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18 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent PO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent AlO6 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.82 Å) and four longer (2.01 Å) Al–O bond length. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent AlO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–54°. There is two shorter (1.52 Å) and two longer (1.59 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is low (alpha) Cristobalite-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal P3_221 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.75 Å) and two longer (1.76 Å) Al–O bond length. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.54 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is low (alpha) Cristobalite-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic C222_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.75 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.54 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is Cuprite-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.74 Å. P5+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.77 Å. P5+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All P–O bond lengths are 2.54 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Al3+ and two equivalent P5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is Low Tridymite-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Al3+ sites. In the first Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There is three shorter (1.75 Å) and one longer (1.76 Å) Al–O bond length. In the second Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.75 Å. In the third Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.74 Å) and three longer (1.75 Å) Al–O bond length. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and three longer (1.54 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and three longer (1.54 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.54 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is quartz (beta)-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_422 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.75 Å. P5+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_422 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.83 Å. P5+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All P–O bond lengths are 2.17 Å. O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Al3+, one P5+, and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.46 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is Low Tridymite-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.74 Å) and three longer (1.75 Å) Al–O bond length. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.53 Å) and two longer (1.54 Å) P–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent PO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent AlO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There is four shorter (1.83 Å) and two longer (2.01 Å) Al–O bond length. P5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form PO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent AlO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent PO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There is two shorter (1.68 Å) and four longer (1.77 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two equivalent P5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Al3+ sites. In the first Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AlO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid, and edges with two AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–1.94 Å. In the second Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AlO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.84–1.93 Å. In the third Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted AlO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one PO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.73–1.84 Å. In the fourth Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AlO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one PO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.82–2.00 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.66 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and two longer (1.54 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one AlO4 tetrahedra, corners with two AlO5 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.57 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.61 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Al3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.48 Å. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Al3+ and one O2- atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Al3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 is low (alpha) Cristobalite-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Al3+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.75 Å. P5+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.54 Å. O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Al3+ sites. In the first Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with six PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.84–2.10 Å. In the second Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form AlO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–1.98 Å. In the third Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted AlO6 octahedra that share corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one AlO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.16 Å. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–56°. There is two shorter (1.51 Å) and two longer (1.59 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with five AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–53°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.60 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AlO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–54°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.62 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlPO4 by Materials Project

AlPO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Al3+ sites. In the first Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with six PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–2.05 Å. In the second Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form AlO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–1.96 Å. In the third Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted AlO6 octahedra that share corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one AlO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.21 Å. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–59°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.60 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with five AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one AlO5 trigonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–53°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.59 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AlO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 16–56°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.62 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Production and Catalytic Upgrading of 2,3-Butanediol Fermentation Broth into Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blendstock and Fuel Properties Measurement

With the increasing demand for sustainable supplies of aviation fuel and need to address climate change, new conversion technologies are needed to efficiently process biomass, produce high quality jet fuel blendstock, and meet carbon emission targets. This study demonstrates the synthesis, conditioning, and catalytic upgrading of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) fermentation broth into a jet fuel blendstock candidate. A high-titer 2,3-BDO fermentation broth (i.e., ~90 g/L) was produced at a 100-L scale and pretreated via nanofiltration to decrease the impurities level in the broth from 4.6 to 0.6 wt%. A novel process for catalytic upgrading of aqueous 2,3-BDO into a jet fuel blendstock candidate was developed, and each step was efficiently demonstrated. The catalytic steps include 1) 2,3-BDO dehydration into methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) over AlPO4, 2) MEK conversion into olefins over Zn1Zr10Ox, 3) oligomerization of olefins over a zeolite beta, and 4) hydrogenation over platinum/carbon. Both the model feed and real 2,3-BDO fermentation broth were tested for upgrading 2,3-BDO to MEK. With the real feed, a continuous loss of conversion (i.e., >50% loss over ~140 h time-on-stream [TOS]) was partly attributed to reversible deactivation from coking species. However, the conversion remained stable with the model feed, which demonstrates the efficiency of the first step for converting aqueous 2,3-BDO (10 wt% in water). For upgrading MEK to olefins, high selectivity to olefins (i.e., 82.5%) was obtained at high conversion levels (i.e., 93-98%) with stable conditions being achieved for > 70-hours TOS. Oligomerization of light olefins, which was demonstrated for > 270 h TOS, mainly led to the formation of dimers (C8-10) and trimers (C13-14). The oligomerized product was hydrogenated and distilled to recover the jet fraction (35 mass% or 40.9% carbon based yield), which consists mostly of desired isoalkanes (31.7 wt%), n-alkanes (24.5 wt%), and cycloalkanes (29.6 wt%). While some improvement is still needed to meet ASTM D7566 specifications for viscosity and final boiling point temperature, freezing point, density, aromatics content, and sulfur content of the jet blendstock candidate were within acceptable ranges, thus highlighting the potential of this process for production of jet fuel blendstock.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Methods of preserving a nuclear fuel element

A method of preserving a nuclear fuel includes exposing a surface of a fuel element comprising aluminum to a phosphorus-containing acid and reacting the phosphorus-containing acid with the aluminum to form aluminum phosphate (AlPO4). A nuclear fuel element includes a nuclear fuel and a shell surrounding the nuclear fuel. The shell comprises aluminum phosphate.

Rezvoi, Aleksey↗
DOE OSTI2023

SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION OF HIGH-NICKEL CATHODE MATERIALS FOR NEXT GENERATION LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

The limited worldwide Cobalt resource has spurred demand for new cathode materials with reduced Cobalt reliance. Substituting Cobalt with Nickel giving high-Nickel cathode material is a promising solution due to its high energy density and cheaper price. However, the poor cycling stability of high-nickel cathode materials is the major challenge that hinders their widespread adoption in electric vehicles and other energy storage applications. This work reports a significant advance in the development of high-nickel cathode materials with improved cycling stability. Firstly, a scalable synthesis route is developed to produce high-nickel cathodes with favorable morphology and high nickel content of 92%. Various low-cost doping elements including Mg, Al and Ti are screened to improve the structure of high-nickel cathodes during cycling. A Dual Protective strategy with AlPO4 nanoparticles as a representative is introduced as a low cost and effective approach to prolong the cycle stability of high-nickel cathodes. Finally, single-crystalline high-nickel cathodes are synthesized, and their electrochemical performance is compared with polycrystalline cathodes. The synthesized high-nickel cathode materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and significantly improved cycling stability. This work demonstrates promising pathways towards the commercialization of high-nickel cathode materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dual Protective Mechanism of AlPO 4 Coating on High-Nickel Cathode Material for High Energy Density and Long Cycle Life Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cathode material with high nickel content is a promising candidate for the future generation of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, severe structural degradation during cycling limits its practical use, especially for electric vehicles. Herein, AlPO 4 nanoparticles were synthesized and then coated onto the surface of a high-nickel layer-structured cathode via a dry coating method. The AlPO 4 nanoparticles coating significantly improved the cycling stability from 69.2% to over 80% capacity retention after 140 cycles. Furthermore, the structure and chemical composition of the AlPO 4 -coated cathode was investigated by XRD, SEM, XPS, and STEM. Compared with the non-coated cathode, we revealed a dual protective mechanism for enhanced cycling stability, where Al doping and Li 3 PO 4 coating play synergistic roles in protecting cathode material through long-term cycling. This work demonstrates a facile and environmentally friendly approach toward improving the performance of high-nickel LIB cathodes, which can be easily scaled up for industrial applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗