Anthrosols and Monsoon Patinas: Space Imaging Applications
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Anthrosol Monsoon Archaeology↗
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Multianode microchannel array detectors for Space Shuttle imaging applications
The Multi-Anode Microchannel Arrays (MAMAs) are a family of photoelectric, photoncounting array detectors that have been developed and qualified specifically for use in space. MAMA detectors with formats as large as 256 x 1024 pixels are now in use or under construction for a variety of imaging and tracking applications. These photo-emissive detectors can be operated in a windowless configuration at extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths or in a sealed configuration at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. The construction and modes-of-operation of the MAMA detectors are briefly described and the scientific objectives of a number of sounding rocket and Space Shuttle instruments utilizing these detectors are outlined. Performance characteristics of the MAMA detectors that are of fundamental importance for operation in the Space Shuttle environment are described and compared with those of the photo-conductive array detectors such as the CCDs and CIDs.
Timothy, J. G.↗
A High Performance Image Data Compression Technique for Space Applications
A highly performing image data compression technique is currently being developed for space science applications under the requirement of high-speed and pushbroom scanning. The technique is also applicable to frame based imaging data. The algorithm combines a two-dimensional transform with a bitplane encoding; this results in an embedded bit string with exact desirable compression rate specified by the user. The compression scheme performs well on a suite of test images acquired from spacecraft instruments. It can also be applied to three-dimensional data cube resulting from hyper-spectral imaging instrument. Flight qualifiable hardware implementations are in development. The implementation is being designed to compress data in excess of 20 Msampledsec and support quantization from 2 to 16 bits. This paper presents the algorithm, its applications and status of development.
Yeh, Pen-Shu↗
Development of CCD imaging sensors for space applications, phase 1
The results of an experimental investigation to develop a large area charge coupled device (CCD) imager for space photography applications are described. Details of the design and processing required to achieve 400 X 400 imagers are presented together with a discussion of the optical characterization techniques developed for this program. A discussion of several aspects of large CCD performance is given with detailed test reports. The areas covered include dark current, uniformity of optical response, square wave amplitude response, spectral responsivity and dynamic range.
Antcliffe, G. A.↗
Magnetically focused electronographic image converters for space astronomy applications.
Magnetically focused electronographic image converters in far UV photography and spectroscopy in space astronomy applications
Carruthers, G. R.↗
CZT Imaging Arrays for Space Applications
The compound CZT offers great promise for space applications with applications in such areas as radiation monitoring, planetary investigations and astrophysics. As crystal quality improves, the challenge for imaging array development is to derive electrode geometries and readout electronics to satisfy particular applications and to understand how the material will perform in the space environment. An overview of present and future detector requirements will be given together with the status of current array developments.
Ramsey, Brian D.↗
Development of electronographic image converters for far-ultraviolet space astronomy applications
Electronographic image converters for far ultraviolet stellar spectroscopy and direct star field imaging
Carruthers, G. R.↗
General-Purpose Stereo Imaging Velocimetry Technique Developed for Space and Industrial Applications
A new three-dimensional, full-field analysis technique has been developed for industrial and space applications. Stereo Imaging Velocimetry (SIV) will provide full-field analysis for three-dimensional flow data from any optically transparent fluid that can be seeded with tracer particles. The goal of SIV is to provide a means to measure three-dimensional fluid velocities quantitatively and qualitatively at many points. SIV is applicable to any optically transparent fluid experiment. Except for the tracer particles, this measurement technique is nonintrusive. Velocity accuracies are on the order of 95 to 99 percent of fullfield. The system components of SIV include camera calibration, centroid determination, overlap decomposition, particle tracking, stereo matching, and three-dimensional velocity analysis. SIV has been used successfully for space shuttle experiments as well as for fluid flow applications for business and industry.
McDowell, Mark↗
A folded all-reflecting Schmidt camera and ultraviolet image converter for space-astronomy applications
Folded all-reflecting Schmidt camera UV image converter system for space astronomy applications, discussing pressure sensitivity effects on UV direct recording emulsion
Ocallaghan, F. G.↗
Winston Solar Concentrators and Evaluation Support. Phase 2: Non-imaging Concentrators for Space Applications
A 4.67X, plus or minus 5 deg. compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) for a large photovoltaic array in space was analyzed. The design was demonstrated to be effective in achieving a net power gain which can be varied from more than a factor of 3 down to approximately unity. A method for reducing nonuniformities in illumination to a given desired level was found. The effectiveness of this method, which involves the introduction of a degree of non-specularity in the reflector surface, was confirmed by direct measurements with prepared foil reflectors in a CPC in terrestrial sunshine as well as by computer ray tracing. Further ray tracing confirms that the CPC design is extremely tolerant to pointing and alignment errors, minor distortions, etc. A two stage non-imaging design was shown, by preliminary measurements and analysis, to provide both the desired angular tolerance and the required degree of intensity uniformity if higher concentrations (4X-10X) are necessary.
Winston, R.↗
Estimating optical imaging system performance for space applications
The critical system elements of an optical imaging system are identified and a method for an initial assessment of system performance is presented. A generalized imaging system is defined. A system analysis is considered, followed by a component analysis. An example of the method is given using a film imaging system.
Sinclair, K. F.↗
Applications review for a Space Program Imaging Radar (SPIR)
The needs, applications, user support, research, and theoretical studies of imaging radar are reviewed. The applications of radar in water resources, minerals and petroleum exploration, vegetation resources, ocean radar imaging, and cartography are discussed. The advantages of space imaging radar are presented, and it is recommended that imaging radar be placed on the space shuttle.
Simonett, D. S.↗
Development of Backscatter X-Ray Imaging Techniques for Space Vehicle Applications
This slide presentation reviews the development of backscatter x ray (BSX) imaging techniques to perform inspection of spacecraft components. The techniques are currently being enhanced to advance Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods for future space vehicle applications. The presentation includes an overview of x ray techniques, a description of current BSX applications used on the space shuttle, the development for Constellation applications, and the use of the system for foam applications.
Bartha, Bence B.↗
Low-Complexity Progressive Image-Transmission Schemes For Space Applications
This paper describes the use of combination of multiresolution image representation and data compression techniques to reduce transmission time and permit early recognition of images. Data compression removes the inherent redundancies in the image data to reduce the overal data volume.
Image Transmission↗
Development of the Imaging Spectrometer for Shuttle and space platform applications
The concept of the Imaging Spectrometer is becoming established as a major new thrust in remote sensing of the earth. A future step will be the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer (SISEX) currently planned for a 1990 flight. This paper describes the current state of development of SISEX, including the development of a modular concept which will allow major elements of SISEX to be used on NASA's Space platform, the Earth Observing System. This modular approach is expected to result in a substantial overall cost saving.
Herring, Mark↗
Computer image generation: Reconfigurability as a strategy in high fidelity space applications
The demand for realistic, high fidelity, computer image generation systems to support space simulation is well established. However, as the number and diversity of space applications increase, the complexity and cost of computer image generation systems also increase. One strategy used to harmonize cost with varied requirements is establishment of a reconfigurable image generation system that can be adapted rapidly and easily to meet new and changing requirements. The reconfigurability strategy through the life cycle of system conception, specification, design, implementation, operation, and support for high fidelity computer image generation systems are discussed. The discussion is limited to those issues directly associated with reconfigurability and adaptability of a specialized scene generation system in a multi-faceted space applications environment. Examples and insights gained through the recent development and installation of the Improved Multi-function Scene Generation System at Johnson Space Center, Systems Engineering Simulator are reviewed and compared with current simulator industry practices. The results are clear; the strategy of reconfigurability applied to space simulation requirements provides a viable path to supporting diverse applications with an adaptable computer image generation system.
Bartholomew, Michael J.↗
Image management research
Two types of research issues are involved in image management systems with space station applications: image processing research and image perception research. The image processing issues are the traditional ones of digitizing, coding, compressing, storing, analyzing, and displaying, but with a new emphasis on the constraints imposed by the human perceiver. Two image coding algorithms have been developed that may increase the efficiency of image management systems (IMS). Image perception research involves a study of the theoretical and practical aspects of visual perception of electronically displayed images. Issues include how rapidly a user can search through a library of images, how to make this search more efficient, and how to present images in terms of resolution and split screens. Other issues include optimal interface to an IMS and how to code images in a way that is optimal for the human perceiver. A test-bed within which such issues can be addressed has been designed.
Watson, Andrew B.↗