SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “BROENSTED ACIDS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

7 records

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2012

Structural differences of metal biphenylenebisphosphonate with change in the alkali metal

A series of monovalent biphenylenebisphosphonates have been prepared using hydrothermal synthesis resulting in a composition M[HO{sub 3}PC{sub 12}H{sub 8}PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}] where M=Li{sup +}, Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Rb{sup +}, and Cs{sup +}. Three of the original four phosphonic acid protons are retained, making the compounds Broensted acids. A synthesis using microwave irradiation results in a new compound, Na{sub 2}(HO{sub 3}PC{sub 12}H{sub 8}PO{sub 3}H), where only two protons are retained. Two structural types were found for the three-dimensional compounds where one type has a continuous inorganic layer. In the other structural type, the inorganic layer is formed by hydrogen bonding between neighboring chains. These structural variations arise as the coordination number changes from 4 for lithium to 8 for cesium without change in composition. The dense packing of the biphenylenebisphosphonate restricts the access to the protons, thus these compounds cannot be used as Broensted acid catalysts. Alternatively, addition of N,N-dimethylformamide to the reaction mixture results in inclusion of ammonium ions in the cavities. - Graphical abstract: Two of five metal biphenylenebisphosphonate structures (lithium (a) and cesium (b)) are presented. Each compound is a potential Bronsted acid catalyst, where three of the original four protons are retained from the biphenylenebisphosphonic acid. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Alkali phosphonates are Broensted acids with the retention of three protons per alkali cation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer These compounds are thermally stable to approximately 300 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A new structure was formed from the in situ synthesis with dimethylformamide as a reactant. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer With lack of access to the protons the alkali phosphonates cannot function as a Bronsted acid catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2012

Selective catalytic hydroalkylation and deoxygenation of substituted phenols to bicycloalkanes

Phenol and substituted phenols are hydroalkylated and hydrodeoxygenated to bi-cycloalkanes in a tandem reaction over Pd nanoclusters supported on a large-pore molecular sieve HBEA at 473-523 K using water as solvent. The HBEA-supported Pd catalyst (metal-acid ratio: 1:22 mol/mol) optimally balances the competing rates of metal catalyzed hydrogenation as well as of solid acid-catalyzed dehydration and carbon-carbon coupling to combine hydrodeoxygenation and dimerization of phenol derivatives to C{sub 12}-C{sub 18} bicycloalkanes in a single reaction sequence. A detailed kinetic study of the elementary reactions of (substituted) phenol and their potential products (cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexene) demonstrates that phenol selectively reacts with the in situ generated cyclohexanol or cyclohexene on Broensted acid sites. The acid-catalyzed alkylation of phenol with alcohol intermediates and alcohol dehydration are parallel reactions, which are subtly influenced by the competing hydrogenation reactions as well as by the presence of water as solvent. IR spectroscopy of adsorbed species and preliminary molecular modeling indicate that phenol and cyclohexanol enrichment in the large pores of zeolite HBEA is critical for the high activity and hydroalkylation selectivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2012

Understanding Nitrogen Fixation

The purpose of our program is to explore fundamental chemistry relevant to the discovery of energy efficient methods for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) into more value-added nitrogen-containing organic molecules. Such transformations are key for domestic energy security and the reduction of fossil fuel dependencies. With DOE support, we have synthesized families of zirconium and hafnium dinitrogen complexes with elongated and activated N-N bonds that exhibit rich N 2 functionalization chemistry. Having elucidated new methods for N-H bond formation from dihydrogen, C-H bonds and Broensted acids, we have since turned our attention to N-C bond construction. These reactions are particularly important for the synthesis of amines, heterocycles and hydrazines with a range of applications in the fine and commodity chemicals industries and as fuels. One recent highlight was the discovery of a new N 2 cleavage reaction upon addition of carbon monoxide which resulted in the synthesis of an important fertilizer, oxamide, from the diatomics with the two strongest bonds in chemistry.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Study of the effect of the acid-base surface properties of ZnO, Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} and ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} oxides on their gas sensitivity to ethanol vapor

Binary (ZnO, Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and ternary (ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) gas-sensitive oxide materials are synthesized, and the correlation between their sensitivity to ethanol vapor and the functional chemical composition of the surface is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by the technique of the adsorption of acid-base indicators. It is found that the sensitivity to ethanol increases with increasing content of Broensted acid sites with the acidity index pK{sub a} Almost-Equal-To 2.5 and with increasing percentage of surface oxygen involved in OH/CO{sub 3}/C-O groups. This interrelation is attributed to the specific features of interaction between ethanol molecules and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the oxides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2012

THE EFFECT OF SMECTITE ON THE CORROSION OF IRON METAL

The combination of zero-valent iron and a clay-type amendment is often observed to have a synergistic effect on the rate of reduction reactions. In this paper, electrochemical techniques are used to determine the mechanism of interaction between the iron and smectite clay minerals. Iron electrodes coated with an evaporated smectite suspension (clay-modified iron electrodes, CMIEs) were prepared using five different smectites: SAz-1, SWa-1, STx-1, SWy-1, and SHCa-1. All the smectites were exchanged with Na+ and one sample of SWy-1 was also exchanged with Mg2+. Potentiodynamic potential scans and cyclic voltammograms were taken using the CMIEs and uncoated but passivated iron electrodes. These electrochemical experiments, along with measurements of the amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ sorbed in the smectite coating, suggested that the smectite removed the passive layer of the underlying iron electrode during the evaporation process. Cyclic voltammograms taken after the CMIEs were biased at the active-passive transition potential for varying amounts of time suggested that the smectite limited growth of a passive layer, preventing passivation. These results are attributed to the Broensted acidity of the smectite as well as to its ability to sorb iron cations. Oxides that did form on the surface of the iron in the presence of the smectite when it was biased anodically seemed to be different than those that form on the surface of an uncoated iron electrode under otherwise similar conditions; this difference suggested that the smectite reacted with the Fe2+ formed from the oxidation of the underlying iron. No significant correlation could be found between the ability of the smectite to remove the iron passive film and the smectite type. The results have implications for the mixing of sediments and iron particles in permeable reactive barriers, underground storage of radioactive waste in steel canisters, and the use of smectite supports in preventing aggregation of nano-sized zero-valent iron.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

Formation of Gd coordination polymer with 1D chains mediated by Bronsted acidic ionic liquids

One dimensional coordination polymer Gd[(SO{sub 4})(NO{sub 3})(C{sub 2}H{sub 6}SO){sub 2}] (1) is prepared through the mediation of Bronsted acid ionic liquid, which crystallized in the monoclinic space of C2/c. In this polymer, adjacent Gd atoms are linked by two SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} ions to generate a 1-D chain, and all oxygen atoms in SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} groups are connected to three nearest Gd atoms in µ{sup 3}:η{sup 1}:η{sup 1}:η{sup 2} fashion. Gd, S and N from SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} are precisely coplanar. The planar is coordinated by a pair of DMSO molecules, which is parallel and linked by hydrogen bonding to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network. Magnetic susceptibility measurement of 1 reveals weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Gd (III) ions. It exhibits relatively large magneto-caloric effect with –ΔS{sub m}=28.8 J Kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH=7 T. - Graphical abstract: Coordination polymer Gd[(SO{sub 4})(NO{sub 3})(C{sub 2}H{sub 6}SO){sub 2}] was obtained mediated by Bronsted acid Ionic Liquid, which presents a 1-D chains collected by SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} groups. Magnetic susceptibility of the polymer reveals weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Gd(III) ions with the relatively large magneto-caloric effect of –ΔS{sub m}=28.8 J Kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH= 7T.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2018

Adhesion and Toxicity of Polymers Prepared Using Ionic Liquid Monomers

The focus of this research was to investigate possible applications of crosslinked polymers that could be prepared through free-radical polymerization of protic ionic liquid monomers. These monomers were synthesized through reactions of selected Bronsted acids and bases, and then polymerized with and without the aid of a free-radical initiator. It was discovered that these polymers had potential applications as adhesives, and bond strengths of various formulations were tested and compared with commercially available adhesives. Additionally, potential environmental toxicity of these polymers was investigated by performing zone of inhibition testing with select bacteria. It was determined that several of these polymers have comparable or superior bond strengths to other common adhesives, although monomer type and initiator concentration can impact these strengths. Toxicity was also dependent on these factors, with some formulations showing high toxicity and others showing few toxic effects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗