimizing their ratios with salts, and fine-tuning the properties of similar solvents and salts for enhanced CO 2 capture efficiency.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Quantum Monte Carlo benchmarking of large noncovalent complexes in the L7 benchmark set

We have used diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) to perform calculations on the L7 benchmark set. DMC is a stochastic numerical integration scheme in real-space and part of a larger set of quantum Monte Carlo methods. The L7 set was designed to test the ability of electronic structure methods to include dispersive interactions. While the agreement between DMC and quantum-chemical state-of-the-art methods is excellent for some of the structures, there are significant differences in others. In contrast to wavefunction-based quantum chemical methods, DMC is a first-principle many-body method with the many-body wavefunction evolving in real space. It includes explicitly all electron–electron interactions and is relatively insensitive to the size of the basis set.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Integrated dispersion compensated mode-locked quantum dot laser

Quantum dot lasers are excellent on-chip light sources, offering high defect tolerance, low threshold, low temperature variation, and high feedback insensitivity. Yet a monolithic integration technique combining epitaxial quantum dot lasers with passive waveguides has not been demonstrated and is needed for complex photonic integrated circuits. We present here, for the first time to our knowledge, a monolithc offset quantum dot integration platform that permits formation of a laser cavity utilizing both the robust quantum dot active region and the versatility of passive GaAs waveguide structures. This platform is substrate agnostic and therefore compatible with the quantum dot lasers directly grown on Si. As an illustration of the potential of this platform, we designed and fabricated a 20 GHz mode-locked laser with a dispersion-engineered on-chip waveguide mirror. Due to the dispersion compensation effect of the waveguide mirror, the pulse width of the mode-locked laser is reduced by a factor of 2.8.

Zhang, Zeyu (ORCID:0000000271576272)↗

Detection of miniband formation in strain-balanced InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well solar cells by using a piezoelectric photothermal spectroscopy

To investigate the effect of the miniband formation on the optical absorption spectrum, we adopted two non-destructive methodologies of piezoelectric photothermal (PPT) and photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopies for strain-balanced InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum-well (MQW) and superlattice (SL) structures inserted GaAs p-i-n solar cells. Because the barrier widths of the SL sample were very thin, miniband formations caused by coupling the wave functions between adjacent wells were expected. From PR measurements, a critical energy corresponding to the inter-subband transition between first-order electron and hole subbands was estimated for MQW sample, whereas two critical energies corresponding to the mini-Brillouin-zone center (Γ) and edge (π) were obtained for SL sample. The miniband width was calculated to be 19 meV on the basis of the energy difference between Γ and π. This coincided with the value of 16 meV calculated using the simple Kronig–Penney potential models. The obtained PPT spectrum for the SL sample was decomposed into the excitonic absorption and inter-miniband transition components. The latter component was expressed using the arcsine-like signal rise corresponding to the Γ point in the mini-Brillouin zone that was enhanced by the Sommerfeld factor. The usefulness of the PPT methodology for investigating the inserted MQW and/or SL structure inserted solar cells is clearly demonstrated.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗