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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Development and experimental verification of an active noise cancellation (ANC) method for non-invasive sensing

Ultrasonic wave propagation may be used in non-invasive sensing to identify the properties of a fluid in a container. An ultrasonic excitation can be coupled into the liquid or the gas through the walls of the container and detected by a receiver on the other side. However, in addition to this fluid path, another signal will also propagate through the structure and is referred as noise in this study. For most materials, this structural noise will be of higher amplitude compared to the fluid signal due to the large acoustic impedance difference between the solid container and the fluid. In this paper, an active noise cancellation (ANC) method is developed and demonstrated on an experimental setup. It was shown that this method cancels more than 90% of the noise signal in a given time window of interest. A sequential version of this cancellation method is also proposed, and it was shown that its performance improves as the number of canceling excitations is increased. The performance was found to be independent of the location of canceling transducers and position of the silence window but dependent on the width of the silence window. As an example, the ANC method was applied to noise cancellation of a signal travelling through water in a stainless-steel container. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the water signal in the window of interest was increased by 148% from 13.98 dB to 34.68 dB by using the proposed ANC method.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Trace gases at TRACER ANC site

Speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using an Ionicon PTR-TOF 8000 from 20 June to 3 July 2022 at the TRACER ancillary (TRACER ANC) site in Guy, TX. The dataset is reported at 1-min time resolution. Mixing ratios (ppb) are provided for acetone, methanol, acetaldehyde, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), furan, isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone plus methyl ethyl ketone (MVK + MEK), terpenes, xylene, and trimethylbenzene. Instrument calibrations for these species were performed weekly using a certified gas standard.

acetaldehyde↗
DOE OSTI2022

Determination of asymptotic normalization coefficients for the channel 16 O→ α+ 12 C: excited state 16 O(0 + ; 6.05 MeV)

Asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANC) determine the overall normalization of cross sections of peripheral radiative capture reactions. In the present paper, we treat the ANC C for the virtual decay 16 O(0 + ; 6.05 MeV)→ α+ 12 C(g.s.), the known values of which are characterized by a large spread (0.29 - 1.65) × 10 3 fm -1/2 . The ANC C is found by analytic continuation in energy of the α 12 C s-wave scattering amplitude, known from the phase-shift analysis of experimental data, to the pole corresponding to the 16O bound state and lying in the unphysical region of negative energies. To determine C, two different methods of analytic continuation are used. In the first method, the scattering data are approximated by the sum of polynomials in energy in the physical region and then extrapolated to the pole. The best way of extrapolation is chosen on the basis of the exactly solvable model. Within the second approach, the ANC C is found by solving the Schrödinger equation for the two-body α 12 C potential, the parameters of which are selected from the requirement of the best description of the phase-shift analysis data at a fixed experimental binding energy of 16 O(0 + ; 6.05 MeV) in the α+ 12 C channel. The values of the ANC C obtained within these two methods lie in the interval (886–1139) fm -1/2 .

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Oxygen vacancy-rich amorphous FeNi hydroxide nanoclusters as an efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation

Here, a one-pot strategy is presented to directly synthesize amorphous Fe x Ni y hydroxide nanoclusters (denoted as ANC-Fe x Ni y , <2 nm) with oxygen vacancies induced by ionic liquids. The ANC-Fe x Ni y catalyst presents abundant catalytic sites and high intrinsic conductivity. As such, the optimized ANC-Fe 1 Ni 2 exhibits high activity in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec –1 and an overpotential of 266 mV at 10 mA cm –2 . Notably, the optimized ANC-Fe 1 Ni 2 shows an extraordinarily large mass activity of 3028 A g FeNi –1 at the overpotential of 300 mV, which is ~24-fold of commercial RuO 2 catalyst. The superior activity of these Fe x Ni y hydroxide nanoclusters is ascribed to (i) the amorphous and distorted structure with abundant oxygen vacancies, and (ii) enhanced active site density by downsizing the ANC-Fe x Ni y clusters. This strategy provides a novel route for enhancing OER electrocatalytic performance and highly encouraging for the future application of amorphous metal hydroxides in catalysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

DR-RINS: Digital real-time relative intensity noise suppressor for pump–probe spectroscopy and microscopy

Relative intensity noise (RIN) inherent in fiber lasers poses a serious obstacle to their use in pump–probe spectroscopy and imaging. RIN can be removed through an analog balanced detector, or, as we have previously shown, software adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) on digitized signals. One major drawback to software ANC is the added time required for digitizing and post-processing. In this article, we describe a design for ANC on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), making use of high-level synthesis tools and fixed-point arithmetic to achieve real-time laser RIN suppression at 25 MHz sample rates. Unlike the software-ANC approach, the FPGA-ANC device can serve as a dedicated drop-in denoiser, placed between the detectors and a commercial lock-in amplifier. We demonstrate its application to transient absorption spectroscopy and microscopy, lowering the noise floor to ~17 dB above the shot noise limit. Furthermore, we demonstrate a dramatic improvement in data acquisition time from ~6 h to ~5 min in a real-time imaging scenario.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Connecting ground-state properties of 6 Li to each other and to scattering data

We examine the relationship between the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) of 6 Li and other low-energy observables in the α–deuteron system. Our analysis uses a set of calculations carried out within the ab initio no core shell model with continuum (NCSMC) using a variety of inter-nucleon interactions and basis sizes, and yielding 6 Li deuteron separation energies between 1.3 and 1.8 MeV (Hebborn et al 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 042503). These NCSMC calculations show that the square of the ANC is strongly correlated with the separation energy over this range. In this work, we investigate the origin of this correlation using the phenomenological R-matrix, a single-channel potential and a perturbative approach. We show that this correlation occurs because the depth of the α–deuteron central potential changes by only a small relative amount as the separation energy varies. We then investigate if the ANC can be accurately extracted from α–deuteron phase shifts in an ideal case in which low-energy data are available and there are no experimental errors. We find that both R-matrix and Coulomb-modified effective-range theory (CM-ERE) yield extracted ANCs close to, although not exactly equal to, the NCSMC value, provided the extrapolation is constrained by the known position of the bound-state pole and at least three terms are included in the fit function. The R-matrix approach converges faster than the CM-ERE as the number of parameters increases and is also more robust against the inclusion of low-energy and high-energy phase shift data. Finally, our study also shows that a naive quantification of uncertainties by comparing different truncations used in both theories is not accurate, and suggests the accuracy of ANCs extracted from phase shift data needs further investigation.

R-matrix↗
DOE OSTI2025

Akiachak Energy Efficiency Retrofit Project

The goal of the project is to reduce the overall energy use of the Akiachak Native Community (ANC) by implementing energy efficiency measures in five high-use Tribal buildings. This project will have the following outcomes: Projected annual energy savings of $17,369; projected annual reduction in fuel oil #1 of 1,200 gallons and electricity of 17,751 kWh; annual reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of approximately 60,340 pounds/year. ANC will install energy efficiency measures in the Laundry, Tribal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) Office, Clinic, Daycare, and Police Station. ANC obtained energy audits on these buildings in 2018, and this project will implement high-payback recommendations such as replacing lighting with LEDs, installing setback thermostats and occupancy sensors, replacing furnaces with more efficient models, replacing the circulation pumps with variable speed ones, air tightening, and adding insulation. Buildings will see energy cost reductions from 15% to 40%. These retrofits will help build ANC’s long-term vision for sustainable energy usage and address the first goal of the Tribal IRA Council’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, to “create and maintain functionally appropriate, sustainable, accessible, high quality tribal infrastructure and facilities.” ANC intends to replicate this project by using the resulting energy savings to address audit recommendations in other buildings as well as to demonstrate the value of energy efficiency to community members. Other outcomes will include an increase in community resiliency, reduced dependence on outside shipments of fuel oil, training for maintenance staff, and no-touch control of building appliances to reduce transmission of diseases such as COVID-19.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ice nucleation measurements from DRUM impactors during TRACER campaign in the Houston TX region from July to September 2022

During TRACER, three Davis Rotating Uniform size-cut Monitors (DRUM; DRUMAir 4-DRUM) were used to collect aerosols for ice nucleation measurements in the Brooks laboratory at Texas A&M University. The three instruments were located at AMF1 in La Porte, Ancillary site in Guy (ANC), and onboard the Texas A&M Rapid Onsite Atmospheric Measurements Van (ROAM-V). ROAM-V was deployed to capture airmasses behind (maritime) and ahead (continental) of the passage of the sea-breeze front through Houston. On select sampling days, ROAM-V sampled in the morning/mid-day on the coast and then transited to a second inland site for the afternoon/evening. The suite of instruments deployed on ROAM-V included a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC; GRIMM Model 5.403 CPC), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS; TSI 3750 detector, TSI 3082 classifier, TSI 3088 neutralizer, TSI 3081A Differential Mobility Analyzer), Cloud Condensation Nuclei counter (Droplet Measurement Technologies CCN Counter), micro pulse lidar (Droplet Measurement Technologies Micro Pulse LiDAR (miniMPL)), and one of the Davis Rotating Uniform size-cut Monitors (DRUM; DRUMAir 4-DRUM). Before sampling at each location, the latitude and longitude were recorded using the GPS on the phone application “My Altitude”. Each DRUM sampler was operated at a flow rate of 23 LPM. Each DRUM has four stages where the aerodynamic diameter size cuts are as follows: stage 1 larger than 3 μm, stage 2 from 3 to 1.2 μm, stage 3 from 1.2 to 0.34 μm, and stage 4 from 0.34 to 0.15 μm. Pretreated aluminum foil was used as a substrate on all stages. At AMF1 and ANC sites, the DRUMs were operated on the shared aerosol inlet, with generous support of the DOE ARM site staff. These instruments rotated 24 mm per day and only contained aluminum foil substrates. Substrates were changed weekly and transported to Texas A&M for storage in -80C freezer until analysis. The DRUM onboard ROAM-V was operated at a faster rotation rate of 150 mm per day to clearly separate the multiple deployment locations for ROAM-V. For the ROAM-V DRUM, substrates were changed every deployment and transported to Texas A&M for storage in -80C freezer until analysis. At Texas A&M, ice nucleation experiments were conducted to measure the ice nucleation temperature of the ambient aerosol samples collected from the three DRUMs using our previously established procedures (Alsante et al., 2023; Fornea et al., 2009; Matthews et al., 2023). For ice nucleation, only samples collected on stage 3 were analyzed, given that these are the most relevant size (1.2 to 0.34 μm diameter) for potential ice nucleating particles. For the AMF1 and ANC sites, we cut and analyzed 2 mm (2-hour) samples. We analyzed the time periods of the AMF1 site instrument when the ROAM-V was deployed. A 72-hour period from July 11th at 23:49 through July 15th at 1:49 was analyzed from the ANC site instrument. For the ROAM-V instrument, we separated the daily samples by site location. Between 1- and 6-hour independent samples were analyzed at each location. We also cut the ROAM-V samples in half to allow for compositional analysis of the aerosol on the other half of the substrate. All viable samples from the ROAM-V were analyzed. Analysis was done using a custom-built ice nucleation apparatus, recently updated to include an array of 16 individual samples (Matthews et al., 2023). On our experimental setup, we used 100 μL of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) water (Sigma Aldrich, >99.9% purity) to wash off the aerosol from the DRUM substrate. Then, we micropipetted 2 μL droplet samples into each of the 16 wells of the array, using hydrophobically coated microscope slides. Experiments would cycle 28 times from 10 C to -40C over a 20-hour period. During analysis of the TRACER samples, nine experiments were conducted with UHPLC water process blanks that followed an identical preparation procedure. The average freezing temperature and standard deviation for these process blanks is -27.7±2.4 C. This data was collected for ARM Field Campaign AFC07023 and supported by DOE ASR grant DE-SC0021047. For any further questions, please feel free to contact the instrument PI, Sarah D. Brooks, sbrooks@tamu.edu. Alsante, A. N., Thornton, D. C., & Brooks, S. D. (2023). Ice nucleation catalyzed by the photosynthesis enzyme RuBisCO and other abundant biomolecules. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 51. Fornea, A. P., Brooks, S. D., Dooley, J. B., & Saha, A. (2009). Heterogeneous freezing of ice on atmospheric aerosols containing ash, soot, and soil. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114(D13). DOI:10.1029/2009JD011958 Matthews, B. H., Alsante, A. N., & Brooks, S. D. (2023). Pollen Emissions of Subpollen Particles and Ice Nucleating Particles. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon isotope fractionation by an ancestral rubisco suggests that biological proxies for CO 2 through geologic time should be reevaluated

The history of Earth’s carbon cycle reflects trends in atmospheric composition convolved with the evolution of photosynthesis. Fortunately, key parts of the carbon cycle have been recorded in the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary rocks. The dominant model used to interpret this record as a proxy for ancient atmospheric CO 2 is based on carbon isotope fractionations of modern photoautotrophs, and longstanding questions remain about how their evolution might have impacted the record. Therefore, we measured both biomass (ε p ) and enzymatic (ε Rubisco ) carbon isotope fractionations of a cyanobacterial strain ( Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942) solely expressing a putative ancestral Form 1B rubisco dating to ≫1 Ga. This strain, nicknamed ANC, grows in ambient pCO 2 and displays larger ε p values than WT, despite having a much smaller ε Rubisco (17.23 ± 0.61‰ vs. 25.18 ± 0.31‰, respectively). Surprisingly, ANC ε p exceeded ANC ε Rubisco in all conditions tested, contradicting prevailing models of cyanobacterial carbon isotope fractionation. Such models can be rectified by introducing additional isotopic fractionation associated with powered inorganic carbon uptake mechanisms present in Cyanobacteria, but this amendment hinders the ability to accurately estimate historical pCO 2 from geological data. Understanding the evolution of rubisco and the CO 2 concentrating mechanism is therefore critical for interpreting the carbon isotope record, and fluctuations in the record may reflect the evolving efficiency of carbon fixing metabolisms in addition to changes in atmospheric CO 2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Indirect determination of the astrophysical S factor for the Li 6 ( p , γ ) Be 7 reaction using the asymptotic normalization coefficient method

The 6 Li(p,γ) 7 Be cross section influences a variety of astrophysical scenarios, including big-bang and stellar nucleosynthesis. In recent years, conflicting results of direct measurements have been published, reporting contradictory low-energy trends. To shed light on the contradiction between the existing data sets, the reaction was studied using the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) technique which was up-to-now never used for this reaction. To derive the ANC, the 6 Li( 3 He,d) 7 Be transfer reaction, studied at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Catania and at the John. D. Fox Superconducting Accelerator Laboratory at Florida State University, was re-analyzed, focusing on the proton transfer mechanism [the α transfer process is discussed by Kiss et al. [Phys. Lett. B 807, 135606 (2020)]. Here, the energy of the 3 He beam impinging on a 6 Li target was E lab = 3 MeV and E lab = 5 MeV. The yield of the emitted deuterons was measured with high precision by using silicon ΔE – E telescopes.

6 ≤ A ≤ 19↗
DOE OSTI2022

Bayesian estimation of the $S$ factor and thermonuclear reaction rate for 16 O(p, γ) 17 F

The 16 O(p, γ) 17 F reaction is the slowest hydrogen-burning process in the CNO mass region. Its thermonuclear rate sensitively impacts predictions of oxygen isotopic ratios in a number of astrophysical sites, including AGB stars. The reaction has been measured several times at low bombarding energies using a variety of techniques. The most recent evaluated experimental rates have a reported uncertainty of about 7.5% below 1 GK. However, the previous rate estimate represents a best guess only and was not based on rigorous statistical methods. We apply a Bayesian model to fit all reliable 16 O(p, γ) 17 F cross section data, and take into account independent contributions of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The nuclear reaction model employed is a single-particle potential model involving a Woods-Saxon potential for generating the radial bound state wave function. The model has three physical parameters, the radius and diffuseness of the Woods-Saxon potential, and the asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs) of the final bound state in 17 F. Here, we find that performing the Bayesian S -factor fit using ANCs as scaling parameters has a distinct advantage over adopting spectroscopic factors instead. Based on these results, we present the first statistically rigorous estimation of experimental 16 O(p, γ) 17 F reaction rates, with uncertainties (±4.2%) of about half the previously reported values.

6 ≤ A ≤ 19↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ab initio single-neutron spectroscopic overlaps in lithium isotopes

We calculate single-neutron spectroscopic overlaps for lithium isotopes in the framework of the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core shell model. We report the associated neutron-nucleus asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs) and spectroscopic factors (SFs) that are important ingredients in many reaction cross-section calculations. While spectroscopic factors have been traditionally extracted from experimental cross sections, their sensitivity on the type of reactions, the energy, and the underlying models point to the need for determining SFs from first-principle structure considerations. As illustrative examples, we present 6 Li + n, 7 Li ⁢+ n, and 8 Li ⁢+ n, and we show that the results are in a good agreement with those of other ab initio methods, where available, including the quantum Monte Carlo approach. Here, we compare ANCs and SFs to available experimentally deduced values, with a view toward expanding this study to heavier nuclei and to extracting intercluster effective interactions for input into analyses of existing and future experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effective field theory analysis of the Coulomb breakup of the one-neutron halo nucleus $$^{19}$$C

Abstract We analyse the Coulomb breakup of $$^{19}$$ 19 C measured at 67 A MeV at RIKEN. We use the Coulomb-Corrected Eikonal (CCE) approximation to model the reaction and describe the one-neutron halo nucleus $$^{19}$$ 19 C within Halo Effective Field Theory (Halo EFT). At leading order we obtain a fair reproduction of the measured cross section as a function of energy and angle. The description is insensitive to the choice of optical potential, as long as it accurately represents the size of $${}^{18}$$ 18 C. It is also insensitive to the interior of the $${}^{19}$$ 19 C wave function. Comparison between theory and experiment thus enables us to infer asymptotic properties of the ground state of $$^{19}$$ 19 C: these data put constraints on the one-neutron separation energy of this nucleus and, for a given binding energy, can be used to extract an asymptotic normalisation coefficient (ANC). These results are confirmed by CCE calculations employing next-to-leading order Halo EFT descriptions of $${}^{19}$$ 19 C: at this order the results for the Coulomb breakup cross section are completely insensitive to the choice of the regulator. Accordingly, this reaction can be used to constrain the one-neutron separation energy and ANC of $${}^{19}$$ 19 C.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ice Nucleation Measurements during TRACER (Field Campaign Report)

This campaign, Ice Nucleation Measurements during TRACER, was conducted during the TRacking Aerosol Convection Interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) in Houston, Texas during June-September, 2022. Specifically, our ice nucleation campaign was designed to improve understanding of ice nucleating particles (INPs) and their role in deep convective clouds across the Houston region. Summertime deep convection in southeast Texas is regularly tied to the sea-breeze front (SBF) that pushes inland from the Gulf of Mexico across the region. During TRACER, three Davis Rotating Uniform size-cut Monitors (DRUM; DRUMAir 4-DRUM) were used to collect aerosols for offline ice nucleation measurements in the Brooks laboratory at Texas A&M University. The three instruments were located at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) first Mobile Facility (AMF1) in La Porte, at the ancillary site in Guy (ANC), and onboard the newly developed Texas A&M Rapid Onsite Atmospheric Measurements Van (ROAM-V). Aerosol at the main ARM TRACER site, ARM1, is expected to arise from local urban, industrial, and ship channel sources. In contrast, the ANC is isolated and rural, and can therefore provide a continental background aerosol population. On select days when convective development was forecast to be probable, ROAM-V commuted from College Station, Texas to Galveston, sampled in the morning/mid-day on the coast, and then transited to a second inland site for the afternoon/evening. Sampling from the ROAM-V allowed us to capture aerosol and meteorological differences between maritime and continental airmasses by strategically positioning the ROAM-V near the coast in the morning in the opposite airmass from the AMF1 site.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Accelerating computing for the future electric grid (CRADA Final Report)

As a participant in the Cyclotron Road Lab-Embedded Entrepreneurship Program (LEEP), Vellex Computing, Inc. has successfully validated the "Vellex Computing Stack," a breakthrough Analog Neural Computer (ANC) specifically designed for high-performance edge optimization. This project achieved critical milestones in mixed-signal circuit stability and software-hardware co-design, directly addressing national priorities in semiconductor resiliency. The success of this work is deeply rooted in the support from the Cyclotron Road LEEP, which provided the essential "hard tech" runway—funding, mentorship, and access to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s world-class characterization facilities—allowing Vellex to overcome the "Valley of Death" often faced by deep-tech hardware startups. By leveraging LBNL’s advanced testing infrastructure, Vellex was able to rigorously benchmark the ANC architecture against state-of-the-art digital solutions, a feat that would have been resource-prohibitive independently. This collaboration has not only advanced American leadership in analog computing but has also matured Vellex’s technology to a stage ripe for private sector commercialization.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement of the Emittance for the CeC Project

Coherent Electron Cooling (CeC) experiment was carried out at RHIC [1]. It required small emi ance of 10-15 MeV electron beam with high peak current. In most cases the emi ance was measured by either quadrupole or solenoid scan. For a low-energy beam with high peak current the measurements are affected by space charge forces. To overcome these difficul es the pepper-pot [2,3] or slit scan [4] can be used.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Marine algae growth and carbon capture augmentation by antioxidant nanozymes

Large scale commercial cultivation of microalgae year-round is limited by seasonal stress conditions. The rapid growth and high CO 2 capture of the marine microalga Picochlorum celeri is largely inhibited under winter stress conditions of low temperature and high light. Herein, we demonstrated a nanotechnology approach to enhance the biomass productivity and CO 2 capture of P. celeri under abiotic stress by interfacing with antioxidant cerium oxide nanozymes (nanoceria). Antioxidant nanoceria catalytically scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under stress conditions, reducing damage to the microalgae photosynthetic machinery in chloroplasts. Negatively charged poly-acrylic acid-coated nanoceria (PNC, 10 μM) were biocompatible in microalgae cells and colocalized with chloroplasts. In contrast, positively charged aminated nanoceria (ANC) resulted in microalgae aggregation (>50 μM) and were toxic at all concentrations tested (≥10 μM). PNC reduction of ROS levels in microalgae (78%) and superoxide levels (26%), enhanced microalgae growth (65%), photosynthetic performance (130%), and CO 2 uptake rate (380%) under low-temperature stress (15 °C) and high light (500 μmol/m 2 /s PAR) stress relative to controls without nanoceria. Nanoceria augmentation of microalgae provides a rapid and facile technology to increase algae CO 2 capture and biomass under stress conditions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗