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At least 19 records

The CAI Database: 26 Al– 26 Mg Isotope Systematics

We present a publicly available calcium–aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) database that focuses on the initial 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 ratio in CAIs, designed in a way that researchers in cosmochemistry and astrophysics may find useful. To date, the database contains 497 CAIs from 75 peer-reviewed papers. The CAIs are from all chondrite groups and cover different CAI types, textures, and sizes. The database includes the paper; the host meteorite; the CAI name and type; the 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 , δ 26 Mg$^*_0$, and δ 25 Mg values and their uncertainties; the number of regression points; the maximum 27 Al/ 24 Mg; the mean-squared weighted deviation; the CAI size; and CAI descriptions. We grouped the CAIs in different ways to discuss 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 ratio distributions with implications for the CAI formation timeline. Overall, we agree with previous authors that CAIs have a bimodal 26 Al distribution: CAIs with robust isochrons (n = 151) have a median 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 = 4.8 × 10 −5 (with a 1σ standard error of 0.1), while those with isotopic anomalies (n = 87) have a median 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 = 0.3 × 10 −5 (with a 1σ standard error of 0.2). However, the large standard deviation of both groups (1.3 and 2.3, respectively) indicates that the 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 values scatter significantly within each population. CAI types and groups can have distinct 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 and δ 26 Mg$^*_0$, but the unmelted inclusions (n = 33) have the highest median 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 = 5.1 × 10 −5 and a low median δ 26 Mg$^*_0$ = −0.05‰. We find slightly different 26 Al/ 27 Al 0 distributions between CAI chondrite types, but no differences between petrographic types or sizes. These observations can help us to understand CAI formation in the context of astrophysical models.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗

Measurement of the 25 Al(𝑑,𝑛)⁢ 26 Si reaction and impact on the 25 Al⁢(𝑝,𝛾)⁢ 26 Si reaction rate

The 25 Al(p,γ) 26 Si reaction plays a key role in nucleosynthesis pathways that influence the galactic abundance of 26 Al. A more precise determination of the proton strength of the lowest ℓ = 0 proton resonance in 26 Si is needed to improve reaction-rate calculations. This work measures the 25 Al(d,n) 26 Si proton-transfer reaction in inverse kinematics using a radioactive ion beam at RESOLUT, determining excitation energies and cross sections for the lowest ℓ = 0 resonance associated with the 3 + 3 state at 5.92(2) MeV. Coupled-reaction-channels calculations (FRESCO) are used to extract the ℓ = 0 spectroscopic factor and the corresponding proton width, yielding Γₚ = 2.19(45) eV and a (p,γ) resonance strength of 26(10) meV. This resonance is found to dominate the 25 Al(p,γ) 26 Si reaction rate above 0.2 GK.

20 ≤ A ≤ 38↗

Characterization of Infrequent Samples from The Concentration, Storage, And Transfer Facility: Leak Detection Box (LDB) Drain Cell Sample: February 26, 2023, Sample

Savannah River Mission Completion Engineering (SRMC-E) requested that the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) analyze the Concentration, Storage, and Transfer Facility (CSTF) samples from the following Tank Farm areas: the sump encasement, catch tank, drain cell, and waste tank annulus. In general, these CSTF samples will be analyzed on an infrequent basis and analyses will include detection for total beta/gamma activities, total alpha activity, free hydroxide, and pH measurements. This report presents characterization results for the leak detection box (LDB) February 26, 2023, drain cell sample. The sample was clear and colorless with no visible particulates. The results are measurements for total gamma, total alpha, total beta, free hydroxide, pH, and density. These analyses were performed in triplicate. A summary of the average analytical results for the LDB sample includes the following. The directly measured pH for the LDB February 26, 2023 "as-received" drain cell sample range was 7.12-7.16, and the free hydroxide concentration was <0.02 M. The density of the "as-received" drain cell sample determined at 25 °C was 1.02±0.00 g/mL. The total alpha activity for the LDB February 26, 2023, sample is reported as a less than value (Upper Limit) because of possible spectral interferences. Thus, the total alpha activity averaged <3.52E+02 dpm/mL. This value is less than 4.83E+03 dpm/mL, which is the procedural limit for non-waste determination. The total beta activity in the LDB February 26, 2023, drain cell sample is above the instrument detection limits and average 9.76E+03±5.94E+02 dpm/mL. The total beta activity in the LDB February 26, 2023, drain cell sample is above he instrument detection limits and averaged 7.76E+03±5.94E+02 dpm/mL. The average measured cesium-137 activity (dominant beta emitter) in the LDB February 26, 2023, drain cell sample is 7.76E+03±2.35E+02 dpm/mL. The corresponding Ba-137m (dominant gamma emitter) activity, calculated as 94.6% of the Cs-137 values, is 7.34E+03±2.23E+02 dpm/mL. The total empirical activity of the beta and gamma emitting (represented by the sum of total beta and Ba-137m activities) averaged 1.71E+04±8.18E+02 dpm/mL. This value is less than 8.69E+05 dpm/mL, which is the procedural limit for non-waste determination.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Sludge Batch 11 Assembly: Tank 26

Savannah River Mission Completion Nuclear Safety and Engineering Integration (SRMC-E) has requested that Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) perform Tank 26 characterization analyses in support of Sludge Batch 11 (SB11) assembly. This report provides important characterization of the slurry in Tank 26 prior to transfer from Tank 26 to Tank 51 that confirms the transfer is "Low Rem" and ensures the sludge concurs with the estimated transfer mass for the SB11 recipe. Two Tank 26 samples were delivered to SRNL and composited into a single sample in September 2023. The composite sample was analyzed for the following: density, weight percent solids, chemical composition, radionuclides, supernate corrosion control tests, and x-ray diffraction for burkeite, gibbsite, and boehmite. The slurry was also evaluated for sulfate washing behavior in order to provide knowledge on insoluble sulfate dissolution during Tank 51 sludge washing similar to a previous washing study performed in 2019. The Tank 26 sample results are consistent with and representative of PUREX sludge and the prior usage of Tank 26 as a feed tank for the 1F and 2F Evaporators.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Sludge Batch 11 Assembly: Tank 26 (Rev.1)

Savannah River Mission Completion Nuclear Safety and Engineering Integration (SRMC-E) has requested that Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) perform Tank 26 characterization analyses in support of Sludge Batch 11 (SB11) assembly. This report provides important characterization of the slurry in Tank 26 prior to transfer from Tank 26 to Tank 51 that confirms the transfer is "Low Rem" and ensures the sludge concurs with the estimated transfer mass for the SB11 recipe. Two Tank 26 samples were delivered to SRNL and composited into a single sample in September 2023. The composite sample was analyzed for the following: density, weight percent solids, chemical composition, radionuclides, supernate corrosion control tests, and x-ray diffraction for burkeite, gibbsite, and boehmite. The slurry was also evaluated for sulfate washing behavior in order to provide knowledge on insoluble sulfate dissolution during Tank 51 sludge washing similar to a previous washing study performed in 2019. The Tank 26 sample results are consistent with and representative of PUREX sludge and the prior usage of Tank 26 as a feed tank for the 1F and 2F Evaporators.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

New 26 P( p, γ ) 27 S Thermonuclear Reaction Rate and Its Astrophysical Implications in the rp -process

Accurate nuclear reaction rates for 26 P(p, γ) 27 S are pivotal for a comprehensive understanding of the rp-process nucleosynthesis path in the region of proton-rich sulfur and phosphorus isotopes. However, large uncertainties still exist in the current rate of 26 P(p, γ) 27 S because of the lack of nuclear mass and energy level structure information for 27 S. We reevaluate this reaction rate using the experimentally constrained 27 S mass, together with the shell model predicted level structure. It is found that the 26 P(p, γ) 27 S reaction rate is dominated by a direct capture reaction mechanism despite the presence of three resonances at E = 1.104, 1.597, and 1.777 MeV above the proton threshold in 27 S. The new rate is overall smaller than the other previous rates from the Hauser–Feshbach statistical model by at least 1 order of magnitude in the temperature range of X-ray burst interest. In addition, we consistently update the photodisintegration rate using the new 27 S mass. The influence of new rates of forward and reverse reaction in the abundances of isotopes produced in the rp-process is explored by postprocessing nucleosynthesis calculations. The final abundance ratio of 27 S/ 26 P obtained using the new rates is only 10% of that from the old rate. The abundance flow calculations show that the reaction path 26 P(p, γ) 27 S(β + ,ν) 27 P is not as important as previously thought for producing 27 P. The adoption of the new reaction rates for 26 P(p, γ) 27 S only reduces the final production of aluminum by 7.1% and has no discernible impact on the yield of other elements.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Constraining Erosion Rates and Landscape Evolution With In Situ 10 Be and 26 Al Cosmogenic Nuclides at Table Mountain, Antarctica

Abstract This study investigates surface weathering and sediment preservation at Table Mountain, a high‐elevation, hyperarid, polar landscape in the Transantarctic Mountains. We report cosmogenic nuclide concentrations ( 10 Be and 26 Al) in quartz from bedrock surfaces, erratic boulder lag, and cobbles embedded within Sirius Group sediments to quantify erosion rates. In situ 10 Be and 26 Al depth profiles from a 2.95 m permafrost core in the Sirius Group further constrain surface erosion rates and elucidate landscape stability. Measured 10 Be and 26 Al concentrations from two sandstone bedrock surfaces adjacent to Sirius Group sediments give erosion rates of 0.18–0.28 m/Myr. An erratic sandstone boulder within the lag above the Sirius Group yields erosion rates of ∼0.42 ± 0.03 m/Myr, whereas two cobbles embedded within the Sirius Group yield higher rates of 0.81–1.12 m/Myr. Depth profiles of in situ 10 Be and 26 Al indicate no vertical mixing of Sirius Group permafrost since deposition. Depth profile models are best explained by erosion rates of 0.53 +0.13 / −0.12 m/Myr, and an exposure age of 0.78 +0.06 / −0.08 Ma. We view the model “age” to represent the ∼0.8‐million‐year time‐scale for surface lowering equivalent to one attenuation length of cosmic ray production to achieve steady‐state conditions. Continual exhumation of embedded clasts from within the Sirius Group results in an accumulation of clasts forming the observed erosional lag deposit covering the landscape. Our erosion rates of the Sirius Group surface based on in situ 10 Be and 26 Al depth profiles are an order‐of‐magnitude larger than those based on meteoric 10 Be infiltration and further clarification is required.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Statistical chronometry of meteorites. I. A Test of 26 Al homogeneity and the Pb-Pb age of the solar system’s $t=0$

Here, we use rapidly cooled achondrites to test the assumption of 26 Al homogeneity in the solar nebula, by checking if there is a single value of t SS , the absolute “Pb-Pb” age of the Solar System’s t=0, that makes concordant their ages from the Al-Mg and Pb-Pb systems. We find that values t SS =4568.42 ± 0.24 Myr do make these ages concordant, and therefore the hypothesis of homogeneous 26 Al is not falsified. This age, defined to be when the solar nebula had ( 26 Al/ 27 Al) = 5.23 × 10 –5 , is significantly older than the ≈ 4567.3 Myr inferred from direct measurements of Pb-Pb ages in CAIs. Discrepancies between the Al-Mg and Pb-Pb chronometers in chondrules and CAIs have previously been interpreted as arising from heterogeneities in 26 Al, under the presumption that the Al-Mg and Pb-Pb systems in CAIs closed simultaneously. We examine this assumption and show that resetting is to be expected in CAIs. In particular, we quantitatively demonstrate that it is plausible that Pb-Pb ages of CAIs were reset at late times, without resetting the earlier Al-Mg ages, if they were transiently heated in the same manner as chondrules. We critically examine Pb-Pb isochrons, refining data and suggesting best practices for their calculation and reporting. We advocate reporting chronometry as times of formation after t=0 rather than absolute ages, as only the former is useful for astrophysical models of the solar nebula. We advocate averaging of multiple samples, rather than anchoring to individual meteorites, to improve precision.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Quantifying replication through repeated analysis of UVM-A, a liquid reference material for cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al studies

In this study, in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclide sample preparation and analysis is a complicated, multi-step process with numerous possible sources of error, many of which have not been robustly quantified. Here, we use a liquid reference material (UVM-A) to test whether the analytic precision associated with individual isotopic ratios (n = 96) measured at two Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory) accurately represents the range of values determined for aliquots prepared in a single laboratory over a period of five years. We find that 10 Be/ 9 Be ratios measured at the different accelerator facilities (n = 26 and n = 70) have statistically indistinguishable central tendencies, matching to within 0.1 %. Based on this large dataset, we suggest preliminary consensus values for UVM-A of 1.45 ± 0.06 x 10 -13 for 10 Be/ 9 Be (mean, one standard deviation, n = 96) and 4.47 ± 0.22 x 10 -13 for 26 Al/ 27 Al (mean, one standard deviation, n = 27). For both 10 Be/ 9 Be and 26 Al/ 27 Al, the relative standard deviations of the measured ratios are similar to the reported analytic uncertainties of sample measurement, suggesting that sample preparation introduced little if any additional scatter beyond the uncertainty of isotopic analysis. This dataset demonstrates that robust sample preparation and measurement can generate isotope ratio data reproducible at the level of counting statistics.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

The radioactive nuclei 26 Al and 60 Fe in the Cosmos and in the solar system

The cosmic evolution of the chemical elements from the Big Bang to the present time is driven by nuclear fusion reactions inside stars and stellar explosions. A cycle of matter recurrently re-processes metal-enriched stellar ejecta into the next generation of stars. The study of cosmic nucleosynthesis and this matter cycle requires the understanding of the physics of nuclear reactions, of the conditions at which the nuclear reactions are activated inside the stars and stellar explosions, of the stellar ejection mechanisms through winds and explosions, and of the transport of the ejecta towards the next cycle, from hot plasma to cold, star-forming gas. Due to the long timescales of stellar evolution, and because of the infrequent occurrence of stellar explosions, observational studies are challenging, as they have biases in time and space as well as different sensitivities related to the various astronomical methods. Here, we describe in detail the astrophysical and nuclear-physical processes involved in creating two radioactive isotopes useful in such studies, 26 Al and 60 Fe. Due to their radioactive lifetime of the order of a million years, these isotopes are suitable to characterise simultaneously the processes of nuclear fusion reactions and of interstellar transport. We describe and discuss the nuclear reactions involved in the production and destruction of 26 Al and 60 Fe, the key characteristics of the stellar sites of their nucleosynthesis and their interstellar journey after ejection from the nucleosynthesis sites. This allows us to connect the theoretical astrophysical aspects to the variety of astronomical messengers presented here, from stardust and cosmic-ray composition measurements, through observation of γ rays produced by radioactivity, to material deposited in deep-sea ocean crusts and to the inferred composition of the first solids that have formed in the Solar System. We show that considering measurements of the isotopic ratio of 26 Al to 60 Fe eliminate some of the unknowns when interpreting astronomical results, and discuss the lessons learned from these two isotopes on cosmic chemical evolution. This review paper has emerged from an ISSI-BJ Team project in 2017–2019, bringing together nuclear physicists, astronomers, and astrophysicists in this inter-disciplinary discussion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Reconstructed lung doses for the million person study cohort of 26,650 Tennessee Eastman corporation workers employed between 1942 and 1947

Abstract Tennessee Eastman Corporation workers were exposed to uranium dust resulting in high-linear energy transfer (LET) irradiation to lung tissue. In this work, radiation lung doses were reconstructed for 26 650 men and women working at the plant between 1942 and 1947. Site air monitoring data of uranium concentrations and payroll records were used to determine the daily inhaled activities and annualized lung doses. Variations in the activity median aerodynamic diameter of the uranium dust, the solubility of particulate matter in the lungs and the sex-specific breathing rate were investigated as part of a sensitivity analysis. Male and female mean lung doses of 18.9 and 32.7 mGy, respectively, from high-LET alpha irradiation, and there was general agreement with evaluations from previously published epidemiological studies. Annual lung dose estimates and sensitivity analysis for the 26 650 workers in the TEC cohort have been archived on the United States Department of Energy Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data Resource.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

Deconvoluting experimental decay energy spectra: The O 26 case

In nuclear reaction experiments, the measured decay energy spectra can give insights into the shell structure of decaying systems. However, extracting the underlying physics from the measurements is challenging due to detector resolution and acceptance effects. The Richardson-Lucy (RL) algorithm, a deblurring method that is commonly used in optics and has proven to be a successful technique for restoring images, was applied to our experimental nuclear physics data. The only inputs to the method are the observed energy spectrum and the detector's response matrix also known as the transfer matrix. We demonstrate that the technique can help access information about the shell structure of particle-unbound systems from the measured decay energy spectrum that is not immediately accessible via traditional approaches such as χ-square fitting. For a similar purpose, we developed a machine learning model that uses a deep neural network (DNN) classifier to identify resonance states from the measured decay energy spectrum. We tested the performance of both methods on simulated data and experimental measurements. Then, we applied both algorithms to the decay energy spectrum of 26 O → 24 O + n + n measured via invariant mass spectroscopy. Here, the resonance states restored using the RL algorithm to deblur the measured decay energy spectrum agree with those found by the DNN classifier. Both deblurring and DNN approaches suggest that the raw decay energy spectrum of 26 O exhibits three peaks at approximately 0.15 MeV, 1.50 MeV, and 5.00 MeV, with half-widths of 0.29 MeV, 0.80 MeV, and 1.85 MeV, respectively.

Spectrometers & spectroscopic techniques↗

Self-potential tomography preconditioned by particle swarm optimization—Self-potential monitoring and streamflow data acquired March 26–September 14, 2023 at East Fork Poplar Creek near Oak Ridge Tennessee

This data release contains self-potential (SP) monitoring data measured on the flood plain of East Fork Poplar Creek (East Fork) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and streamflow data measured at streamgage EFK5.4 about 310 meters upstream from the SP monitoring site. Additionally, forward and inverse numerical modeling scripts used to model the electrical-potential field on the East Fork flood plain are provided. SP monitoring data included in this data release were measured at 39 different data-collection points on the east flood plain; 30 points were spaced 3-m apart along an 87-m profile parallel to the edge of the streambank, and 9 points were spaced 5-m apart along a 40-m profile approximately perpendicular to the streambank. The two profiles of SP data-collection points intersected at the approximate midpoint of the profile parallel to the streambank. Transient voltages were measured at each data-collection point every 60 seconds between 16:13 Eastern Standard Time (EST) on March 26, 2023, and 11:41 EST on September 14, 2023. Streamflow data included in this data release overlap the time-period of self-potential monitoring and were measured every 900 seconds between 16:23 on March 26, 2023, and 23:53 on September 14, 2023.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18–72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18–73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.55 years (95% CI: 2.91, 4.19; I 2 = 57.53%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age, sex and site (Cohen’s d = 0.48). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

The Pristine survey – XVI. The metallicity of 26 stellar streams around the Milky Way detected with the STREAMFINDER in Gaia EDR3

ABSTRACT We use the photometric metallicities provided by the panoramic Pristine survey to study the veracity and derive the metallicities of the numerous stellar streams found by the application of the STREAMFINDER algorithm to the Gaia Early Data Release 3 data. All 26 streams present in Pristine show a clear metallicity distribution function, which provides an independent check of the reality of these structures, supporting the reliability of STREAMFINDER in finding streams and the power of Pristine to measure precise metallicities. We further present six candidate structures with coherent phase-space and metallicity signals that are very likely streams. The majority of studied streams are very metal-poor (14 structures with [Fe/H] < −2.0) and include three systems with [Fe/H] < −2.9 (C-11, C-19, and C-20). These streams could be the closest debris of low-luminosity dwarf galaxies or may have originated from globular clusters of significantly lower metallicity than any known current Milky Way globular cluster. Our study shows that the promise of the Gaia data for Galactic Archeology studies can be substantially strengthened by quality photometric metallicities, allowing us to peer back into the earliest epochs of the formation of our Galaxy and its stellar halo constituents.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗