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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Measurement of soil moisture trends with airborne scatterometers

In an effort to investigate aircraft multisensor responses to soil moisture and vegetation in agricultural fields, an intensive ground sampling program was conducted in Guymon, Oklahoma and Dalhart, Texas in conjunction with aircraft data collected for visible/infrared and passive and active microwave systems. Field selections, sampling techniques, data processing, and the aircraft schedule are discussed for both sites. Field notes are included along with final (normalized and corrected) data sets.

Jones, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

An assessment of possible ozone-solar cycle relationship inferred from NIMBUS 4 BUV data

The effects of solar activity on stratospheric ozone were studied between 1970 and 1976 by the NIMBUS 4 backscattered ultraviolet experiment. Results show that, after correcting for instrument sensitivity, globally averaged ozone decreased by 3-4 percent above 2 mbar to less than 1 percent at 10 mbar, as solar activity decreased from solar maximum to solar minimum. This systematic ozone decrease (at all pressure levels) and the seemingly periodic oscillation (generally a 2 year period) seem to be associated with conventional indices of solar activity, which suggests a solar UV-ozone relationship. However, since the ozone depletion, especially at 40 km, is characteristic of atmospheric fluorocarbon injection effects, the solar cycle ozone relationship should be qualified: it may exist if the solar UV flux varies by 15-20 percent in the shorter-wavelength region (less than 200 nm).

Chandra, S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A modeling analysis program for the JPL table mountain Io sodium cloud

Progress and achievements in the first year are discussed in three main areas: (1) review and assessment of the massive JPL Table Mountain Io sodium cloud data set, (2) formulation and execution of a plan to perform further processing of this data set, and (3) initiation of modeling activities. The complete 1976-79 and 1981 data sets are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the superior 1981 Region B/C images which provide a rich base of information for studying the structure and escape of gases from Io as well as possible east-west and magnetic longitudinal asymmetries in the plasma torus. A data processing plan is developed and is undertaken by the Multimission Image Processing Laboratory of JPL for the purpose of providing a more refined and complete data set for our modeling studies in the second year. Modeling priorities are formulated and initial progress in achieving these goals is reported.

Smyth, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Meteorological Monitoring And Warning Computer Network

Meteorological monitoring system (MMS) computer network tracks weather conditions and issues warnings when weather hazards are about to occur. Receives data from such meteorological instruments as wind sensors on towers and lightning detectors, and compares data with weather restrictions specified for outdoor activities. If weather violates restriction, network generates audible and visible alarms to alert people involved in activity. Also displays weather and toxic diffusion data and disseminates weather forecasts, advisories, and warnings to workstations.

Evans, Randolph J.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Enabling Communities in the Use and Application of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information Products: Interactive Webinars that Work

The vast active archives of NASA's Earth science data reflect the agency's ongoing commitment to producing the highest quality data, services and tools intended for a myriad of science and application uses worldwide. These data span the whole of Earth science domains, and most have direct uses in societal applications. As many internet-based tools mature they enable NASA to increase the availability to and, most importantly, the uses of these disparate data types. This poster/paper highlights one particularly effective tool the NASA Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project is utilizing to increase our user communities' understanding of these data, services and tools and their varied uses. Webinars, or video-based, on-line, interactive discussions and presentations have become a staple for exchanging information via the internet. The NASA ESDIS Project is using this platform to create a rich, highly-available, source of cutting-edge insights into the uses of Earth science data and applications. As evidence, we present a representative sample of the webinar offerings created by ESDIS beginning in 2013.

Lindsay, Francis E.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Global Freeze/Thaw Product from L-Band Radiometer Data

The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission has been successfully operated for almost three years. The SMAP freeze/thaw algorithm is based on a seasonal threshold approach. It’s important to have a stable and self-consistent freeze and thaw reference that can be applied for multi-year dataset. The three-year long radiometer datasets allow us to reassess the criteria of reference setup and evaluate its stability. In this paper, we first refined the freeze reference requirements and compare three different methods of setting up the thaw reference to minimize the false flags. The original freeze/thaw products is in the polar grid and only cover the region north of 45° N latitude. The limitation is due to lack of enough freezing days in the lower latitude, where the freezing reference cannot be generated. To extend the freeze/thaw product to global region, we combine the single channel algorithm in the lower latitude and southern atmosphere. The global results have been validated through WMO air temperature.

Colliander, Andreas↗
DOE OSTI2019

Active cryogenic electronic envelope

A data acquisition module is disclosed for use with electronic components such as superconductive magnets wherein the electronic components and the data acquisition module may reside inside a cryostat. The data acquisition module allows conventional electronic technologies to work inside cryostats at cryogenic temperatures as low as 4° K. This is achieved by management of heat inside the module to keep the module operating at a temperature above the cryogenic temperature. This approach avoids the difficulties that arise from changes in carrier mobility in semiconductors operating at deep cryogenic temperatures. A cryogenic system comprises a cryostat containing a cryogenic fluid and at least one sensor, and a data acquisition module located within the cryostat, the module in communication with the at least one sensor to acquire data, wherein the module comprises a thermal package, a conditioning and digitizing electronic module, a controller module, a power module, and a thermal management module.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2018

The SMAP Mission Combined Active-Passive Soil Moisture Product at 9 Km and 3 Km Spatial Resolutions

The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission was launched on January 31st, 2015. The spacecraft was to provide high-resolution (3 km and 9 km) global soil moisture estimates at regular intervals by combining for the first time L-band radiometer and radar observations. On July 7th, 2015, a component of the SMAP radar failed and the radar ceased operation. However, before this occurred the mission was able to collect and process ~2.5 months of the SMAP high-resolution active-passive soil moisture data (L2SMAP) that coincided with the Northern Hemisphere's vegetation green-up and crop growth season. In this study, we evaluate the SMAP high-resolution soil moisture product derived from several alternative algorithms against in situ data from core calibration and validation sites (CVS), and sparse networks. The baseline algorithm had the best comparison statistics against the CVS and sparse networks. The overall unbiased root-mean-square-difference is close to the 0.04 cu. m/cu. m the SMAP mission requirement. A 3 km spatial resolution soil moisture product was also examined. This product had an unbiased root-mean-square-difference of ~0.053 cu. m/cu. m. The SMAP L2SMAP product for ~2.5 months is now validated for use in geophysical applications and research and available to the public through the NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The L2SMAP product is packaged with the geo-coordinates, acquisition times, and all requisite ancillary information. Although limited in duration, SMAP has clearly demonstrated the potential of using a combined L-band radar-radiometer for proving high spatial resolution and accurate global soil moisture.

high resolution soil moisture↗
DOE OSTI2021

Improving Discovery, Sharing, and Use of Water Data: Initial Findings and Suggested Future Work

Collaborative management of water resources requires a broad suite of “water data” that extends beyond basic information about water quantity and quality to other related topics such as water infrastructure, aquatic ecosystem health, socioeconomic factors, and power generation. Water data are disparate in nature because they are collected and provided by many entities, and in some cases, remain challenging to access and use. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office initiated a project to characterize relevant categories of water data; describe the current state of accessing, using, and visualizing water data; and outline investigatory pathways for future efforts aimed at improving the discovery, sharing, and use of water data. Input on these topics was solicited from a small but diverse cross section of members of the water resources community. Fourteen broad categories of water data were identified: dams; ecology; flood control; hydroclimatology; hydrography; hydrology; hydropower; management landscape; migratory barriers; recreation and aesthetic importance; socioeconomic; water quality; water availability and use; and weather. Stakeholder perspectives on the accessibility and usability of water data indicate these aspects are affected by a complex set of technical and social factors. However, stakeholders generally agreed that better access to water data can provide a range of benefits to water management, and they stressed the need to generate broad support from water data users and producers. Two investigatory pathways were outlined that, taken together, provide a logical progression toward the goals of the project. The first pathway emphasizes further investigation to better define target audiences and data needs, identify opportunities for collaboration between related efforts, and conduct value demonstration activities to generate further support for improving discovery and access of water data. The second pathway focuses on creating a comprehensive vision for potential solutions that improve the discovery of water data. Several activities that align with the first pathway are suggested for the next phase of the project.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

CasX enzymes comprise a distinct family of RNA-guided genome editors

The RNA-guided CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins Cas9 and Cas12a provide adaptive immunity against bacteriophage and function as powerful tools for genome editing in wide-ranging cell types. Here we present a third and fundamentally distinct RNA-guided platform, CRISPR-CasX, which uses a unique structure and mechanism for programmable double-stranded DNA cleavage. Biochemical and in vivo data demonstrate that CasX is active for E. coli and human genome modification. Eight cryo-EM structures of CasX in different states of assembly with its guide RNA and double-stranded DNA substrates reveal an extensive RNA scaffold and an unanticipated domain required for DNA unwinding. These data demonstrate how CasX activity arose through convergent evolution to establish an enzyme family that is functionally separate from both Cas9 and Cas12a.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

First Look Fund - An Early-Stage Aligned Intermediary to Enhance the Flow of Private Capital into Energy Companies (Final Technical Report)

The technologies required to advance society into a cleaner, better future will come from a broad range of scientific disciplines including materials science, chemistry, physics, and biology. The innovations will rely on scientific breakthroughs rather than software innovation and can be referred to as “hardtech.” These new technology developments will have vast implications across most industrial sectors: energy, materials, manufacturing, electronics, life sciences, etc. The majority of these scientific breakthroughs will be produced and developed by startup companies, which are best suited for high-risk, early-stage development work. However, a large funding gap exists between lab-scale scientific research of the startup world and industrial-scale commercialization. Activate Global, Inc (Activate), a 501(c)3 nonprofit, fills one part of this gap with the Activate Fellowship program1.To fully bridge the gap between lab and market, additional and aligned capital sources are needed. Through this project, Activate’s goals were: Research the recent history (2005-2015) of hardtech investing to discover the driving forces behind positive and negative outcomes from the viewpoint of investors.; Create a database of “technology pathways” categorized by specific technology areas and showing what technology milestones would be needed to be attractive to a partner or acquirer and what resources were available to achieve those goals.; Build a financial model supported by the data acquired that would show attractive returns were possible in early-stage hardtech investing.; Create an investment thesis around the financial model to show how attractive returns could be achieved in an early-stage hardtech-focused fund.; Publish a paper with a qualitative comparative analysis to help investors better understand driving factors of outcomes.; Share these findings with asset managers not currently investing in early-stage hardtech to attract partners to execute the investment strategy.; Implement the investment strategy and begin investing in early-stage hardtech companies through a new vehicle: First Look Fund. Through this research, Activate created a database of nearly 200 hardtech companies that exited via an M&A transaction between 2005 and 2015. Much of the data Activate obtained was nonpublic information and therefore, the database was anonymized. Activate also created the technology pathways database to help new early-stage hardtech companies define milestones, technology objectives and potential resources. Activate created a financial model with a legal structure showing that market-rate returns were possible, created an investment thesis around that model, and then shared these findings with potential partners. Finally, Activate’s research was used to publish a paper with Stanford on driving factors behind financial outcomes that will help investors better guide their portfolios. While Activate was not able to launch the First Look Fund during the project timeline, mostly due to the fallout from COVID-19 (global economic shocks decreasing interest in first time funds, inability to meet potential investors in person), the research has created enough interest for Activate to continue pursuing the goals of the project, showing the potential feasibility of the endeavor. Regardless of Activate’s ability to execute on the investment strategy, the resulting research has been downloaded, viewed, and referenced by investors and becomes another tool to encourage investment in the early-stage hardtech space.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1984

Overview of the NASA/RECON educational, research, and development activities of the Computer Science Departments of the University of Southwestern Louisiana and Southern University

This document presents a brief overview of the scope of activities undertaken by the Computer Science Departments of the University of Southern Louisiana (USL) and Southern University (SU) pursuant to a contract with NASA. Presented are only basic identification data concerning the contract activities since subsequent entries within the Working Paper Series will be oriented specifically toward a detailed development and presentation of plans, methodologies, and results of each contract activity. Also included is a table of contents of the entire USL/DBMS NASA/RECON Working Paper Series.

Dominick, Wayne D.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (Phase III Final Scientific/Technical Report)

The Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership (BSCSP) pursued a Phase III demonstration project at Kevin Dome in north central Montana. Kevin Dome covers approximately 700 square miles and is a naturally occurring CO 2 reservoir that is flanked by oil and gas fields. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is in the upper Devonian Duperow (carbonate) formation and does not reach the spill point of the dome; therefore, the dome has potential as a CO 2 sequestration reservoir, a CO 2 supply, or as both if anthropogenic sources and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations are associated with the dome. Kevin Dome could potentially act as a buffer to continue accepting anthropogenic CO 2 when EOR flooding operations are interrupted or completed. The project objective was to produce one million tonnes of CO 2 from the gas cap of Kevin Dome, pipe it laterally, inject, and re-store it in the brine leg of the same formation to test the hub / buffer storage concept. This was to be accomplished by drilling up to five production wells, building a short pipeline and compression facilities, and drilling an injection well and several monitoring wells. BSCSP commenced outreach and site characterization activities including acquiring baseline data for near-surface insurance monitoring, acquiring 3-dimensional, 9-component surface seismic over the project area, drilling two test wells (one in the production area and one in the injection area), coring key intervals, and performing comprehensive logging. Well tests of those wells revealed two barriers to the project. The production (Danielson 33-17) well was perforated in multiple zones but failed to produce any significant CO 2 . This was despite being drilled in the near vicinity of a historic well that had produced 3700 MCF per day in a drill stem test. Modeling indicated that this was likely due to a phase change during production causing a temperature drop resulting in hydrate and/or water ice formation that clogged the formation. Tests of the injection zone (Wallewein 22-1) well indicated total dissolved solids (TDS) slightly below the EPA required 10,000 parts per million (ppm) for a Class VI underground injection control permit. While the project was initiated before Class VI rules were promulgated, and this was an experimental project (seemingly qualified for a Class V permit), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicated that injection would require a Class VI permit. The low salinity result was unexpected as contours plotted based on regional formation water quality data indicated an expected TDS above 20,000 ppm, and wells between the recharge zone and the Wallewein well tested above 10,000 ppm. Faced with the inability to obtain an injection permit, the demonstration project could not proceed. However, the project had generated valuable samples and data on a large natural analog including 32 sq. mi. of 3-D, 9-C seismic, 430 ft. of carbonate core covering seven different depositional environments taken from areas with, and without the presence of CO 2 , 30 ft. of core of two caprocks, a tight carbonate and an anhydrite, a full set of modern logs on both wells, and well tests. DOE decided to re-scope the project around completing studies utilizing this data. This report covers both the initial scope and the re-scope (Task / Section numbers preceded with an R). While the report covers a wide range of project activities, highlights of this work include: Development of a geostatic model using neural nets to match well logs to facies and using multi-waveform seismic to inform reservoir heterogeneity; Unique mechanical testing of permeability – stress relationship in two caprock materials; Development of full waveform inversion to generate a high resolution velocity model; Model development for dual permeability (fracture and matrix) systems to better account for matrix-matrix interactions; Joint seismic wave inversion (including the first quadr-joint inversion) exhibiting better imaging of a challenging reservoir zone in stiff rock; Core flow and core flood results on a reactive carbonate; and Innovative laboratory measurements of seismic response of fractured core as a function of fluid fill.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1986

Active/passive microwave sensor comparison of MIZ-ice concentration estimates

Active and passive microwave data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait (MIZEX 84) are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to those obtained from passive microwave imagery at several frequencies. The comparison is carried out to evaluate SAR performance against the more established passive microwave technique, and to investigate discrepancies in terms of how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect each sensor. Active and passive estimates of ice concentration agree on average to within 12%. Estimates from the multichannel passive microwave data show best agreement with the SAR estimates because the multichannel algorithm effectively accounts for the range in ice floe brightness temperatures observed in the MIZ.

Burns, B. A.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Activation of calcium-sensing receptor-mediated autophagy in angiotensinII-induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro

Highlights: • AngII-induced autophagy activation, cardiac fibroblast phenotypic transformation and collagen formation. • CaSR activation enhances AngII-induced autophagy in cardiac fibroblasts. • Activation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in AngII-induced autophagy. Cardiac fibrosis is one of the primary mechanisms of ventricular remodeling, and there is no effective method for reversal. Activation of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) has been reported to be involved in the development of myocardial fibrosis, but the molecular mechanism for CaSR activation has not yet been clarified and needs to be further explored. Here, we found that AngII induces cardiac fibroblast proliferation and phenotypic transformation in a dose-dependent manner with increased CaSR and autophagy related protein (Beclin1, LC3B) expression. CaSR activation results in intracellular calcium release, MEK1/2 pathway phosphorylation, autophagy activation and collagen formation induced by AngII in cardiac fibroblasts. However, pretreating the cells with Calhex{sub 231}, PD98059 or 3-MA partially blocked AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis. Our data indicate that the activation of CaSR-mediated MEK/ERK and autophagic pathways is involved in AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evaluation of Extreme Soil Moisture Conditions During the 2020 Sahel Floods and Implications for Disease Outbreaks

The June-October 2020 growing season was characterized by sustained and extreme flooding across the African Sahel. One consequence of flooding events such as this is outbreaks of vector borne diseases (VBDs) which are often associated with climate anomalies. In this study, data from the soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission is used with other soil moisture and precipitation data to show that the 2020 Sahelian growing season was the most extreme over the past four decades, ranking first in seasonally accumulated precipitation, which on average exceeded the climatology by around 300 mm. VBD outbreaks of Rift Valley fever and Chikungunya followed in Mauritania/Senegal and Chad, respectively. In some cases, soil moisture is a better indicator of VBD outbreak risk than precipitation, which has so far been more commonly used in studies of VBD outbreaks. It is expected that this finding will inform future monitoring and prediction efforts for VBD risk.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Apache Calcite: A Foundational Framework for Optimized Query Processing Over Heterogeneous Data Sources

Apache Calcite is a foundational software framework that provides query processing, optimization, and query language support to many popular open-source data processing systems such as Apache Hive, Apache Storm, Apache Flink, Druid, and MapD. The goal of this paper is to formally introduce Calcite to the broader research community, brie y present its history, and describe its architecture, features, functionality, and patterns for adoption. Calcite's architecture consists of a modular and extensible query optimizer with hundreds of built-in optimization rules, a query processor capable of processing a variety of query languages, an adapter architecture designed for extensibility, and support for heterogeneous data models and stores (relational, semi-structured, streaming, and geospatial). This exible, embeddable, and extensible architecture is what makes Calcite an attractive choice for adoption in big-data frameworks. It is an active project that continues to introduce support for the new types of data sources, query languages, and approaches to query processing and optimization.

Begoli, Edmon↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nuclear Data Needs and Capabilities for Applications

In July 2014, DOE NP carried out a review of the US Nuclear Data Program. This led to several recommendations, including that the USNDP should “devise effective and transparent mechanisms to solicit input and feedback from all stakeholders on nuclear data needs and priorities.” The review also recommended that USNDP pursue experimental activities of relevance to nuclear data; the revised 2014 Mission Statement accordingly states that the USNDP uses “targeted experimental studies” to address gaps in nuclear data. In support of these recommendations, DOE NP requested that USNDP personnel organize a Workshop on Nuclear Data Needs and Capabilities for Applications (NDNCA). This Workshop was held at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) on 27-29 May 2015. The goal of the NDNCA Workshop was to compile nuclear data needs across a wide spectrum of applied nuclear science, and to provide a summary of associated capabilities (accelerators, reactors, spectrometers, etc.) available for the required measurements. The first two days of the workshop consisted of 25 plenary talks by speakers from 16 different institutions, on nuclear energy (NE), national security (NS), isotope production (IP), and industrial applications (IA). There were also shorter “capabilities” talks that described the experimental facilities and instrumentation available for the measurement of nuclear data. This was followed by a third day of topic-specific “breakout” sessions and a final closeout session. The agenda and copies of these talks are available online at http://bang.berkeley.edu/events/NDNCA/agenda. The importance of nuclear data to both basic and applied nuclear science was reflected in the fact that while the impetus for the workshop arose from the 2014 USNDP review, joint sponsorship for the workshop was provided by the Nuclear Science and Security Consortium, a UC-Berkeley based organization funded by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗