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Results for “3D electron diffraction”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1999

An overview of vertebrate mineralization with emphasis on collagen-mineral interaction

The nucleation, growth, and development of mineral crystals through their interaction principally with collagen in normal bone and calcifying tendon have been elaborated by applying a number of different techniques for analysis of the inorganic and organic constituents of these tissues. The methods have included conventional and high voltage electron microscopy, electron diffraction, microscopic tomography and 3D image reconstruction, and atomic force microscopy. This summary presents results of these studies that have now characterized the size, shape, and aspects of the chemical nature of the crystals as well as their orientation, alignment, location, and distribution with respect to collagen. These data have provided the means for understanding more completely the formation and strength of the collagen-mineral composite present in most vertebrate calcifying tissues and, from that information, a basis for the adaptation of such tissues under mechanical constraints. In the context of the latter point, other data are given showing effects on collagen in bone cell cultures subjected to the unloading parameters of spaceflight. Implications of these results may be particularly relevant to explaining loss of bone by humans and other vertebrate animals during missions in space, during situations of extended fracture healing, long-term bedrest, physical immobilization, and related conditions. In a broader sense, the data speak to the response of bone and mineralized vertebrate tissues to changes in gravitational loading and applied mechanical forces in general.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2019

3d Crystallographic Orientation of Olivine in Bjurböle Chondrules

The crystallographic orientations of chondrule minerals can provide important insights into their formation and deformational history. For example, the orientations of the olivine bars and surrounding rim in barred olivine chondrules provide information and on the conditions of crystallization and the orientations and shapes of olivines within porphritic chondrules can record the reactions with the surrounding nebular gas during chondrule formation. Later deformation on the parent body can cause crystal-plastic deformation of chondrule minerals that is evident through their intracrystalline lattice misorientations. Typically these crystal orientations and lattice misorientations are determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on thin sections but this gives only a 2D picture for what is actually a 3D texture. While it is possible to combine EBSD with serial sectioning to build a 3D dataset of texture, this is a destructive, time-intensive process. A recent technological development that enables non-destructive, 3D crystallographic orientation measurement is X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), which uses the X-ray diffraction of the crystal lattice to determine orientation. Originally only possible using monochromatic X-ray beams at 3rd generation synchrotron light sources, DCT has been recently adapted to polychromatic sources of laboratory X-ray microscopes (referred to as Lab-DCT). Up to this point LabDCT has only been applied to large, well-formed crystals of high symmetry (i.e., metals), but we recently acquired DCT datasets for a pair Bjurböle chondrules to determine the applicability of the technique to natural, mutlimineralic samples composed predominately of olivine (i.e., chondrules).

Hanna, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Protein crystal growth in microgravity

A series of protein-crystal growth experiments were performed on Space Shuttle flight STS-26 in September 1988 and STS-29 in March 1989. These proteins had been studied extensively in crystal-growth experiments on earth prior to the microgravity experiments. For those proteins which produced crystals of adequate size, 3D intensity data sets with electronic area detector systems were collected. Comparisons show that the microgravity-grown crystals of these proteins are larger, display more uniform morphologies, and yield diffraction data to significantly higher resolutions. Analyses of the 3D data sets indicate that the space-grown crystals are more highly ordered at the molecular level than their earth-grown counterparts.

Snyder, Robert↗
NASA NTRS2005

One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Superprisms

Theoretical calculations indicate that it should be possible for one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (see figure) to exhibit giant dispersions known as the superprism effect. Previously, three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal superprisms have demonstrated strong wavelength dispersion - about 500 times that of conventional prisms and diffraction gratings. Unlike diffraction gratings, superprisms do not exhibit zero-order transmission or higher-order diffraction, thereby eliminating cross-talk problems. However, the fabrication of these 3D photonic crystals requires complex electron-beam substrate patterning and multilayer thin-film sputtering processes. The proposed 1D superprism is much simpler in structural complexity and, therefore, easier to design and fabricate. Like their 3D counterparts, the 1D superprisms can exhibit giant dispersions over small spectral bands that can be tailored by judicious structure design and tuned by varying incident beam direction. Potential applications include miniature gas-sensing devices.

Ting, David↗
NASA NTRS2012

Coordinated STEM/FIB/NanoSIMS Analyses of Presolar Silicates in Comet Dust and Primitive Meteorites

Silicate grains were among the most abundant mineralogical building blocks of our Solar System. These grains were the detritus from earlier generations of stars that have been recycled in the early solar nebula. Rare sub-micrometer survivors of this processing have been identified in meteorites, micrometeorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). These silicate grains are recognized as presolar in origin because of their extremely anomalous isotopic compositions that reflect nucleosynthetic processes in their stellar sources (evolved stars, novae and supernovae). We perform coordinated chemical, mineralogical and isotopic studies of these grains to determine their origins and histories. We examine the complex mineralogy and petrography of presolar silicates using imaging, diffraction and chemical data obtained from thin sections with the JSC JEOL 2500 field-emission STEM equipped with a Noran thin window energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer and a Gatan Tridiem GIF. Quantitative element x-ray maps (spectrum images) are acquired by rastering a 4 nm incident probe whose dwell time is minimized to avoid beam damage and element diffusion during mapping. Successive image layers are acquired and combined in order to achieve approx 1% counting statistics for major elements. The IDP samples are prepared by ultramicrotomy of particles embedded in epoxy or elemental sulfur. After EDX mapping, the sections are subjected to C, N, and O isotopic imaging with the JSC NanoSIMS 50L ion microprobe. We prepare sections of some meteorite grains using the JSC FEI Quanta 3D focused ion beam (FIB) instrument. The specimen surface is protected from the FIB milling process by layers of electron beam-deposited C and Pt followed by an ion-deposited Pt layer. We also use the FIB to preferentially remove surrounding grains to reduce the background in subsequent NanoSIMS measurements. For mineralogical studies, we again employ the FIB instrument to deposit a protective cap over the grain of interest and then extract the grain and thin it to electron transparency for TEM analysis.

Keller, Lindsay↗
NASA NTRS2011

NASA Tech Briefs, January 2011

The topics include: 1) Distributed Aerodynamic Sensing and Processing Toolbox; 2) Collaborative Supervised Learning for Sensor Networks; 3) Hazard Detection Software for Lunar Landing; 4) Onboard Nonlinear Engine Sensor and Component Fault Diagnosis and Isolation Scheme; 5) Network-Capable Application Process and Wireless Intelligent Sensors for ISHM; 6) Interface Supports Multiple Broadcast Transceivers for Flight Applications; 7) FPGA Sequencer for Radar Altimeter Applications; 8) Miniature Sapphire Acoustic Resonator - MSAR; 9) Process-Hardened, Multi-Analyte Sensor for Characterizing Rocket Plume Constituents; 10) SAD5 Stereo Correlation Line-Striping in an FPGA; 11) Hybrid Composite Cryogenic Tank Structure; 12) Nanoscale Deformable Optics; 13) Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Composite Airframe Component; 14) Zinc Oxide Nanowire Interphase for Enhanced Lightweight Polymer Fiber Composites; 15) Plasma Igniter for Reliable Ignition of Combustion in Rocket Engines; 16) Wire Test Grip Fixture; 17) A Sub-Hertz, Low-Frequency Vibration Isolation Platform; 18) Carbon Nanofibers Synthesized on Selective Substrates for Nonvolatile Memory and 3D Electronics; 19) Nanoparticle/Polymer Nanocomposite Bond Coat or Coating; 20) High-Resolution Wind Measurements for Offshore Wind Energy Development; 21) Spring Tire; 22) Marsviewer 2008; 23) Mission Services Evolution Center Message Bus; 24) Major Constituents Analysis for the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor; 25) Astronaut Health Participant Summary Application; 26) Adaption of the AMDIS Method to Flight Status on the VCAM Instrument; 27) Natural Language Interface for Safety Certification of Safety-Critical Software; 28) Cryogenic Caging for Science Instrumentation; 29) Wide-Range Neutron Detector for Space Nuclear Applications; 30) In Situ Guided Wave Structural Health Monitoring System; 31) Multiplexed Energy Coupler for Rotating Equipment; 32) Attitude Estimation in Fractionated Spacecraft Cluster Systems; 33) Full Piezoelectric Multilayer-Stacked Hybrid Actuation/Transduction Systems; 34) Active Flow Effectors for Noise and Separation Control; 35) Method and System for Temporal Filtering in Video Compression Systems; 36) Apparatus for Measuring Total Emissivity of Small, Low-Emissivity Samples; 37) Multiple-Zone Diffractive Optic Element for Laser Ranging Applications; 38) Simplified Architecture for Precise Aiming of a Deep-Space Communication Laser Transceiver; 39) Two-Photon-Absorption Scheme for Optical Beam Tracking; 40) High-Sensitivity, Broad-Range Vacuum Gauge Using Nanotubes for Micromachined Cavities; 41) Wide-Field Optic for Autonomous Acquisition of Laser Link; 42) Extracting Zero-Gravity Surface Figure of a Mirror; 43) Modeling Electromagnetic Scattering From Complex Inhomogeneous Objects; 44) Visual Object Recognition and Tracking of Tools; 45) Method for Implementing Optical Phase Adjustment; 46) Visual SLAM Using Variance Grid Maps; 47) Rapid Calculation of Spacecraft Trajectories Using Efficient Taylor Series Integration; 48) Efficient Kriging Algorithms; 49) Predicting Spacecraft Trajectories by the WeavEncke Method; 50) An Augmentation of G-Guidance Algorithms; 51) Comparison of Aircraft Icing Growth Assessment Software; 52) Silicon-Germanium Voltage-Controlled Oscillator at 105 GHz; 53) Estimation of Coriolis Force and Torque Acting on Ares-1; 54) Null Lens Assembly for X-Ray Mirror Segments; and 55) High-Precision Pulse Generator.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2023

Additive Manufacturing of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Multi Principle Element Alloys for Future Aerospace Applications

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) materials have long been of interest for their high temperature applications, and additive manufacturing enables their manufacturing viability. The ODS multi-principle element alloy NiCoCr was prepared using powder metallurgy techniques, additively manufactured, and evaluated for its processingmicrostructure-property relationships. The high temperature foundations of nickel-base superalloys and ODS materials were combined with the manufacturing advantages of 3D printing and the chemical simplicity of NiCoCr to inspire this work, which was divided into powder and printed material assessments. The project was achieved through multiple iterative project loops to assess the processing parameters’ impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the feedstock powder and printed material. The powder investigations (Chapter 3) focused on understanding the oxide coating that formed on the metal powder following acoustic mixing. Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry was used to semi-quantitatively assess the amount of yttrium on the surface of the mixed powders, and indicated that a combination of higher mixing condition energy and moderate mixing time resulted in the most oxide coating on the NiCoCr powder. The results were supported by a qualitative assessment of scanning electron images of coated powder particles. Following mixing, the ODS NiCoCr was consolidated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. The evaluations of the printed material (Chapter 4) frst considered screening experiments including Archimedes’ density, porosity, and grain size and number metrics from electron backscatter diffraction data. After the ideal additive manufacturing parameters were identifed, both the oxide homogeneity and yield strength were discussed for the idealized printed material. Overall, the project suggests that the combined use of qualitative or semi-quantitative powder surface analysis with Archimedes’ density analyses can be a valid high-throughput technique which can lead to process optimization of Laser Powder Bed Fusion additively manufactured ODS material.

Laura G Wilson↗
NASA NTRS2019

Design of Experiment for the Measurement of Aerosol Droplet Size Distribution of Temperature-Controlled Thermally Atomized Printed Electronic Inks

In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) centers around NASA’s growing need and ability to produce space technologies on demand in space. As the future of long term presence in space and deep space exploration approach, fundamental questions of our dependence on earth resupply to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) remain unanswered. ISM is leading various effort to evaluate the feasibility of producing essential spares and redundant parts on demand to enable a sustainable space-based supply chain model for part resupply. Among the parts and systems being considered, Avionics form the neural network of modern day aircraft and space vehicles providing a wealth of information ranging from Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) systems to on board Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) systems. Recent advances in the use of Aerosol Jet Technology to print Avionics components ranging from electrical traces on a circuit board to complex transistors and sensors raise the possibility of using such technology to reproduce or recreate electronic parts on demand with the help of custom electronics 3D printers. The challenge herein lies within the ability of such printers to generate and deposit an aerosol of electronic material utilizing processes independent of or enhanced by gravity to ensure controllably identical or improved behavior of the aerosol in an International Space Station (ISS) laboratory and on the ground. The behavior as well as the hazards and properties associated with such aerosols in a microgravity environment must be understood well in order to merit a feasible approach to utilizing them for manufacturing in space. In this report, we outline the experimental setup of a modified conventional vaping device to be used as the ideal gravity independent thermal atomization mechanism to generate aerosol. Our objective is to identify the ideal mass, density, and volume of our aerosolized droplets of ink to conclude that there exist a threshold of aerosolized ink droplet sizes that are indeed independent of the effects of gravity and remain stable after atomization. We use a Malvern Spraytec® Spray Particle Size Analyzer to perform real-time laser diffraction measurement of our ink droplets during atomization. The droplet size between conductive ink, dielectric ink and vegetable glycerin have been measured and contrasted. Furthermore, the mechanism of thermal atomization versus traditional pneumatic and ultrasonic atomization for operation in microgravity have been explored.

Wu, Chih-Hao↗