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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation and Intercomparison of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Used for Atmospheric Research

Abstract Small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) are regularly being used to conduct atmospheric research and are starting to be used as a data source for informing weather models through data assimilation. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of these systems and assess their ability to replicate measurements from more traditional sensors such as radiosondes and towers. In the current work, we use data collected in central Oklahoma over a 2-week period to offer insight into the performance of five different sUAS platforms and associated sensors in measuring key weather data. This includes data from three rotary-wing and two fixed-wing sUAS and included two commercially available systems and three university-developed research systems. Flight data were compared to regular radiosondes launched at the flight location, tower observations, and intercompared with data from other sUAS platforms. All platforms were shown to measure atmospheric state with reasonable accuracy, though there were some consistent biases detected for individual platforms. This information can be used to inform future studies using these platforms and is currently being used to provide estimated error covariances as required in support of assimilation of sUAS data into weather forecasting systems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Formation of extended conducting channels in atmosphere

Some mechanisms of the formation of an extended ({approx}1 km) conducting channel in atmosphere using the laser engine technology (Impul'sar program) are considered. The electric conductivity of a channel formed by electric explosion of a 90-{mu}m copper wire up to {approx}1.6 m long (in electric breakdown) at a voltage not higher than 10 kV is studied. The requirements to the products of laser engine exhaust to atmosphere for producing a conducting channel, containing dispersion and condensation aerosols of hot particles of copper oxides (CuO, Cu{sub 2}O) and copper with an oxidised surface (from 50 nm to 300 {mu}m in diameter), are formulated. Possible mechanisms of electric breakdown at the field strength E {>=} 52 V cm{sup -1} in the discharge gap are discussed. The electric conductivity of the channel formed by the laser plasma upon focusing the solid-state laser radiation on targets made of different materials has also been studied.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

On the Chemical Abundance of HR 8799 and the Planet c

Comparing chemical abundances of a planet and the host star reveals the origin and formation pathway of the planet. Stellar abundance is measured with high-resolution spectroscopy. Planet abundance, on the other hand, is usually inferred from low-resolution data. For directly imaged exoplanets, the data are available from a slew of high-contrast imaging/spectroscopy instruments. Here, we study the chemical abundance of HR 8799 and its planet c. We measure stellar abundance using LBT/PEPSI (R = 120,000) and archival HARPS data: stellar [C/H], [O/H], and C/O are 0.11 ± 0.12, 0.12 ± 0.14, and 0.54{sub −0.09}{sup +0.12}, all consistent with solar values. We conduct atmospheric retrieval using newly obtained Subaru/CHARIS data together with archival Gemini/GPI and Keck/OSIRIS data. We model the planet spectrum with petitRADTRANS and conduct retrieval using PyMultiNest. Retrieved planetary abundance can vary by ∼0.5 dex, from sub-stellar to stellar C and O abundances. The variation depends on whether strong priors are chosen to ensure a reasonable planet mass. Moreover, comparison with previous works also reveals inconsistency in abundance measurements. We discuss potential issues that can cause the inconsistency, e.g., systematics in individual data sets and different assumptions in the physics and chemistry in retrieval. We conclude that no robust retrieval can be obtained unless the issues are fully resolved.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Atmospheric Electric Field-Mill Sensor Field Campaign Report

The foundation stone of atmospheric electricity is the existence of a Global Electric Circuit (GEC) influencing all of the planet. In fact, global thunderstorm activity acts as a voltage source that imposes a potential difference between the ionosphere (positively charged) and the Earth’s surface (negatively charged) of about ~300 kV. Such potential difference is discharged through the poorly conducting atmosphere in fair-weather regions, with atmospheric electric fields of ~100 V/m. First evidence of the GEC was gathered by scientists involved on the Carnegie vessel expeditions (early 20th Century), in which they describe a similar daily variation of the atmospheric electric field in different parts of the Pacific Ocean. Such variation become known as the Carnegie Curve (CC).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Design and package of a {sup 14}CO{sub 2} field analyzer The Global Monitor Platform (GMP)

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is widely accepted as a means to reduce and eliminate the fossil fuel CO{sub 2} (ff- CO{sub 2}) emissions from coal fired power plants. Success of CCS depends on near zero leakage rates over decadal time scales. Currently no commercial methods to determine leakage of ff-CO{sub 2} are available. The Global Monitor Platform (GMP) field analyzer provides high precision analysis of CO{sub 2} isotopes [12C (99%), 13C (<1%), 14C (1.2x10-10 %)] that can differentiate between fossil and biogenic CO{sub 2} emissions. Fossil fuels contain no {sup 14}C; their combustion should lower atmospheric amounts on local to global scales. There is a clear mandate for monitoring, verification and accounting (MVA) of CCS systems nationally and globally to verify CCS integrity, treaty verification (Kyoto Protocol) and to characterize the nuclear fuel cycle. Planetary Emissions Management (PEM), working with the National Secure Manufacturing Center (NSMC), has the goal of designing, ruggedizing and packaging the GMP for field deployment. The system will conduct atmosphere monitoring then adapt the system to monitor water and soil evaluations. Measuring {sup 14}CO{sub 2} in real time will provide quantitative concentration data for ff-CO{sub 2} in the atmosphere and CCS leakage detection. Initial results will be discussed along with design changes for improved detection sensitivity and manufacturability.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis and characterization of oxyanion (phosphate, sulphate) doped Ba{sub 2}Sc{sub 2-y}Ga{sub y}O{sub 5}

In this paper we examine the effect of partial substitution of Ga for Sc in the oxyanion (phosphate, sulphate) containing perovskites, Ba{sub 2}Sc{sub 2-x}P{sub x}O{sub 5+x} and Ba{sub 2}Sc{sub 2-x}S{sub x}O{sub 5+3x/2} with the samples analysed through a combination of X-ray diffraction, TGA, Raman spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. The results demonstrate that in both cases, Ga can be incorporated in place of Sc up to 40%. In order to accommodate the increasing Ga content, a reduction in the oxyanion content is required. Thus for the highest Ga content sample achieved, only 10% oxyanion incorporation was achieved giving endmember compositions of Ba{sub 2}ScGa{sub 0.8}P{sub 0.2}O{sub 5.2} and Ba{sub 2}ScGa{sub 0.8}S{sub 0.2}O{sub 5.3} for phosphate and sulphate doping respectively. While the Ga doping was shown to significantly improve the stability of the systems towards CO{sub 2} containing atmospheres, conductivity measurements showed a reduction in the conductivity with increasing Ga content. - Graphical abstract: Phosphate and sulphate doped Ba{sub 2}Sc{sub 2-x}Ga{sub x}O{sub 5} perovskites have been successfully prepared, with the highest conductivities observed for samples with the lowest Ga content. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The successful synthesis of phosphate and sulphate doped Ba{sub 2}Sc{sub 2-x}Ga{sub x}O{sub 5} perovskites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The demonstration of significant oxide ion and proton conduction in these perovskites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The demonstration of improved CO{sub 2} stability with increasing Ga content.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

New Particle Formation and Growth in the Houston Atmosphere During TRACER (Final Report)

From 2020-2025, researchers from UC Irvine, UC Riverside, and Colorado State University collaborated on a Department of Energy-funded project to understand how airborne particles form and grow in urban atmospheres, conducting an intensive field campaign in Houston, Texas during summer 2022. Using advanced instruments to measure gas-phase chemicals, particle composition, and a specialized chamber to study particle growth, the team discovered that sulfur-containing compounds from industrial and power plant emissions are the dominant driver of new particle formation in Houston, with particles typically forming locally in the city and growing as air moves away in the urban plume. The research revealed an important methodological insight: measurements from fixed ground stations can be misleading when interpreting how particles actually evolve as air masses move, which has significant implications for how scientists worldwide interpret atmospheric observations. These findings improve understanding of urban air quality and help reduce uncertainties in climate models, since these particles play critical roles in cloud formation and Earth's radiation balance, while also providing detailed information about ultrafine particle composition relevant to public health. The project trained three doctoral students, developed enhanced computer models for urban particle formation, and made all data publicly available through the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement data archive for use by the broader scientific community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Novel Compact Ceilometer (Final Scientific-Technical Report)

Fibertek is developing a novel ceilometer system that provides a new measurement capability not currently available to weather stations such as those in the Department of Energy's AmeriFlux network. Commercially available instruments do not have the sensitivity to see atmospheric aerosols. If the atmospheric aerosols can be measured, then the altitude of the boundary layer can be determined from a discontinuity in the aerosol concentration. The altitude of the boundary layer is a critical parameter in climate and weather models, and adding this piece of information will greatly improve the accuracy of these models. Fibertek's design provides this capability in an inexpensive robust fieldable instrument by applying a new sensor technology: the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM). SiPMs are called "photomultipliers" in that they provide very similar performance as a traditional photomultiplier including single photon sensitivity and linear response. However, they are a completely different technology which offers several advantages. They are small, inexpensive, solid-state, and extremely robust. They do not require cooling. They operate at much lower voltages. They cannot be damaged by inadvertent reflections, and when saturated they recover in less than a microsecond, so they don't need to be shielded from the outgoing laser pulse. In short, they make single photon sensitivity accessible for an inexpensive, simple, rugged, fieldable system. In this Phase 1 effort Fibertek developed a breadboard version of the ceilometer to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Our partner, Penn State, conducted atmospheric measurements to validate the lidar’s performance and determine algorithms for automatically identifying the height of the boundary layer. The lidar shows sufficient sensitivity to fully characterize the boundary layer in clear air daytime and nighttime conditions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Soil Temperature and Moisture Profile (STAMP) System Handbook

The soil temperature and moisture profile system (STAMP) provides vertical profiles of soil temperature, soil water content (soil-type specific and loam type), plant water availability, soil conductivity, and real dielectric permittivity as a function of depth below the ground surface at half-hourly intervals, and precipitation at one-minute intervals. The profiles are measured directly by in situ probes at all extended facilities of the SGP climate research site. The profiles are derived from measurements of soil energy conductivity. Atmospheric scientists use the data in climate models to determine boundary conditions and to estimate the surface energy flux. The data are also useful to hydrologists, soil scientists, and agricultural scientists for determining the state of the soil. The STAMP system replaced the SWATS system in early 2016.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Elucidating Processes Controlling Arctic Atmospheric Aerosol Sources, Aging, and Mixing States (Final Report)

Atmospheric aerosols play critical roles in the Earth’s energy budget, directly by scattering or absorbing solar and terrestrial radiation and indirectly by serving as seeds (nuclei) for cloud droplet and ice crystal formation and by depositing on snow and ice surface, thereby changing the surface albedo. These effects are dependent on aerosol particle size and chemical composition and impact the hydrological cycle as well. This project provided single-particle size and chemical composition measurements across the entire annual cycle in the high Arctic and in the Alaskan Arctic during fall – winter, addressing the most significant gaps in Arctic aerosol observational data. These needs were based on recent rapid sea ice loss across the entire Arctic, as well as the major annual delays in sea ice freeze-up during fall in the Chukchi Sea and increased wintertime sea ice fracturing in the Beaufort Sea, both off the North Slope of Alaska. Two DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) field campaigns were conducted for atmospheric aerosol sampling. The Aerosols during the Polar Utqiagvik Night (APUN – ‘snow on ground’ in Iñupiaq) ARM field campaign at Utqagivik, Alaska was conducted from Oct. 28 – Dec. 22, 2018. Aerosol sizing instrumentation and a single-particle mass spectrometer were successfully deployed for size-resolved number concentration measurements and measurements of individual particle size and chemical composition, respectively. These results show the influence of locally-produced sea spray aerosol, with high cloud-forming potential, due to delayed sea ice freeze-up in the fall. During the 2019‐2020 international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, daily atmospheric aerosol particles were collected aboard the German icebreaker Polarstern in the Central Arctic from Nov. 2019 – Oct. 2020. Sea salt aerosol and marine organics were observed year-round during MOSAiC with varying morphologies and sources. These findings are important because most Arctic models do not include a sea spray aerosol source, despite this source increasing with declining sea ice extent. In addition to collecting new samples and data, this project also conducted further analysis of previously collected single-particle chemical composition measurements within the North Slope of Alaska oil fields and at Utqiaġvik, AK, during Aug. – Sep. 2015 and 2016 field campaigns. This work resulted in the discovery of chemical reactions of oil field combustion emissions occurring within fog droplets across the North Slope of Alaska and forming secondary aerosol, showing the impact of Arctic oil field emissions beyond black carbon aerosol and greenhouse gases. In addition, the distribution of chemical species across the aerosol population within the oil fields was quantified, using these data and a previously development framework. We also presented the first ambient evidence of the collision of two atmospheric particles resulting in formation of an organic-coated ammonium sulfate particle of marine origin, which has implications for cloud formation with declining sea ice extent. Overall, this project has elucidated connections between seawater biogeochemistry, resource extraction activities, atmospheric composition, clouds, and the energy budget of the Arctic region. The results of this project are expected to improve weather and sea ice forecasting for security and development in the Arctic and beyond.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

An experimental and chemical kinetic modeling study of 4-butoxyheptane combustion

Here, the combustion kinetics of a novel oxygenated bioblendstock for diesel, 4-butoxyheptane (4-BH), was investigated experimentally using a flow reactor and a heated, high-pressure shock tube. The flow reactor experiments employed oxygen as the oxidizer and helium as the diluent with oxidation conducted at atmospheric pressure and 10 bar for temperatures from 400 to 1000 K at 20-K intervals. The fuel, oxidizer, and diluent flow rates were varied at different temperatures to maintain a constant initial fuel mole fraction of 1000 ppm, with stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and a residence time of 2.0 s. The reacted gas was fed to two separate GC systems that could qualitatively and quantitatively detect product species. Additionally, real fuel-air ignition delay time (IDT) data were collected using a heated, high-pressure shock-tube facility. Fuel lean (φ = 0.5) and stoichiometric (φ = 1.0) mixtures were investigated at 10 atm as well as at 30 atm for the fuel lean case for temperatures between 847 and 1259 K. A detailed chemical kinetics mechanism was developed to model the product distribution from the flow reactor and IDTs from the shock tube. The proposed model was able to predict the double NTC behavior in flow reactor experiments reasonably well. Model predictions at low temperatures were observed to be highly sensitive to the rate constants of ketohydroperoxide (KHP) decomposition in the case of the OOH group in α position which were modeled based on existing literature studies on ethers. It was noted that in the absence of theoretical or experimental studies, the rate constants for KHP decomposition used in the literature were empirically set. Additional studies are required to address the gap in model prediction obtained in this study and to reduce the uncertainty in kinetics models for ether oxidation. Predicted product concentrations and IDTs showed some quantitative agreement with experimental data, but the overall reactivity of the IDTs is underpredicted. Additionally, significant deviation is observed for the IDT results at 10 atm for the stoichiometric case with minor deviations for the other cases. The reaction pathways to the missing products were then further analyzed theoretically through quantum-mechanical calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Determing the Radiative Heat Transfer out of the Fireball of an Atmospheric Nuclear Detonation using Experimental Data

When Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc. (EG&G) conducted the atmospheric nuclear tests in the 1950s, they made several continuous records of the light output over time with special "streak cameras." Once processed, these "streak films" contained long bands of varying optical density on black-and-white 35mm film. The purpose for creating them was to determine the time-dependent rate of radiative heat transfer out of the fireball. Back then, EG&G's manual examination methods were not precise enough to make complete analysis worthwhile, so the data was never fully analyzed. With the advent of new computer software, recently developed analysis techniques have reduced uncertainty in the data to where re-analysis is providing results far more reliable than anything EG&G published. Previously inaccessible information can now be accurately gathered from the original films. The method described here allows the streak films to be analyzed so a radiative power curve for an atmospheric nuclear detonation can be constructed using only experimental data. It was applied to five streak films here, though it may be applicable to other types of films as well. The data was plotted and compared to solutions generated with the Hybrid Chemistry (HYCHEM) software. The results are explained, and uncertainty values are provided. If the results from more films show consistency and the sources of uncertainty are mitigated, enough data may be discovered to create a correction factor for HYCHEM or to make more accurate yield determinations using G.I. Taylor's equations. Several other conclusions and recommendations are also posed.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optical tuning of the diamond Fermi level measured by correlated scanning probe microscopy and quantum defect spectroscopy

Quantum technologies based on quantum point defects in crystals require control over the defect charge state. Here we tune the charge state of shallow nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers by locally oxidizing a hydrogenated surface with moderate optical excitation and simultaneous spectral monitoring. The loss of conductivity and change in work function due to oxidation are measured in atmosphere using conductive atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We correlate these scanning probe measurements with optical spectroscopy of the nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers created via implantation 15–25 nm beneath the diamond surface and annealing. The observed charge state of the defects as a function of optical exposure demonstrates that laser oxidation provides a way to precisely tune the Fermi level over a range of at least 2.00 eV. We also observe a significantly larger oxidation rate for implanted surfaces compared to unimplanted surfaces under ambient conditions. Here, combined with knowledge of the electron affinity of a surface, these results suggest KPFM is a powerful, high-spatial-resolution technique to advance surface Fermi level engineering for charge stabilization of quantum defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A New Research Approach for Observing and Characterizing Land–Atmosphere Feedback

Forecast errors with respect to wind, temperature, moisture, clouds, and precipitation largely correspond to the limited capability of current earth system models to capture and simulate and-atmosphere feedback. To facilitate its realistic simulation in next generation models, an improved process understanding of the related complex interactions is essential. To this end, accurate 3D observations of key variables in the land-atmosphere (L-A) system with high vertical and temporal resolution from the surface to the free troposphere are indispensable. Recently, we developed a synergy of innovative ground-based, scanning active remote sensing systems for 2D to 3D measurements of wind, temperature, and water vapor from the surface to the lower troposphere that is able to provide comprehensive data sets for characterizing L-A feedback independently of any model input. Several new applications are introduced such as the mapping of surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes in heterogeneous terrain, the testing of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and turbulence parameterizations, the direct measurement of entrainment fluxes, and the development of new flux-gradient relationships. An experimental design taking advantage of the sensors’ synergy and advanced capabilities was realized for the first time during the Land Atmosphere Feedback Experiment (LAFE), conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site in August 2017. The scientific goals and the strategy of achieving them with the LAFE data set are introduced. We envision the initiation of innovative L-A feedback studies in different climate regions to improve weather forecast, climate, and earth system models worldwide.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

The ENSO-Australian rainfall teleconnection in reanalysis and CMIP5

Australian rainfall is strongly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The relationship between ENSO and rainfall in eastern Australia is non-linear; the magnitude of La Niña events has a greater effect on rainfall than does the magnitude of El Niño events, and the cause of the non-linearity is unclear from previous work. The twentieth century reanalysis succeeds in capturing the asymmetric ENSO-rainfall relationship. In the reanalysis the asymmetry is strongly related to moisture availability in the south-west Pacific whereas wind flow is of less importance. Some global climate models (GCMs) in the CMIP5 archive capture the asymmetric nature of the ENSO-rainfall relationship whilst others do not. Differences in thermodynamic processes and their relationships with ENSO are the primary cause of variability in model performance. Analysis of an atmosphere-only run of a GCM which fails to capture the non-linear ENSO-rainfall relationship is also conducted. The atmospheric run forced by observed SSTs shows no significant improvement in the ENSO-rainfall relationship over the corresponding coupled model run in the CMIP5 archive. This result suggests that some models are failing to capture the atmospheric teleconnection between the tropical Pacific and Australia, and both this and a realistic representation of oceanic ENSO characteristics are required for coupled models to accurately capture the ENSO-rainfall teleconnection. These findings have implications for the study of rainfall projections in the region.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of Community, Capabilities and Understanding Through Unmanned Aircraft-Based Atmospheric Research: The LAPSE-RATE Campaign

Members of the international community developing unmanned aircraft for atmospheric research conducted a highly-successful coordinated flight week in Colorado during summer 2018 to collect measurements, develop capabilities, and enhance community in the field. Because unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) offer new perspectives on the atmosphere, their use in atmospheric science is expanding rapidly. In support of this growth, the International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely-piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) has been developed and have convened annual meetings and 'flight weeks'. The 2018 flight week, dubbed the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE), involved a one-week deployment to Colorado's San Luis Valley. Between 14-20 July 2018 over 100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots and outreach coordinators conducted an intensive field operation using unmanned aircraft and ground-based assets to develop datasets, community, and capabilities. In addition to a coordinated 'community day' which offered a chance for groups to share their aircraft and science with the San Luis Valley community, LAPSE-RATE participants conducted nearly 1300 research flights totaling over 250 flight hours. The measurements collected have been used to advance capabilities (instrumentation, platforms, sampling techniques and modeling tools), conduct a detailed system intercomparison study, develop new collaborations, and foster community support for the use of UAS in atmospheric science.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Atmospheric pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition reactor for 100 mm wafers, optimized for minimum contamination at low gas flow rates

Gas discharge plasmas used for thinfilm deposition by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) must be devoid of contaminants, like dust or active species which disturb the intended chemical reaction. In atmospheric pressure plasma systems employing an inert gas, the main source of such contamination is the residual air inside the system. To enable the construction of an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) system with minimal contamination, we have carried out fluid dynamic simulation of the APP chamber into which an inert gas is injected at different mass flow rates. On the basis of the simulation results, we have designed and built a simple, scaled APP system, which is capable of holding a 100 mm substrate wafer, so that the presence of air (contamination) in the APP chamber is minimized with as low a flow rate of argon as possible. This is examined systematically by examining optical emission from the plasma as a function of inert gas flow rate. It is found that optical emission from the plasma shows the presence of atmospheric air, if the inlet argon flow rate is lowered below 300 sccm. That there is minimal contamination of the APP reactor built here, was verified by conducting an atmospheric pressure PECVD process under acetylene flow, combined with argon flow at 100 sccm and 500 sccm. The deposition of a polymer coating is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the polymer coating contains only 5% of oxygen, which is comparable to the oxygen content in polymer deposits obtained in low-pressure PECVD systems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗