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18 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=138☆

Experimental nuclear structure data from various reactions and decays are compiled and evaluated for all known nuclides with mass number A=138 (Sn,Sb,Te,I,Xe,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb). Detailed evaluated nuclear structure information is presented for each reaction and decay and the best values combining all available data are recommended for level energies, half-lives, γ-ray energies and intensities, decay properties (energies, intensities and placement of radiations), and other spectroscopic properties. This work supersedes the previous full evaluation of A=138 by A.A. Sonzogni (2003So13).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Splitting of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance

In recent years investigations have been made to study the electric Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) systematically, mainly in semi-magic nuclei. For this purpose the well understood high resolution ({gamma},{gamma}') photon scattering method is used. In complementary ({alpha},{alpha}'{gamma}) coincidence experiments at E{sub {alpha}} = 136 MeV a similar {gamma}-energy resolution and a high selectivity to E1 transitions can be obtained at the Big-Bite Spectrometer (BBS) at KVI, Groningen. In comparison to the ({gamma},{gamma}') method a structural splitting of the PDR is observed in the N = 82 nuclei {sup 138}Ba and {sup 140}Ce and in the Z = 50 nucleus {sup 124}Sn. The low energy part is excited in ({gamma},{gamma}') as well as in ({alpha},{alpha}'{gamma}) while the high energy part is observed in ({gamma},{gamma}') only. The experimental results together with theoretical QPM and RQTBA calculations on {sup 124}Sn which are able to reproduce the splitting of the PDR qualitatively are presented. The low-lying group of J{sup {pi}} = 1{sup -} states seem to represent the more isoscalar neutron-skin oscillation of the PDR while the energetically higher-lying states seemingly belong to the transitional region between the PDR and the isovector Giant Dipole Resonance (IVGDR).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Ab initio study of permanent electric dipole moment and radiative lifetimes of alkaline-earth-metal--Li molecules

We calculate permanent electric dipole moments (PDMs), as well as spontaneous and black body lifetimes, of alkaline-earth-metal-Li (AEM-Li) ultracold polar molecules to study anisotropic long-range dipole-dipole interactions in a single quantum state. We obtain potential energy curves for the {sup 2} {Sigma} ground state of MgLi, CaLi, SrLi, and BaLi molecules at the coupled cluster singles and doubles with partial triples [CCSD(T)] level of electron correlation. Calculated spectroscopic constants for the isotopes: {sup 24}Mg{sup 7}Li, {sup 40}Ca{sup 7}Li, {sup 88}Sr{sup 7}Li, and {sup 138}Ba{sup 7}Li, show good agreement with available theoretical and experimental results. We obtain PDM curves using finite field perturbation theory at the CCSD(T) level. We find that AEM-Li molecules have moderate values of PDM at the equilibrium bond distance (MgLi: 0.90 D, CaLi: 1.15 D, SrLi: 0.33 D, and BaLi: -0.42 D) and hence might be suitable candidates for the proposed study in a single quantum state. Radiative lifetime calculations of the {nu} = 0 state ({sup 24}Mg{sup 6}Li: 22 s, {sup 40}Ca{sup 6}Li: 39 s, {sup 88}Sr{sup 6}Li: 380 s, and {sup 138}Ba{sup 6}Li: 988 s) are found to be longer than the typical time scale associated with ultracold experiments with these molecules. The uncertainty in the lifetime calculations are estimated to be less than 10%.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

REDISTRIBUTION OF ALKALINE ELEMENTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH AQUEOUS ACTIVITY IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM

It is known that the Sayama meteorite (CM2) shows an extensive signature for aqueous alteration on the meteorite parent body, and that most of the primary minerals in the chondrules are replaced with phyllosilicates as the result of the aqueous alteration. In this paper, it is confirmed from the observation of two-dimensional Raman spectra that a part of olivine in a chondrule collected from the Sayama chondrite is serperntinized. Ion microprobe analysis of the chondrule showed that alkaline elements such as Rb and Cs are heterogeneously redistributed in the chondrule. The result of higher Rb and Cs contents in serpentinized phases in the chondrule rather than in other parts suggested the selective adsorption of alkaline elements into the serpentine in association with early aqueous activity on the meteorite parent body. Furthermore Ba isotopic analysis provided variations of {sup 135}Ba/{sup 138}Ba and {sup 137}Ba/{sup 138}Ba in the chondrule. This result was consistent with our previous isotopic data suggesting isotopic evidence for the existence of the presently extinct nuclide {sup 135}Cs in the Sayama meteorite, but the abundance of {sup 135}Cs in the solar system remains unclear because of large analytical uncertainties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Data on photoneutron reactions from various experiments for {sup 133}Cs, {sup 138}Ba and {sup 209}Bi nuclei

Basic methods for determining cross sections for photoneutron partial reactions are examined. They are obtained directly in experiments with quasimonoeneregetic annihilation photons or from the cross section for the (γ, xn) = (γ, 1n) + 2(γ, 2n) + 3(γ, 3n) +... neutron-yield reaction in experiments with bremsstrahlung photons by introducing corrections based on statistical nuclear-reaction theory. The difference in the conditions of these experiments, which leads to discrepancies between their results because of sizable systematic errors, is analyzed. Physical criteria are used to study the reliability of data on the photodisintegration of {sup 133}Cs, {sup 138}Ba, and {sup 209}Bi nuclei. The cross sections for partial and total reactions satisfying the reliability criteria are evaluated within the experimental–theoretical method (σ{sup eval}(γ, in) = F{sub i}{sup theor} × σ{sup expt}(γ, xn)) on the basis of the experimental cross sections σ{sup expt}(γ, xn) and the results of the calculations within the combined model of photonuclear reactions.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Modern status of photonuclear data

The reliability of experimental cross sections obtained for (γ, 1n), (γ, 2n), and (γ, 3n) partial photoneutron reactions using beams of quasimonoenergetic annihilation photons and bremsstrahlung is analyzed by employing data for a large number of medium-heavy and heavy nuclei, including those of {sup 63,65}Cu, {sup 80}Se, {sup 90,91,94}Zr, {sup 115}In, {sup 112−124}Sn, {sup 133}Cs, {sup 138}Ba, {sup 159}Tb, {sup 181}Ta, {sup 186−192}Os, {sup 197}Au, {sup 208}Pb, and {sup 209}Bi. The ratios of the cross sections of definite partial reactions to the cross section of the neutron-yield reaction, F{sub i} = σ(γ, in)/σ(γ, xn), are used as criteria of experimental-data reliability. By definition, positive values of these ratios should not exceed the upper limits of 1.00, 0.50, 0.33,... for i = 1, 2, 3,..., respectively. For many nuclei, unreliable values of the above ratios were found to correlate clearly in various photon-energy regions F{sub i} with physically forbidden negative values of cross sections of partial reactions. On this basis, one can conclude that correspondent experimental data are unreliable. Significant systematic uncertainties of the methods used to determine photoneutron multiplicity are shown to be the main reason for this. New partial-reaction cross sections that satisfy the above data-reliability criteria were evaluated within an experimental–theoretical method [σ{sup eval}(γ, in) = F{sub i}{sup theor} (γ, in) × σ{sup expt}(γ, xn)] by employing the ratios F{sub i}{sup theor} (γ, in) calculated on the basis of a combined photonuclear-reaction model. It was obtained that cross sections evaluated in this way deviate substantially from the results of many experiments performed via neutron-multiplicity sorting, but, at the same time, agree with the results of alternative activation experiments. Prospects of employing methods that would provide, without recourse to photoneutron-multiplicity sorting, reliable data on cross sections of partial photoneutron reactions are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

CORRELATED STRONTIUM AND BARIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF ACID-CLEANED SINGLE MAINSTREAM SILICON CARBIDES FROM MURCHISON

We present strontium, barium, carbon, and silicon isotopic compositions of 61 acid-cleaned presolar SiC grains from Murchison. Comparison with previous data shows that acid washing is highly effective in removing both strontium and barium contamination. For the first time, by using correlated {sup 88}Sr/{sup 86}Sr and {sup 138}Ba/{sup 136}Ba ratios in mainstream SiC grains, we are able to resolve the effect of {sup 13}C concentration from that of {sup 13}C-pocket mass on s-process nucleosynthesis, which points toward the existence of large {sup 13}C pockets with low {sup 13}C concentrations in asymptotic giant branch stars. The presence of such large {sup 13}C pockets with a variety of relatively low {sup 13}C concentrations seems to require multiple mixing processes in parent asymptotic giant branch stars of mainstream SiC grains.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Barium isotopic composition of mainstream silicon carbides from Murchison: Constraints for s-process nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars

We present barium, carbon, and silicon isotopic compositions of 38 acid-cleaned presolar SiC grains from Murchison. Comparison with previous data shows that acid washing is highly effective in removing barium contamination. Strong depletions in δ({sup 138}Ba/{sup 136}Ba) values are found, down to –400‰, which can only be modeled with a flatter {sup 13}C profile within the {sup 13}C pocket than is normally used. The dependence of δ({sup 138}Ba/{sup 136}Ba) predictions on the distribution of {sup 13}C within the pocket in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) models allows us to probe the {sup 13}C profile within the {sup 13}C pocket and the pocket mass in AGB stars. In addition, we provide constraints on the {sup 22}Ne(α, n){sup 25}Mg rate in the stellar temperature regime relevant to AGB stars, based on δ({sup 134}Ba/{sup 136}Ba) values of mainstream grains. We found two nominally mainstream grains with strongly negative δ({sup 134}Ba/{sup 136}Ba) values that cannot be explained by any of the current AGB model calculations. Instead, such negative values are consistent with the intermediate neutron capture process (i process), which is activated by the very late thermal pulse during the post-AGB phase and characterized by a neutron density much higher than the s process. These two grains may have condensed around post-AGB stars. Finally, we report abundances of two p-process isotopes, {sup 130}Ba and {sup 132}Ba, in single SiC grains. These isotopes are destroyed in the s process in AGB stars. By comparing their abundances with respect to that of {sup 135}Ba, we conclude that there is no measurable decay of {sup 135}Cs (t {sub 1/2} = 2.3 Ma) to {sup 135}Ba in individual SiC grains, indicating condensation of barium, but not cesium into SiC grains before {sup 135}Cs decayed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Isotopic excesses of proton-rich nuclei related to space weathering observed in a gas-rich meteorite Kapoeta

The idea that solar system materials were irradiated by solar cosmic rays from the early Sun has long been suggested, but is still questionable. In this study, Sr, Ba, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd isotopic compositions of sequential acid leachates from the Kapoeta meteorite (howardite) were determined to find systematic and correlated variations in their isotopic abundances of proton-rich nuclei, leading to an understanding of the irradiation condition by cosmic rays. Significantly large excesses of proton-rich isotopes (p-isotopes), {sup 84}Sr, {sup 130}Ba, {sup 132}Ba, {sup 136}Ce, {sup 138}Ce, and {sup 144}Sm, were observed, particularly in the first chemical separate, which possibly leached out of the very shallow layer within a few μm from the surface of regolith grains in the sample. The results reveal the production of p-isotopes through the interaction of solar cosmic rays with the superficial region of the regolith grains before the formation of the Kapoeta meteorite parent body, suggesting strong activity in the early Sun.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-resolution spectroscopy of barium monofluoride: Odd isotopologues, hyperfine structure, and isotope shifts

Barium monofluoride (BaF) is a promising molecular species for precision tests of fundamental symmetries and interactions. We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of BaF spectra and isotope shifts, focusing in particular on the poorly understood odd isotopologues 137 BaF and 135 BaF. By comparing state-of-the-art ab initio calculations with high-resolution fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy data, we provide a benchmark for electronic structure theory and disentangle the hyperfine and rovibrational spectra of the five most abundant isotopologues, from 138 BaF to 134 BaF. The comprehensive knowledge gained enables a King plot analysis of the isotope shifts that reveals the odd-even staggering of the barium nuclear charge radii. It also paths the way for improved laser cooling of rare BaF isotopologues and crucially supports future measurements of nuclear anapole and Schiff moments.

Kogel, Felix [Univ. of Stuttgart (Germany)] (ORCID↗
DOE OSTI2011

Molecular-beam optical Stark and Zeeman study of the A {sup 2}{Pi}--X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} (0,0) band system of BaF

The A {sup 2}{Pi}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} (0,0) band system of barium monofluoride (BaF) has been recorded using high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy both field-free and in the presence of static magnetic and electric fields. The field-free spectra for the {sup 135}BaF, {sup 137}BaF, and {sup 138}BaF isotopologues were modeled to generate an improved set of spectroscopic constants for the A {sup 2}{Pi}({upsilon} = 0) and X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +}({upsilon} = 0) states. The observed optical Stark shifts for the {sup 138}BaF isotopologue were analyzed to produce the permanent electric dipole moments of 1.50(2) and 1.31(2) D for the A {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 1/2}({upsilon} = 0) and A {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2} ({upsilon} = 0) states, respectively. The observed optical Zeeman shifts for the {sup 138}BaF isotopologue were analyzed to produce a set of magnetic g factors for the A {sup 2}{Pi}({upsilon} = 0) and X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +}({upsilon} = 0) states.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Shape‐Stabilization of Phase Change Materials with Carbon‐Conscious Poly(hydroxy)Urethane Foams

Thermal energy regulation is a significant challenge, contributing to over 30% of annual greenhouse gas emission (GHG) emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising solution by storing thermal energy, which can enable the reuse of waste heat for heating and cooling; however, developing materials for shape-stabilized PCMs remains crucial. This work investigates a self-foaming poly(hydroxy)urethane (PHU), derived from a non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU), as a porous support for shape-stabilizing paraffinic and salt hydrate PCMs. PHU-encapsulated paraffinic PCMs exhibited excellent thermal stability over repeated cycles. Thermal stability with salt hydrate PCMs, specifically calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl 2 •6H 2 O), is achieved by the incorporation of 5 wt.% barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) into the PHU foam. This enabled stable cycling for over 48 cycles with desirable thermal properties, i.e., a melting point ≈30 °C, high enthalpy (ca. 138 J g −1 per cycle), and a consistent freezing point ≈20 °C, making it suitable for applications in buildings and electric vehicle battery insulation. Also, incorporating graphite (1.5–10 wt.%) into the foam enhanced the thermal conductivity of shape-stabilized CaCl 2 •6H 2 O during heating and cooling cycles. Overall, the approach detailed here offers a carbon-conscious and chemically tunable material for thermal energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A composite position independent monitor of reactor fuel irradiation using Pu, Cs, and Ba isotope ratios

When post-irradiation materials from the nuclear fuel cycle are released to the environment, certain isotopes of actinides and fission products carry signatures of irradiation history that can potentially aid a nuclear forensic investigation into the material's provenance. In this study, combinations of Pu, Cs, and Ba isotope ratios that produce position (in the reactor core) independent monitors of irradiation history in spent light water reactor fuel are identified and explored. These position independent monitors (PIMs) are modeled for various irradiation scenarios using automated depletion codes as well as ordinary differential equation solutions to approximate nuclear physics models. Experimental validation was performed using irradiated low enriched uranium oxide fuel from a light water reactor, which was sampled at 8 axial positions from a single rod. Plutonium, barium and cesium were chemically separated and isotope ratio measurements of the separated solutions were made by quadrupole and multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (Cs and Pu, respectively) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (Ba). The effect of axial variations in neutron fluence and energy spectrum are evident in the measured isotope ratios. Furthermore, two versions of a combined Pu and Cs based PIM are developed. A linear PIM model, which can be used to solve for irradiation time is found to work well for natural U fuel with <10% 240 Pu and known or short cooling times. A non-linear PIM model, which cannot be solved explicitly for irradiation time without additional information, can nonetheless still group samples by irradiation history, including high burnup LEU fuel with unknown cooling time. 137 Ba/ 138 Ba is also observed to act as a position independent monitor; it is nearly single valued across the sampled fuel rod, indicating that samples sharing an irradiation history (same irradiation time and cooling time) in a reactor despite experiencing different neutron fluxes will have a common 137 Ba/ 138 Ba ratio. Modeling of this Ba PIM shows it increases monotonically with irradiation and cooling time, and a confirmatory first order analytical solution is also presented.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improved Cumulative Fission Yield Measurements with Fission Spectrum Neutrons on 235 U

Two isotopically-characterized targets of high-purity (99.84±0.03%) 235 U-oxide and a neutron dosimetry package were exposed to a pulsed neutron irradiation using the Godiva critical assembly at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center. Following irradiation, the fissioned targets were counted with a broad-energy germanium detector. Estimates of the total fissions for each target were made using measurements of well-known fission products. The total fission values were then used to measure the fission yields of 21 fission products with half-lives between 636 and 119,700 seconds. Mean values of seventeen of the measured fission products fell within the 95% confidence level of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files VII.1/b (ENDF/B-VII.1) using the larger of the two uncertainties: 84g Br, 89 Rb, 91 Sr, 93 Y, 97 Zr, 101 Mo, 105 Ru, 128 Sn, 129 Sb, 130g Sb, 131 Sb, 131m Te, 133 I, 135 I, 141 Ba, 142 Ba, and 142 La. Seven isotopes were measured to better precision than is listed in the ENDF/B-VII.1 database: 89 Rb, 93 Y, 128 Sn, 129 Sb, 130g Sb, 131m Te, and 133 I. Four of the measured isotopes were found to be statistically different from the ENDF/B-VII.1 database: 94 Y, 134 Te, 134 I, and 138 Xe. Two of the isotopic analyses conducted in this paper fit the parent and daughter data simultaneously. The parent-daughter pairs measured in this way were the 134 Te/I and 142 Ba/La pairs. The fission yield results obtained in this way are unique, especially for 134 I, because the parent and daughter half-lives are so close. Here, given the limited number of direct measurements of the 134 Te/I pair from fast neutron induced fission and the seemingly high estimate for 134 Te from previous work, it is likely that the value in this paper is more accurate; however, additional measurements of this pair are needed to validate this assertion.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2011

Electrical Properties of Barium and Zirconium Modified NBT Ferroelectric Ceramics

Recently a new wave of interest has risen on relaxor ferroelectrics with complex perovskite structure due to their wide use in fabrication of multilayer ceramic capacitors, electrostrictive actuators, and electromechanical transducers. The polycrystalline 0.93(Bi{sub 0.5}Na{sub 0.5})Ba{sub 0.07}Z{sub 0.04}T{sub 0.96}O{sub 3}(0.07BNBZT) ceramic material, which is in the vicinity of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) has been prepared by using high temperature solid state reaction method. The tolerance factor has been estimated and found to be 0.815. XRD analysis revealed a rhombohedral perovskite type structure. SEM micrographs showed highly dense grains with rectangular shape. The average grain size is found to be 1.51{mu}m. Dielectric studies in the material ha indicated relaxor behaviour with diffuse phase transition. High value of {epsilon}{sub m}>1958 is found at 1kHz, Tm (phase transition temperature) 335 deg. C, The diffuseness parameter was established to be 1.60 revealing the relaxor behaviour. Further, to confirm the relaxor behaviour in the material, Vogel-Fulcher (V-F) relation has been used. Estimated V-F parameters are found to be T{sub f} = 138 deg. C, E{sub a} = 0.080 eV and {nu}{sub o} = 2.32x10{sup 8} Hz. Cole-Cole analysis has shown a non-Debye type relaxation in the system. Conductivity studies in the material obeyed the Jonscher's power law in frequency range of (45Hz-5MHz) and temperature range of (35 deg. C - 600 deg. C). The electric conduction in the system may be due to hopping/mobility/ transportation of charge carriers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Anomalous magneto-elastic and charge doping effects in thallium-doped BaFe 2 As 2

Within the BaFe 2 As 2 crystal lattice, we partially substitute thallium for barium and report the effects of interlayer coupling in Ba 1-x Tl x Fe 2 As 2 crystals. We demonstrate the unusual effects of magneto-elastic coupling and charge doping in this iron-arsenide material, whereby Néel temperature rises with small x, and then falls with additional x. Specifically, we find that Néel and structural transitions in BaFe 2 As 2 (TN = T s = 133 K) increase for x = 0.05 (T N = 138 K, T s = 140 K) from magnetization, heat capacity, resistivity, and neutron diffraction measurements. Evidence from single crystal X-ray diffraction and first principles calculations attributes the stronger magnetism in x = 0.05 to magneto-elastic coupling related to the shorter intraplanar Fe-Fe bond distance. With further thallium substitution, the transition temperatures decrease for x = 0.09 (T N = T s = 131 K), and this is due to charge doping. Finally, we illustrate that small changes related to 3d transition-metal state can have profound effects on magnetism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Investigation of Barium Sources and Fluid–Rock Interaction in Unconventional Marcellus Shale Wells Using Ba Isotopes

Produced waters from unconventional Marcellus Shale gas wells have anomalously high barium (Ba) concentrations and yield some of the isotopically heaviest Ba measured to date. Experiments were conducted to constrain the source of Ba in these fluids and the controls on barite (BaSO 4 ) precipitation and dissolution in oil and gas wells. Experiments simulating the acidizing stage evaluated the solubility of pure barite and drilling mud in 2 M HCl at 80 °C for periods of 2, 6, and 48 h and resulted in <0.01% barite dissolution with no appreciable change in δ 138 Ba ( 138 Ba/ 134 Ba normalized to NIST standard 3104a). Static autoclave experiments conducted at 66 °C and 20.7 MPa with combinations of ground Marcellus Shale solids and/or barite-bearing drilling mud with synthetic low-Ba fracturing fluid resulted in decreased Ba concentrations in the fluid, with the largest decrease in the shale-only run. Fluid δ 138 Ba values increased by about 0.5‰ as Ba concentrations decreased, consistent with closed-system Rayleigh fractionation. Flow-through experiments in Marcellus Shale core conducted for 28 days resulted in effluent Ba concentrations an order of magnitude lower than the influent, while sulfate concentrations increased over time. Effluent δ 138 Ba values increased over the first 12 days and plateaued at about 1‰ higher than the influent. Modeling suggests a combination of the release of labile shale Ba and barite precipitation. This work indicates that the processes of Ba release from fluid–shale interactions and barite precipitation in fractures and the well bore, while capable of producing high δ 138 Ba fluids, are unlikely to generate fluids with high-Ba concentrations and δ 138 Ba values like those in Marcellus-produced waters. As a result, we find that the release of sulfate from shale pyrite oxidation rapidly catalyzes barite precipitation and that dissolution of drilling mud barite or natural barite in the shale is unlikely to be the major source of Ba in Marcellus-produced waters.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗