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The evaluators present in this publication spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reactions studies for all isobars with mass number A=65. Not much is known experimentally about {sup 65}V and {sup 65}Cr, although they are expected to decay by {beta}-emission. Spin/parity assignments for {sup 65}Mn, {sup 65}Fe, {sup 65}As, and {sup 65}Se are not firmly established.
Mass excesses of short-lived A=2Z-1 nuclei {sup 63}Ge, {sup 65}As, {sup 67}Se, and {sup 71}Kr have been directly measured to be -46 921(37), -46 937(85), -46 580(67), and -46 320(141) keV, respectively. The deduced proton separation energy of -90(85) keV for {sup 65}As shows that this nucleus is only slightly proton unbound. X-ray burst model calculations with the new mass excess of {sup 65}As suggest that the majority of the reaction flow passes through {sup 64}Ge via proton capture, indicating that {sup 64}Ge is not a significant rp-process waiting point.
The extent of nucleosynthesis in models of type I X-ray bursts (XRBs) and the associated impact on the energy released in these explosive events are sensitive to nuclear masses and reaction rates around the {sup 64}Ge waiting point. Using the well known mass of {sup 64}Ge, the recently measured {sup 65}As mass, and large-scale shell model calculations, we have determined new thermonuclear rates of the {sup 64}Ge(p,γ){sup 65}As and {sup 65}As(p,γ){sup 66}Se reactions with reliable uncertainties. The new reaction rates differ significantly from previously published rates. Using the new data, we analyze the impact of the new rates and the remaining nuclear physics uncertainties on the {sup 64}Ge waiting point in a number of representative one-zone XRB models. We find that in contrast to previous work, when all relevant uncertainties are considered, a strong {sup 64}Ge rp-process waiting point cannot be ruled out. The nuclear physics uncertainties strongly affect XRB model predictions of the synthesis of {sup 64}Zn, the synthesis of nuclei beyond A = 64, the energy generation, and the burst light curve. We also identify key nuclear uncertainties that need to be addressed to determine the role of the {sup 64}Ge waiting point in XRBs. These include the remaining uncertainty in the {sup 65}As mass, the uncertainty of the {sup 66}Se mass, and the remaining uncertainty in the {sup 65}As(p,γ){sup 66}Se reaction rate, which mainly originates from uncertain resonance energies.
The use of geothermal fluids for the production of electricity poses a risk of contaminating surface waters when spent fluids are discharged into (near) surface environments. Arsenic (As) in particular is a common component in geothermal fluids and leads to a degradation of water quality when present in mobile and bioavailable forms. We have examined changes in arsenic speciation caused by quick transition from high temperature reducing conditions to surface conditions, retention mechanisms, and the extent of transport associated with the release of spent geothermal fluids at the Dachny geothermal fields (Mutnovsky geothermal region), Kamchatka, Russia -- a high temperature field used for electricity production. In the spent fluids, the arsenic concentration reaches 9 ppm, while in natural hot springs expressed in the vicinity of the field, the As concentration is typically below 10 ppb. The aqueous phase arsenic speciation was determined using Liquid Chromatography (LC) coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The arsenic speciation in the bottom sediments (< 65 {mu}m fraction) of the local surface waters was analyzed using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). Arsenic in the geothermal source fluids is predominantly found as As(III), while a mixture of As(III)/As(V) is found in the water and sediment of the Falshivaia River downstream from the power plant. The extent of elevated arsenic concentrations in water is limited by adsorption to the bottom sediment and dilution, as determined using Cl{sup -} from the deep well fluids as a tracer. Analysis of the Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectra shows that sediment phase arsenic is associated with both Al- and Fe-rich phases with a bi-dentate corner sharing local geometry. The geothermal waste fluids released in the surface water create a localized area of arsenic contamination. The extent of transport of dissolved As is limited to {approx}7 km downstream from the source, while As associated with bottom sediment travels {approx}3 km farther.
The two-photon absorption coefficient of 1047-nm light in As{sub 35}S{sub 65} chalcogenide glass has been measured. CW probe radiation has been used to observe the linear absorption in glass induced by two-photon excitation. The induced absorption lifetime was found to be ∼2 ms. (paper)
The epitaxial Mn{sub 0.92}Ba{sub 0.08}As thin film was grown on Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The Curie temperature (T{sub C}) around 350 K was enhanced with the addition of Ba, compared to that of bulk MnAs (T{sub C} {approx} 318 K). We have observed the linear resistivity versus the square of temperature and high negative magnetoresistance near Curie temperature. Moreover, the giant magnetocaloric effect was found with maximum magnetic entropy change, 65 J/kgK, around room temperature at 5 T.
ABSTRACT Monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) is an organic arsenical herbicide commonly used in certain warm‐season turfgrasses. Recently, concerns about MSMA use have arisen because of the release of As into the environment, although the fate of applied As is not well quantified for realistic management scenarios. Greenhouse lysimeter experiments were conducted to determine As distribution and speciation over time following an MSMA application to established bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. At 1 wk after treatment (WAT), up to 65% of As from MSMA was detected in bermudagrass clippings and the remaining aboveground vegetation. Elevated soil and porewater As concentrations were detected to 5 cm depth but increases were not observed below this depth. Mass balance calculations revealed that As partitioned into the soil over time, with 91% of the applied As residing in the upper 5 cm of soil solids by 8 WAT. Arsenate was the dominant As species by 2 WAT and thereafter in porewater and soil. Results indicate that turfgrass management plans could be altered to minimize potential off‐target contamination from MSMA by returning clippings following mowing events and using MSMA in a herbicide rotation.
Abstract not provided
This project has developed new methods for the cyclotron production of medically relevant radionuclides 71 As and 119 Sb. Arsenic and antimony are chemically homologous elements (group 5A, also known as the pnictogens) that have radionuclides that are of considerable interest within nuclear medicine. Such radiopnictogens include the potentially therapeutic radionuclides 119 Sb (t 1/2 = 38 h) that decays with the emission of 24.5 low energy, high potency electrons per decay with little concomitant photon radiation and 77 As (t 1/2 = 39 h) that decays with average beta energy of 230 keV and diagnostic nuclides 71 As (t 1/2 = 65 h, 28% β+) and 72 As (t 1/2 = 26 h, 80% β+) for positron emission tomography (PET). This work has had major success developing new methods for the cyclotron production and radiochemical isolation of 71 As, supporting parallel developments for 119 Sb, and assessing the chemical similarities between these two homologous radionuclides. This project brought into collaboration two universities with complimentary skill sets, proficiencies, expertise, and facilities: the University of Wisconsin (UWisc) and the University of Missouri (Mizzou). Professors Ellison and Engle have experience in the small cyclotron production and radiochemical isolation of radionuclides, including 72 As and 119 Sb. Their recently developed metallurgic methods for fabricating cyclotron targets have great potential to expand and allow for the biomedical cyclotron production of long- lived, lower positron energy 71 As. Professors Hennkens and Jurisson have significant experience in the reactor production, radiochemical isolation, and biological functionalization of radioarsenic. Recent development of trithiol-based chelator molecules for functionalizing radioarsenic provide a platform for the investigation of the fundamental challenges of the promising low-energy-electron emitter, 119 Sb. Through their positions within their respective University’s graduate schools, the PIs and Co-Is effectively trained of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers in nuclear and radiochemistry, sub-specialties specifically identified in the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science Isotope Program long-range plan. Annual laboratory research visits for students between UWisc and Mizzou provided essential broad-field experience and scientific networking that is critical for maintaining their path along the training pipeline to productive careers in isotope production. This research collaboration has provided significant benefits to the DOE University Isotope Network and radionuclide-using researchers around the country.
Arsenic (As)-doped graded Cd(Se,Te) photovoltaics have achieved record efficiency of 22.4%, but further increases in efficiency have been limited by doping activation of only ~1% and radiative voltage losses of ~100 meV. Antimony (Sb) can also act as a p-type dopant of Cd(Se,Te) but has received relatively little attention. We measured carrier dynamics and photoluminescence of Sb-doped CdTe and CdSeTe films grown by vapor-transport deposition, with dopant activation up to ~20% Time resolved terahertz (TRTS) and photoluminescence (TRPL) data were fit by simulating the semiconductor equations, revealing bulk lifetimes of >20 ns in CdTe:Sb and >65 ns in CdSeTe:Sb and surface recombination velocities <1000 cm/s at alumina interfaces. We also qualitatively compare transients and PL spectra of doped and undoped films, with no apparent variation associated with hole concentrations up to 1015 cm-3. Preliminary variable temperature steady state photoluminescence (VT-SSPL) indicates dominant band-gap emission in CdSeTe:Sb and no evidence of potential fluctuations with Sb-doping up to this hole concentration.
Lawrence Livermore National Security (LLNS) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are in the process of returning the area where Building 175 existed to beneficial use for future site development. The completed assessment will help LLNS and DOE to outline project scope and costs associated with the removal, characterization, and disposal of materials generated when the concrete slab for the former building and any associated remaining subsurface structures are demolished. Slab removal under the Transition & Disposition process requires full screening for potential site contamination to determine appropriate future land use. Borehole locations and depths were designed to correctly assess DOE’s future liability for characterizing residual vadose zone contamination. If a residual source area is identified at depth, DOE will need to evaluate the additional cost of future subsurface cleanup (with limited access) due to planned development. This is necessary to leave the location in a “ready-to-build” status. As a result, Phase II sampling requirements may in some cases extend beyond the construction zone required for slab removal to ensure the necessary due diligence. To avoid the potential spread of contamination and/or the creation of an environmental release by impacting the integrity of known contamination areas (e.g., pit within room 102 and the east to west boundary seam), these locations were not sampled for this project. During demolition of the slab, these locations and their underlying soils should be further evaluated. The assessment was conducted in accord with the May 2022 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Former Building 175 Assessment Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan / Quality Assurance Plan. Thirty-six, direct-push borings were advanced, along with collecting concrete (where present) and soil samples for laboratory analyses. Thirty-two of the borings were advanced to a depth of 25 feet below ground (bgs), and four borings were advanced to a depth of 55 feet bgs. The concrete slab for former Building 175 ranged from approximately 8 inches to over two feet in thickness. Soils encountered during the investigation consisted primarily of clayey silt, with interbeds of sandy gravel and silty sand to the total depth explored of 55 feet bgs. Field photoionization detector readings – checking for volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors in soils, ranged from zero (0) to a peak of 33 parts per million at 25 feet bgs in boring PC-B175- 028. The cause for the peak reading is unknown, however, no visually discolored or odorous soils were encountered during the assessment and all VOC results were below Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL’s) Soil Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) soil screening levels (SSL). Groundwater was not encountered during the assessment and is expected to occur at roughly 65 feet bgs in the project area. No metals were detected at concentrations of concern in the concrete core samples collected and analyzed. Low gross alpha and beta activity concentrations were detected in the concrete core samples collected and analyzed. The detected activity concentrations would appear to be from naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, i.e., potassium 40, present in the raw materials used to make concrete and not artificially added. Tritium was not detected above the testing laboratory's Method Detection Limit (MDL) in any of the concrete core samples collected and analyzed. The radioactive isotopes - actinium 228, bismuth 214, lead 212, lead 214, potassium 40, radium 226, radium 228, and thallium 208, were detected at low activity concentrations in the concrete core samples analyzed. Based on the detected activity concentrations, the isotopes would appear to be naturally occurring in the raw materials used to make concrete and not artificially added. Acetone – a common laboratory contaminant, was detected in nine of the soil samples collected and analyzed. Concentrations of two other volatile organic compounds (benzene and tetrachloroethene) were detected in five of the soil samples analyzed. All concentrations were below SSLs. Total petroleum hydrocarbons as diesel range organics were detected at 43.9 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in the 20-foot bgs duplicate sample from boring PC-B175-007. Total petroleum hydrocarbons as motor oil were detected at 7.20 mg/kg in the 15-foot bgs routine sample from boring PC-B175-001, and at 20.7 mg/kg in the 20-foot bgs duplicate sample from boring PC-B175-007. The SSL for diesel-range TPHs is 260 mg/kg. LLNL does not have an SSL for motor oil range TPHs. No indications of a release, e.g., visibly stained, or odorous soil, were present at the boring locations. No samples collected contained polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in concentrations above the laboratory reporting limit. Arsenic was detected above its SSL of 8.51 mg/kg in the 25-foot bgs routine sample collected from boring PC-B175-023. Nickel was detected above its SSL of 86.0 mg/kg in the 10-foot bgs routine sample from boing PC-B175-005, the 20-foot bgs routine sample from boring PC-B175-025, and the 25-foot bgs routine sample from boring PC-B175-034. The detected concentrations, however, were well below ten times (10x) their respective STLCs. Gross alpha and/or gross beta were detected above their respective SSL activity concentrations in three routine soil samples. Retesting (two per sample) of the samples showed that the initial reported activity concentrations were anomalous. Tritium was not detected in any of the routine or duplicate soil samples collected and analyzed during the investigation. The radioactive isotopes - actinium 228, bismuth 212 and 214, lead 212 and 214, potassium 40, radium 224, 226 and 228, thallium 208, thorium 234 and uranium, were detected at low activity concentrations in the soil samples analyzed for radioactive constituents. The detected isotopes and their associated activity concentrations are typical of those naturally occurring in the marine-type sedimentary deposits underlying the Livermore Valley. No radiological controls are necessary for the soil evaluated.
Systematic explorations in vanadium arsenites and arsenates led to the isolation four new compounds, namely, {alpha}-(V{sup IV}O){sub 3}(As{sup III}O{sub 3}){sub 2} (1), {beta}-(V{sup IV}O){sub 3}(As{sup III}O{sub 3}){sub 2} (2), (V{sup IV}O)[V{sup IV}O(H{sub 2}O)]{sub 2}(As{sup V}O{sub 4}){sub 2} (3), V{sup III}V{sup IV}O{sub 2}(As{sup V}O{sub 4}) (4). Compounds 1, 2 and 4 were synthesized by standard solid-state reactions, and compound 3 is a vanadium arsenate dihydrate synthesized through hydrothermal reactions. Compounds 1 and 2 are isomers, and they represent the first examples of ternary inorganic vanadium(IV) arsenites. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the four compounds display four different structural types. Magnetic property measurements for compound 1 indicated that it exhibits ferromagnetism with the Curie temperature T{sub c}=65 K. Thermal stability and optical properties for compounds 1 and 3 were also investigated. - Graphical abstract: Hydrothermal or solid state reactions of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} (or VO{sub 2}) and As{sub 2}O{sub 3} yielded four new ternary compounds with four different types of structures, namely, {alpha}-(VO){sub 3}(AsO{sub 3}){sub 2} (1), {beta}-(VO){sub 3}(AsO{sub 3}){sub 2} (2), (VO)[VO(H{sub 2}O)]{sub 2}(AsO{sub 4}){sub 2} (3), (VO){sub 2}(AsO{sub 4}) (4). {alpha}-(VO){sub 3}(AsO{sub 3}){sub 2} (1), {beta}-(VO){sub 3}(AsO{sub 3}){sub 2} (2) represent the first examples of ternary inorganic vanadium(IV) arsenites. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Hydrothermal or solid state reactions of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} (or VO{sub 2}) and As{sub 2}O{sub 3} yielded two new arsenites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer They represent the first examples of ternary vanadium arsenites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Two new ternary vanadium arsenates were also obtained. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer They exhibit four different structural types.
Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} thin films have been grown directly on (001) SrTiO{sub 3} (STO) substrates by pulsed laser deposition at the temperatures from 640 to 700 {sup ∘}C. Effects of deposition temperature (T{sub s}) on the structure, magnetic, and superconducting properties of the films are investigated systematically. It is found that Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} film grown at lower deposition temperature is polycrystalline, and the optimized temperature of 685 {sup ∘}C can yield high-quality epitaxial Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} film. The (002) diffraction peak of Fe metal at 2𝜃 =∼ 65{sup ∘} is observed along with the (00l) diffraction peaks of Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} films deposited at all temperatures, which is attributed to the decomposition of BaFe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}As{sub 2} target when a high-energy pulsed laser hit on the target in a high vacuum. X-ray photoelectron spectra of Fe 2p show that the relative percentage of zerovalent ion (Fe{sup 0}) is almost equal to that of divalent ion (Fe{sup 2+}) for the film deposited at 670 {sup ∘}C, which is different from that most Fe{sup 2+} ions exist in the BaFe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}As{sub 2} target. The saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) increases from 7.88 to 240.5 emu/cm{sup 3} monotonously with the increase of Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} film deposition temperature. The maximum zero-resistance temperature (T{sub c}{sup 0}) of ∼16 K was obtained, which can be attributed to the high quality of the Ba(Fe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}){sub 2}As{sub 2} film. The coexistence of superconductivity (SC) and ferromagnetism (FM) in the BaFe{sub 1.8}Co{sub 0.2}As{sub 2} films was discussed.