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At least 19 records

A hybrid data acquisition system for magnetic measurements of accelerator magnets

A hybrid data acquisition system was developed for magnetic measurement of superconducting accelerator magnets at LBNL. It consists of a National Instruments dynamic signal acquisition (DSA) card and two Metrolab fast digital integrator (FDI) cards. The DSA card records the induced voltage signals from the rotating probe while the FDI cards records the flux increment integrated over a certain angular step. This allows the comparison of the measurements performed with two cards. In this note, the setup and test of the system is summarized. With a probe rotating at a speed of 0.5 Hz, the multipole coefficients of two magnets were measured with the hybrid system. The coefficients from the DSA and FDI cards agree with each other, indicating that the numerical integration of the raw voltage acquired by the DSA card is comparable to the performance of the FDI card in the current measurement setup.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Three-dimensional magnetic optimization of accelerator magnets using an analytic strip model

The end design is a critical step in the design of superconducting accelerator magnets. First, the strain energy of the conductors must be minimized, which can be achieved using differential geometry. The end design also requires an optimization of the magnetic field homogeneity. A mechanical and magnetic model for the conductors, using developable strips, is described in this paper. This model can be applied to superconducting Rutherford cables, and it is particularly suitable for High Temperature Superconducting tapes. The great advantage of this approach is analytic simplifications in the field computation, allowing for very fast and accurate computations, which save a considerable computational time during the optimization process. Some 3D designs for dipoles are finally proposed, and it is shown that the harmonic integrals can be easily optimized using this model.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

High-current density CORC® wires for use in accelerator magnets

Next generation accelerator magnets capable of generating magnetic fields in excess of 16 T require high-temperature superconductors (HTS) such as Conductor on Round Core (CORC®) cables and wires, wound from RE-Ba 2 Ca 3 O 7-δ (ReBCO, Re = rare earth) coated conductor tapes.1 The severe operating requirements of an engineering current density (J e ) of at least 400 Amm -2 at 4.2 K and 20 T, high operating currents of 5-20 kA, tolerance to Lorentz stresses in excess of 150 MPa, and in many cases cable bending diameters as small as 30 mm, make accelerator magnets one of the most challenging applications for any HTS material. Advanced Conductor Technologies (ACT) has been developing CORC® cables and wires wound from ReBCO tapes containing substrates of 30-50 µm thickness to meet these requirements. Although these requirements could each be met separately with current CORC® technology, meeting the requirements at the same time requires thinner, more powerful CORC® wires wound from tapes with even thinner substrates. The purpose of this Phase I SBIR program was to determine the feasibility to develop ReBCO tapes containing 25 µm thick substrates on an industrial scale and wind thinner CORC® wires from these tapes that could eventually meet the stringent performance specifications for accelerator magnets. The results of the Phase I program clearly demonstrated the feasibility of developing thinner, more powerful CORC® wires using ReBCO tapes with 25 µm substrate that would likely meet the stringent requirements for use in accelerator magnet by the end of the potential Phase II program. SuperPower Inc., as the subcontractor on the Phase I program, was successful in developing tapes with 25 µm substrate at minimum piece lengths of 30-40 m with a clear path towards industrial production. A total length exceeding 350 meters of 2 mm wide ReBCO tape with critical current (I c ) of between 45 and 65 A at 77 K was delivered to ACT during the Phase I program. The thinner tapes allowed us to reduce the CORC® core (former) from 2.5 mm to 2.0 mm, resulting in a higher current density conductor with enhanced flexibility. Several CORC® wires were manufactured to reach the Phase I goal of a Je of at least 300-400 Amm -2 at 20 T at a minimum bending diameter to less than 50 mm. Several CORC® wires were wound and analyzed after bending by identifying the location of peak stresses and causes of tape damage. Data was compared to 3D finite element models that included parametric studies to identify key parameters leading to the observed tape failure modes. The models suggest that flexibility is heavily dependent on the friction coefficient between tapes in a CORC® wire and the width of the tapes used. These studies provide a clear and straightforward path to improve conductor flexibility within the proposed Phase II program to reach our goal of minimum bending diameters below 30 mm with minimal I c reduction. We were successful in developing a flexible, 3.3 mm thick, high-J e CORC® wire containing 30 ReBCO tapes that carried > 80 % of its original I c after bending to diameters down to 44 mm. The CORC® wires showed no cyclic degradation due to in-field testing up to 57 stress cycles at 12 T. Another CORC® wire of 3.4 mm thickness had a J e as high as 451 Amm -2 when extrapolated to 20 T at a bending diameter of 63 mm, which is a new high-field performance record. We were also able to design a CORC® wire with increased tensile strength of 240 MPa at 76 K. The results of the Phase I program allow us to propose a very strong Phase II program with a high likelihood of reaching the ultimate goal of CORC® accelerator magnets wires with I c exceeding 8-10 kA and J e exceeding 600 Amm -2 at 20 T while bent to a 30 mm diameter.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Investigation of radiative bow-shocks in magnetically accelerated plasma flows

We present a study of the formation of bow shocks in radiatively cooled plasma flows. This work uses an inverse wire array to provide a quasi-uniform, large scale hydrodynamic flow accelerated by Lorentz forces to supersonic velocities. This flow impacts a stationary object placed in its path, forming a well-defined Mach cone. Interferogram data are used to determine a Mach number of ∼6, which may increase with radial position suggesting a strongly cooling flow. Self-emission imaging shows the formation of a thin (<60 μm) strongly emitting shock region, where T{sub e} ∼ 40–50 eV, and rapid cooling behind the shock. Emission is observed upstream of the shock position which appears consistent with a radiation driven phenomenon. Data are compared to 2-dimensional simulations using the Gorgon MHD code, which show good agreement with the experiments. The simulations are also used to investigate the effect of magnetic field in the target, demonstrating that the bow-shocks have a high plasma β, and the influence of B-field at the shock is small. This consistent with experimental measurement with micro bdot probes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Canted–Cosine–Theta Magnet (CCT)—A Concept for High Field Accelerator Magnets

Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) magnet is an accelerator magnet that superposes fields of nested and tilted solenoids that are oppositely canted. The current distribution of any canted layer generates a pure harmonic field as well as a solenoid field that can be cancelled with a similar but oppositely canted layer. The concept places windings within mandrel's ribs and spars that simultaneously intercept and guide Lorentz forces of each turn to prevent stress accumulation. With respect to other designs, the need for pre-stress in this concept is reduced by an order of magnitude making it highly compatible with the use of strain sensitive superconductors such as Nb 3 Sn or HTS. Intercepting large Lorentz forces is of particular interest in magnets with large bores and high field accelerator magnets like the one foreseen in the future high energy upgrade of the LHC. This paper describes the CCT concept and reports on the construction of CCT1 a "proof of principle" dipole.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Irradiation imposed degradation of the mechanical and electrical properties of electrical insulation for future accelerator magnets

Future accelerators will make extensive use of superconductors made of Nb{sub 3}Sn, which allows higher magnetic fields than NbTi. However, the wind-and-react technology of Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting magnet production makes polyimide Kapton® non applicable for the coils' electrical insulation. A Nb{sub 3}Sn technology compatible insulation material should be characterized by high radiation resistivity, good thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties. Candidate materials for the electrical insulation of future accelerator's magnet coils have to be radiation certified with respect to potential degradation of their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This contribution presents procedures and results of tests of the electrical and mechanical properties of DGEBA epoxy + D400 hardener, which is one of the candidates for the electrical insulation of future magnets. Two test sample types have been used to determine the material degradation due to irradiation: a untreated one (unirradiated) and irradiated at 77 K with 11 kGy/min intense, 4MeV energy electrons beam to a total dose of 50 MGy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Analysis of Nb$_3$Sn Accelerator Magnet Training

Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnet technology has made significant progress during the past decades. For the first time, it is planned to be used in a real accelerator. A relatively small number of Nb 3 Sn quadrupoles and dipoles will be installed in the LHC to increase machine luminosity. Although it will prove the possibility of using Nb 3 Sn magnets in real machines, many questions of scaling this technology up remain. One of them is related to slow training of Nb 3 Sn magnets compared to the traditional Nb-Ti accelerator magnets. Since the goal is to operate thousands of Nb 3 Sn magnets in a future post-LHC accelerator, the slow training will affect both the practical design margin and the nominal operation field. Consequently, the cost of the project to reach the design field level is also increased. Furthermore, to improve our understanding of slow magnet training the existing Fermilab data from Nb 3 Sn magnet tests were re-analyzed. A summary of coil training features and correlations with fabrication parameters observed is presented in this paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Inverse Biot–Savart Optimization for Superconducting Accelerator Magnets

Superconducting (SC) magnets for accelerator concepts are often synthesized by numerically optimizing magnetic field waveforms, a process that requires a subsequent solution of a constrained inverse problem to identify suitable SC magnet windings. When the desired field distribution is intuitive, the inverse process is facilitated by seeding preconceived coil distributions into design optimization methods for refinement. With more complex magnetic field distributions, an initial design may be unknown, and topology optimization tools are required to synthesize current distributions without a priori guidance from a subject matter expert. In this work, we develop a constrained inverse Biot-Savart topology optimization methodology that synthesizes optimal distributions of current density in racetrack-like SC coils. The problem structure is exploited through a computationally efficient quadratic programming formulation, and the method is applied to recently published magnetic field waveforms for a recirculating proton phase shifter, a proton therapy gantry, and dipole magnets with sharp field transitions. The method and results herein identify novel winding configurations that can help magnet designers bring accelerator concepts to fruition.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Validation of Finite-Element Models of Persistent-Current Effects in Nb 3 Sn Accelerator Magnets

Persistent magnetization currents are induced in superconducting filaments during the current ramping in magnets. The resulting perturbation to the design magnetic field leads to field quality degradation, in particular at low field where the effect is stronger relative to the main field. The effects observed in NbTi accelerator magnets were reproduced well with the critical-state model. However, this approach becomes less accurate for the calculation of the persistent-current effects observed in Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets. Here a finite-element method based on the measured strand magnetization is validated against three state-of-art Nb3Sn accelerator magnets featuring different subelement diameters, critical currents, magnet designs and measurement temperatures. The temperature dependence of the persistent-current effects is reproduced. Based on the validated model, the impact of conductor design on the persistent current effects is discussed. The performance, limitations and possible improvements of the approach are also discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Fiber-optic diagnostic system for future accelerator magnets

The next generation high energy physics accelerators will require magnetic fields at ~20 T. HTS coils will be an essential component of future accelerator magnets and several efforts are currently dedicated on designing 20 T HTS- LTS hybrid magnets. Among the existing challenges, there is the lack of a robust quench detection system for hybrid magnet technology. Another big challenge is represented by the high number of training quenches required by Nb3Sn magnets to reach performance level. In this framework it is important to find a tool that allow local real-time monitoring of magnet strain and temperature. In this paper, we propose the use of fiber optics sensors for diagnostic and quench detection in future accelerator superconducting magnets. Discrete and distributed fiber optic sensors have demonstrated to be a promising tool. The goal is to instrument hundreds of accelerator superconducting magnets and to move beyond the proof-of-concept level. Significant developments are still needed. Here, we are going to present the most recent results and discuss the most urgent technical developments in order to make those sensors a robust and reliable diagnostic tool for accelerator superconducting magnets over the next 10 year. We foresee that discrete fiber sensors will be a stable diagnostic probe for superconducting magnets over the next 3 to 5 years. More R&D work will be necessary for distributed fibers. The most urgent needs are the increase of sample rate and sensitivity. Close collaboration with vendors will be necessary to improve mechanical properties and fabrication processes in order to produce hundreds of meters of fiber and instrument a large number of accelerator superconducting magnets. Those R&D efforts will last up to 10 years with a founding level that spans between 5-10 M$.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Magnetic Control of Particle Injection in Plasma Based Accelerators

The use of an external transverse magnetic field to trigger and to control electron self-injection in laser- and particle-beam driven wakefield accelerators is examined analytically and through full-scale particle-in-cell simulations. A magnetic field can relax the injection threshold and can be used to control main output beam features such as charge, energy, and transverse dynamics in the ion channel associated with the plasma blowout. It is shown that this mechanism could be studied using state-of-the-art magnetic fields in next generation plasma accelerator experiments.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Fast cycling HTS based superconducting accelerator magnets: Feasibility study and readiness demonstration program driven by neutrino physics and muon collider needs

Development of energy-efficient fast cycling accelerator magnets is critical for the next generation of proton rapid cycling synchrotrons (RCS) for neutrino research and booster accelerators of future muon colliders. We see a unique opportunity for having such magnets to be built on base of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). Besides being superconducting at relatively high temperatures, rare-earth HTS tapes have shown very small AC losses compared to low-temperature NbTi superconductor cables. Recent tests of the HTS-based 0.5 m long two-bore superconducting accelerator magnet have shown record high dB/dt ramping rates of about 300 T/s at 10 Hz repetition rate and 0.5 T B-field span. No temperature rise in 6 K cooling He was observed within the 0.003 K error setting the upper limit on the cryogenic power loss in the magnet conductor coil to be less than 0.2 W/m. Based on this result we outline a possible upgrade of this test magnet design to 2 T B-field in the 10 mm beam gap with the dB/dt ramping rates up to 1000 T/s. The power test results of this short sample magnet will be used to project both cryogenic and electrical power losses as a function of the magnet B-field and the dB/dt ramping rates. Then these projections will be scaled to the range of expected accelerator magnet beam gaps and B-fields for the proton and muon RCS accelerators. We invite collaborators to join these studies and call for support of the R&D program aimed at comprehensive demonstration of this approach that includes design, construction, and power tests of a long prototype of the HTS-based fast-cycling accelerator magnet by 2028.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Studies of ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Strands Based on the Restacked-Rod Process for High Field Accelerator Magnets

A major thrust in Fermilab's accelerator magnet R&D program is the development of Nb 3 Sn wires which meet target requirements for high field magnets, such as high critical current density, low effective filament size, and the capability to withstand the cabling process. The performance of a number of strands with 150/169 restack design produced by Oxford Superconducting Technology was studied for round and deformed wires. To optimize the maximum plastic strain, finite element modeling was also used as an aid in the design. Results of mechanical, transport and metallographic analyses are presented for round and deformed wires.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Using additive manufacturing technologies in high-field accelerator magnet coils

Recent advances with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies using various materials allow them to be considered for the manufacture of precise and complicated metal parts of the magnet coils of high field accelerator magnets from aluminum bronze, titanium alloy, stainless steel, etc. The 3D printing technology is also being used to fabricate prototype models of real parts to test and optimize their geometry. This paper discusses the designs of the complex stress-management coil parts developed at Fermilab, their fabrication using AM technologies, and quality control methods and results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

RECORD FAST CYCLING ACCELERATOR MAGNET BASED ON HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR

We report on the High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) based prototype accelerator magnet capable to operate at 12 T/s B-field ramping rate with a very low supporting cryogenic cooling power thus indicating a feasibility of its application in the accelerator requiring high repetition rate and high average beam power. The magnet is designed to simultaneously accelerate two particle beams in the separate beam gaps energized by a single conductor. The design, construction and the power test of the prototype fast-cycling HTS based accelerator magnet is presented while the more detailed description and power test data analysis s given in [1]. As example, the measured cryogenic power loss limit is discussed in terms of the feasibility of application of such a magnet for the construction of the 8 GeV dual proton beam Booster.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Superconductor Requirements and Characterization for High Field Accelerator Magnets

The 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) strategic plan for U.S. High Energy Physics (HEP) endorses a continued world leadership role in superconducting magnet technology for future Energy Frontier Programs. This includes 10 to 15 T Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets for LHC upgrades and a future 100 TeV scale pp collider, and as ultimate goal that of developing magnet technologies above 20 T based on both High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) and Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS) for accelerator magnets. To achieve these objectives, a sound conductor development and characterization program is needed and is herein described. This program is intended to be conducted in close collaboration with U.S. and International labs, Universities and Industry.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗