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This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS5 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS5 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS6 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS6 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Worzella Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS8 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS8 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Worzella Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This was part of a larger UNDP/Uzbekistan project on the Aral Sea Region, which is a prominent ecological disaster caused by water diversion and unsustainable land use management. Columbia University CCSR and the Climate Impacts Group are working with the UNDP to explore climate change impacts on irrigated agriculture in the region, particularly with regards to yield changes and drought risk for wheat and cotton systems in the Amu Darya River Basin. My talk described our project plan and described the types of data that we would need from project partners in the country in order to connect our global satellites and models to local conditions.
Simulations of irrigated croplands generally lack key interactions between water demand from plants and water supply from irrigation systems. We coupled the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) and Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) to link regional water supplies and management with field-level water demand and crop growth. WEAP-DSSAT was deployed and evaluated over Yolo County in California for corn, rice, and wheat. WEAP-DSSAT is able to reproduce the results of DSSAT under well-watered conditions and reasonably simulate observed mean yields, but has difficulty capturing yield interannual variability. Constraining irrigation supply to surface water alone reduces yields for all three crops during the 1987-1992 drought. Corn yields are reduced proportionally with water allocation, rice yield reductions are more binary based on sufficient water for flooding, and wheat yields are least sensitive to irrigation constraints as winter wheat is grown during the wet season.
This study investigates potential economic and groundwater driven transitions from irrigated maize production—the dominant irrigated cropping system in the High Plains Aquifer (HPA) region—to alternative crops such as sorghum and switchgrass, two common bioenergy feedstocks. Unsustainable groundwater extraction in the U.S. High Plains presents critical challenges including reduced irrigation capacities, diminished crop yields, lower land values, and escalating energy costs. Using a spatially explicit optimization framework combined with comprehensive economic and hydrogeological data, we evaluate optimal land-use strategies and irrigation system investments over a 30-year planning period. Results indicate significant regional variability in the future economic viability of irrigated agriculture, driven by differences in aquifer recharge rates, groundwater availability, and market conditions. Nebraska and parts of northern Texas can sustain irrigated maize profitability due to relatively favorable groundwater conditions and lower land rents, respectively. In contrast, many portions of Kansas and southern Texas are more likely to transition to dryland agriculture within two decades. Colorado and New Mexico show potential for significant adoption of switchgrass production as an alternative biomass-based energy crop. Overall, over the 30-year horizon, our model implies that approximately 23% of currently irrigated maize area across the HPA region may transition to dryland farming under business-as-usual conditions. This transition is complemented by a threefold increase in non-irrigated sorghum production, from 0.20 to 0.77 Mt yr−1, indicating that groundwater-driven shifts in agricultural production may support a larger regional base for bioenergy feedstocks. The study also reveals opportunities for producers to optimize economic returns and biomass production potential.
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS5 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS6 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. Site Description - Worzella Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS8 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. Site Description - Worzella Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
The airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) collected multipolarization calibrated image data over an irrigated agricultural test site near Fresno, CA, on March 6, 1984. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the effects of incidence angle on the measured backscattering coefficients could be removed by using a correction factor equal to the secant of the angle raised to the 1.4 power, (2) for this scene and time of year, the various polarization channels were highly correlated such that the use of more than one polarization added little to the ability of the radar to discriminate vegetation type or condition; the exception was barley which separated from vineyards only when a combination of like and cross polarization data were used (polarization was very useful for corn identification in fall crops), (3) an excellent separation between herbaceous vegetation (alfalfa, barley, and oats) or bare fields and trees in orchards existed in brightness was well correlated to alfalfa height or biomass, especially for the HH polarization combination, (5) vineyards exhibited a narrow range of brightnesses with no systematic effects of type or number of stakes nor of number of wires in the trellises nor of the size of the vines, (6) within the orchard classes, areal biomass characterized by basal area differences caused radar image brightness differences for small to medium trees but not for medium to large trees.
An inventory technique based upon using remote sensing technology, interpreting both high altitude aerial photography and LANDSAT multispectral scanner imagery, is discussed. It is noted that once the final land use inventory maps of irrigated agricultural lands are available and approximately scaled they may be overlaid directly onto either multispectral scanner or return beam vidicon prints, thereby providing an inexpensive updating procedure.
Modification of grasslands into irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture in the Great Plains resulted in significant impacts on weather and climate. However, there has been lack of observational data–based studies solely focused on impacts of irrigation on the PBL and convective conditions. The Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX), conducted during the 2018 growing season, collected data over irrigated and nonirrigated land uses over Nebraska to understand these impacts. Specifically, the objective was to determine whether the impacts of irrigation are sustained throughout the growing season. The data analyzed include latent and sensible heat flux, air temperature, dewpoint temperature, equivalent temperature (moist enthalpy), PBL height, lifting condensation level (LCL), level of free convection (LFC), and PBL mixing ratio. Results show increased partitioning of energy into latent heat relative to sensible heat over irrigated areas while average maximum air temperature was decreased and dewpoint temperature was increased from the early to peak growing season. Radiosonde data suggest reduced planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights at all launch sites from the early to peak growing season. However, reduction of PBL height was much greater over irrigated areas than over nonirrigated croplands. Relative to the early growing period, LCL and LFC heights were also lower during the peak growing period over irrigated areas. Results note, for the first time, that the impacts of irrigation on PBL evolution and convective environment can be sustained throughout the growing season and regardless of background atmospheric conditions. These are important findings and applicable to other irrigated areas in the world.
Human activities have directly altered the water cycle through water management, aquifer pumping, agricultural irrigation, and land use change. Although satellite gravimetry has transformed global hydrological research, its coarse resolution limits attribution of freshwater change to human activities at many management-relevant scales. Here we assessed global terrestrial water storage (TWS) trends from April 2002 to November 2025 using “stacked” regression of Level-1B intersatellite ranging data, which leverages temporal information and variability to dramatically improve effective spatial resolution relative to standard approaches. We combined this refined product with rigorous uncertainty analysis, autocorrelation-robust geostatistical methods, and literature assessment to evaluate TWS trend associations with land and water use, climate variability, and glacial mass loss. We identified TWS trend hotspots exhibiting significant spatial associations with anthropogenic 40 drivers, including groundwater and surface-water irrigation, rainfed agriculture, deforestation, and reservoir impoundment. Across these regions, cumulative TWS losses (3,122 Gt) substantially exceeded gains (2,432 Gt). Compared with traditional regression of monthly mascons, our approach yielded regional trend magnitudes that are on average 33% larger, revealing that global freshwater depletion, particularly from groundwater pumping, is considerably more acute than previously estimated. Multivariate regression models show that humans account for a significant share of the spatial variability in TWS trends on every non-polar continent except Australia. We detected localized TWS gains linked to rainfed agriculture, surface water irrigation, and reservoir filling that were unresolved in earlier gravimetric studies. The methodology provides a foundation for future gravity missions to independently track decadal freshwater change with unprecedented spatial fidelity.