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DOE OSTI2016

Laboratory biological safety cabinet (BSC) explosion

Scientists at universities across Iraq are actively working to report actual incidents and accidents occurring in their laboratories in order to raise awareness and encourage openness, leading to widespread adoption of robust Chemical Safety and Security (CSS) practices. This manuscript is the first in a series of five case studies describing laboratory incidents and accidents in Iraqi university laboratories in order to share lessons learned and minimize the possibility of similar incidents in the future. In this study, we describe a serious event that resulted in a postgraduate student sustaining serious injuries when the biological safety cabinet (BSC) she was using exploded. Of particular note, the paper highlights how a combination of failures and deficiencies at many levels within an organization and its technical community (rather than a single piece of faulty equipment or the careless behavior of one person) can lead to a dangerous, potentially life-threatening incident. By openly sharing what happened along with the lessons learned from the accident, we hope to minimize the possibility of another researcher being injured in a similar incident in the future.

biological safety cabinet↗

DOE OSTI2016

Strategic Planning as a Competitive Advantage by Using the BSC as a Management Tool: a Case Study in Application of Radioisotope Technology at IPEN - 16400

Strategic planning is one of the most important management tools for organizational decision making. The nuclear area represents a segment of energy production used by many countries in America, Europe and Asia. It is known that in the future nuclear energy can be a major exit to the global energy crisis. The aim of this research was to use the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a strategic tool for decision making in a teaching and research institution of the nuclear area - Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), located in the city of Sao Paulo, which belongs to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) in Brazil. The methodology used in this academic doctoral study was a case study, which considered the period of research from December 2012 to December 2015. The main results expected from this case study are: the improvement of information flow, the view, the increased visibility of an organization providing education and especially research in relation to published works, increased interaction among IPEN and the main global research institutes and centers, increasing academic production of technical articles, indicator improvement, improving the monitoring of management actions, among others. Given the expected results one can conclude that this study will be of great value to the IPEN and also for the Brazilian energy sector, as it will allow and contribute to the dissemination and demystification of nuclear power as an energy source of mankind, its peaceful applications and for the management activity of knowledge and innovation production in the nuclear area of IPEN. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2018

Statistical Characterization of Radiation-Induced Pulse Waveforms and Flip-Flop Soft Errors in 14nm Tri-Gate CMOS Using a Back-Sampling Chain (BSC) Technique

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Kumar, Saurabh↗

DOE OSTI2025

Biomass to bio-energy supply chain: Economic viability, case studies, challenges and policy implications in India

Biomass supply chain (BSC) management is an integral part of renewable energy projects, which include biomass-harvesting, collection, storage, processing and transportation to the bio-energy plants. The sustainability concept identifies economy, environment, and society as the three principal pillars of bioenergy. With an effective BSC implemented, all three dimensions of sustainability can be attained. Although, there’s been extensive research on the environmental sustainability of BSC, the economic aspects are under-represented in existing literature. So, an elaborate analysis on the economic viability of BSCs developed worldwide and those in India is critical, and needs to be studied. This review conducts a detailed accounting of the economic aspects of a BSC which includes the existing challenges in designing an environmental-cum-economically efficient BSC and strategies to address the issues. The Indian context has been studied on the BSC models, highlighting their shortcomings, while encapsulating the essential insights from global BSC models for a cost-effective BSC-to-bioenergy in India. Here, this review also emphasizes the policies supporting the BSC in India and forecasts the future biomass demand and supply. This review will provide stakeholders with critical insights on BSC and related challenges and assist them to investigate and devise strategies for successful implementation of BSCs in India.

Biomass↗

DOE OSTI2020

High Layer Uniformity of Two-Dimensional Materials Demonstrated Surprisingly from Broad Features in Surface Electron Diffraction

Paradoxically, a very broad diffraction background, named the bell-shaped-component (BSC), has been established as a feature of graphene growth. Recent diffraction studies as a function of electron energy have shown that the BSC is not related to scattering interference. Here, additional experiments are carried out as a function of temperature over the range in which single-layer graphene (SLG) grows. Quantitative fitting of the profiles shows that the BSC follows the increase of the Gr(10) spot, proving directly that the BSC indicates high-quality graphene. Additional metal deposition experiments provide more information about the BSC. The BSC is insensitive to metal deposition, and it increases with metal intercalation, because a more uniform interface forms between graphene and SiC. These experiments support the conclusion that the BSC originates from electron confinement within SLG, and surprisingly, it is an excellent measure of graphene uniformity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Broad background in electron diffraction of 2D materials as a signature of their superior quality

Abstract An unusually broad bell-shaped component (BSC) has been previously observed in surface electron diffraction on different types of 2D systems. It was suggested to be an indicator of uniformity of epitaxial graphene (Gr) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). In the current study we use low-energy electron microscopy and micro-diffraction to directly relate the BSC to the crystal quality of the diffracting 2D material. Specially designed lateral heterostructures were used to map the spatial evolution of the diffraction profile across different 2D materials, namely pure hBN, BCN alloy and pure Gr, where the alloy region exhibits deteriorated structural coherency. The presented results show that the BSC intensity has a minimum in the alloyed region, consequently showing that BSC is sensitive to the lateral domain size and homogeneity of the material under examination. This is further confirmed by the presence of a larger number of sharp moiré spots when the BSC is most pronounced in the pure hBN and Gr regions. Consequently, it is proposed that the BSC can be used as a diagnostic tool for determining the quality of the 2D materials.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2015

WE-EF-210-05: Diagnosis and Quantification of Liver Steatosis with Quantitative Ultrasound Backscatter Technique

Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States, affects 30% of adult Americans and may progress to more serious diseases. Liver biopsy is the standard method for diagnosing NAFLD. MRI can accurately diagnose and quantify hepatic steatosis but is expensive. Sonography with qualitative interpretation by radiologists is lower cost, more accessible but less sensitive for detection. The objective of this study, using MRI proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as reference, is to assess the accuracy for diagnosing and quantifying steatosis with two quantitative US parameters-- backscatter coefficient (BSC) and attenuation coefficient (AC)--derived from RF signals using the calibration phantom technique. Methods: We performed a prospective, cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of adults (n=204) with NAFLD (MRI-PDFF≥5%) and without NAFLD (controls). Subjects underwent MRI-PDFF and BSC and AC US analyses of the liver on the same day. Patients were randomly assigned to training (n=102, mean age 51±17 years, mean body mass index 31±7 kg/m{sup 2}) and validation (n=102, mean age 49±17 years, body mass index 30±6 kg/m{sup 2}) groups; 69% of patients in each group had NAFLD. Results: BSC provided AUC 0.98 (95% CI 0.95–1.00, p<0.0001) for diagnosis of NAFLD; the optimal BSC cut-off provided sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of 87%, 91%, 95%, and 76%, respectively. AC provided AUC 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.96, p<0.0001) for diagnosis of steatosis; the optimal AC cut-off provided sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of 80%, 84%, 92%, and 66%, respectively. BSC and AC both correlated significantly with MRI-PDFF (P<0.0001). Conclusion: QUS BSC and AC can accurately diagnose and quantify hepatic steatosis, using MRI-PDFF as reference. With further validation, QUS may emerge as an inexpensive, widely available tool for NAFLD assessment. General support: NIH R01 CA111289, K23 -DK090303, AmerGastroAssoc Found, TF Williams Scholarship, S3000 scanner loaned by Siemens, Sucampo, JA Hartford Found, Atlantic Philanthropies Amer Gastroenterological Assoc. Agencies had no role in design/conduct of study, collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Building America Case Study: Meeting DOE Challenge Home Program Certification, Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Devens, Massachusetts (Fact Sheet)

The purpose of this project was to evaluate integrated packages of advanced measures in individual test homes to assess their performance with respect to Building America Program goals, specifically compliance with the DOE Challenge Home Program. BSC consulted on the construction of five test houses by three Cold Climate production builders in three separate US cities. BSC worked with the builders to develop a design package tailored to the cost-related impacts for each builder. Therefore, the resulting design packages do vary from builder to builder. BSC provided support through this research project on the design, construction and performance testing of the five test homes. Overall, the builders have concluded that the energy related upgrades (either through the prescriptive or performance path) represent reasonable upgrades. The builders commented that while not every improvement in specification was cost effective (as in a reasonable payback period), many were improvements that could improve the marketability of the homes and serve to attract more energy efficiency discerning prospective homeowners. However, the builders did express reservations on the associated checklists and added certifications. An increase in administrative time was observed with all builders. The checklists and certifications also inherently increase cost due to: 1. Adding services to the scope of work for various trades, such as HERS Rater, HVAC contractor. 2. Increased material costs related to the checklists, especially the EPA Indoor airPLUS and EPA WaterSense Efficient Hot Water Distribution requirement.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

An Exchange-Correlation Functional Capturing Bulk Surface and Confinement Physics

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Semi-local Density Functional Approximations for Bulk, Surface, and Confinement Physics

Due to its balance of accuracy and computational cost, density functional theory has become the method of choice for computing the electronic structure and related properties of materials. However, present-day semi-local approximations to the exchange-correlation energy of density functional theory break down for materials containing d and f electrons. In this report we summarize the results of our research efforts within the LDRD 200202 titled "Making density functional theory work for all materials" in addressing this issue. Our efforts are grouped into two research thrusts. In the first thrust, we develop an exchange-correlation functional (BSC functional) within the subsystem functional formalism. It enables us to capture bulk, surface, and confinement physics with a single, semi-local exchange-correlation functional in density functional theory calculations. We present the analytical properties of the BSC functional and demonstrate that the BSC functional is able to capture confinement physics more accurately than standard semi-local exchange-correlation functionals. The second research thrust focusses on developing a database for transition metal binary compounds. The database consists of materials properties (formation energies, ground-state energies, lattice constants, and elastic constants) of 26 transition metal elements and 89 transition metal alloys. It serves as a reference for benchmarking computational models (such as lower-level modeling methods and exchange-correlation functionals). We expect that our database will significantly impact the materials science community. We conclude with a brief discussion on the future research directions and impact of our results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Building America Case Study: Evaluation of the Performance of Houses With and Without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate, New Orleans, Louisiana (Fact Sheet)

This report, Evaluation of the Performance of Houses with and without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate, describes a research study that that was conducted by the Building Science Corporation (BSC) Building America Research Team. BSC seeks to research and report on the field monitoring of the performance of in-situ supplemental dehumidification systems in low energy, high performance, homes in a Hot-Humid climate. The purpose of this research project was to observe and compare the humidity control performance of new, single family, low energy, and high performance, homes. Specifically, the study sought to compare the interior conditions and mechanical systems operation between two distinct groups of houses, homes with a supplemental dehumidifier installed in addition to HVAC system, and homes without any supplemental dehumidification. The subjects of the study were ten single-family new construction homes in New Orleans, LA. Data logging equipment was installed at each home in 2012. Interior conditions and various end-use loads were monitored for one year. In terms of averages, the homes with dehumidifiers are limiting elevated levels of humidity in the living space. However, there was significant variation in humidity control between individual houses. An analysis of the equipment operation did not show a clear correlation between energy use and humidity levels. In general, no single explanatory variable appears to provide a consistent understanding of the humidity control in each house. Indoor humidity is likely due to all of the factors we have examined, and the specifics of how they are used by each occupant.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

Diffraction paradox: An unusually broad diffraction background marks high quality graphene

The realization of the unusual properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials requires the formation of large domains of single-layer thickness, extending over the mesoscale. It is found that the formation of uniform graphene on SiC, contrary to textbook diffraction, is signaled by a strong bell-shaped component (BSC) around the (00) and G(10) spots (but not around the substrate spots). The BCS is also seen on graphene grown on metals, because a single uniform graphene layer can be also grown with large lateral size. It is only seen by electron diffraction but not with x-ray or He scattering. Although the origin of such an intriguing result is unclear, its presence in the earlier literature (but never mentioned) points to its robustness and significance. A likely mechanism relates to the the spatial confinement of the graphene electrons, within a single layer. Finally, this leads to large spread in their wave vector which is transferred by electron-electron interactions to the elastically scattered electrons to generate the BSC.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2019

Dynamic bound states in the continuum

All-dielectric metasurfaces are a versatile platform to investigate a host of unconventional physical scattering responses. Effects, including high absorption and Huygens’ surfaces, have been demonstrated; however, a more exotic materialization—termed bound states in the continuum (BSCs)—exists and consists of nonradiating localized waves that lie within the energy spectrum of the continuum. Here we experimentally demonstrate a dynamic BSC at terahertz frequencies that realizes a material-limited high-quality factor ( Q ) resonance Q = 8.7 × 10 3 , which may be modified by over 2 orders of magnitude through photodoping with band gap light. We elucidate the nature of the BSC resonance, and our experimental results are well supported by eigenvalue and S -parameter simulations. The demonstrated system and underlying theory establish a path to realize extremely high- Q dynamic resonances, which may be useful for detection of hazardous materials and frequency-diverse imaging.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2019

Retrofit of Blown Attic Insulation in Existing HUD-Code Manufactured Homes: Needs Assessment Report

This needs assessment was conducted by the Washington State University (WSU) Energy Program and Building Science Corporation (BSC), with support from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Building Technologies Office. The primary goal of this research was to identify moisture durability, energy savings, and savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) research needs related to the retrofit of attic insulation in the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). Specifically, manufactured homes that comply with building codes established by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) built after 1976 and sited in colder climates. This project assessed current practice of WAP insulation and/or roof venting solutions that improve attic insulation energy savings and durability. WSU and BSC conducted outreach to stakeholders via email, phone, one-on-one interviews, and group meetings designed to inquire about relevant issues that they may have observed. Needs assessment feedback was provided from stakeholders involved with attic insulation retrofits in existing HUD-code manufactured housing in the colder climates of the United States. The list of more than 50 stakeholders who provided input into this needs assessment is provided in Appendix A.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

Retrofit of Blown Attic Insulation in Existing HUD-Code Manufactured Homes: Needs Assessment Report

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

Sensitivity of Surface Resistance to Trapped Flux in High-Purity Large-Grain Niobium

Surface resistance arising from trapped flux is experimentally measured, by which the sensitivity to trapped flux is derived. Measurements are carried out with single-cell L-band SRF cavities made of high-purity large-grain niobium materials, immersed in a uniform externally applied magnetic field generated by a solenoid with its axis overlapping the cavity axis. The surface resistance is found by using the standard technique for Q0 measurement and the customary G/Q0 analysis. Q0 values at a fixed low surface field are used. The trapped flux is found by measuring flux densities at a selected location using a single-axis fluxgate magnetometer attached to the cavity outer surface: Ba*[1-(Bsc-Bnc)/(Bsc0-Bnc)], where Ba is the applied external field, Bnc and Bsc is the local flux density measured just above and below Tc, respectively, during a field-cooling of the cavity and afterwards its Q0 is measured, Bsc0 is measured in a separate zero-field-cooling while the cavity being kept in the same location after turning on the identical applied field Ba at a temperature well below Tc . Several magnetometers are placed at various locations. It is found that the sensitivity to trapped flux in high-purity large-grain niobium to be 1.9 n?/µT on average. This is to be compared to 3-9 n?/µT in high purity fine-grain niobium and 10-50 n?/µT in nitrogen-doped high-purity niobium reported by other groups. We will discuss the measurement results as well as the measurement techniques.

Geng, Rongli↗

DOE OSTI2016

Measure Guideline: Deep Energy Enclosure Retrofit for Interior Insulation of Masonry Walls and Flat Roofs

Measure Guideline: Deep Energy Enclosure Retrofit for Zero Energy Ready House Flat Roofs BSC TO5 Task 7.4 Deep Energy Enclosure Retrofit (DEER) for Interior Insulation of Masonry Walls Lawrence, MA 01840 This Measure Guideline describes a deep energy enclosure retrofit solution for insulating mass masonry buildings from the interior. It describes the retrofit assembly, technical details, and installation sequence for retrofitting masonry walls. Interior insulation of masonry retrofits might adversely affect the durability of the wall. This guideline includes a review of decision criteria pertinent to retrofitting masonry walls from the interior and the possible risk of freeze-thaw damage. This Measure Guideline is intended to support contractors who are implementing an interior insulation-based high-performance enclosure retrofit for masonry buildings and designers who are looking to design such retrofits. It may also be helpful to building owners who wish to learn more about strategies that are available for deep energy enclosure retrofit of masonry residential buildings on the interior. This Measure Guideline is important to the high-performance retrofit industry because the solution described here provides an opportunity to retrofit masonry buildings with ambitious energy performance goals by insulating them from the interior without disturbing their exterior appearance. BSC TO5 Task 7.4 Deep Energy Enclosure Retrofit (DEER) for Zero Energy Ready House (ZERH) Flat Roofs House Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 This Measure Guideline provides design and construction information for a deep energy enclosure retrofit solution of a flat roof assembly. It describes the strategies and procedures for an exterior retrofit of a flat wood-framed roof with brick masonry exterior walls using exterior and interior (framing cavity) insulation. The approach supported in this guide could also be adapted for use with flat wood-framed roofs with wood-framed exterior walls. Designers, contractors, and building code officials will benefit from the information contained in this Measure Guideline. The guide may also be helpful to building owners who wish to learn more about strategies for deep energy enclosure retrofit of flat roofs. This Measure Guideline is important to the high-performance retrofit industry because it demonstrates techniques for retrofitting flat roofs from the exterior, which is less disruptive to the living space and allows the structure to remain occupied during the project. It also illustrates a solution for preparing homes to become zero energy ready.

Array↗

DOE OSTI2016

Field Testing Unvented Roofs with Asphalt Shingles in Cold and Hot-humid Climates

BSC TO5 Task 7.1 Field Testing Unvented Roofs with Asphalt Shingles in Cold Climates - Bolingbrook, IL 60440 BSC TO5 Task 7.1 Field Testing Unvented Roofs with Asphalt Shingles in Hot-Humid Climates - Friendswood, TX 77546 To understand the long-term moisture performance of unvented roof assemblies with fibrous insulation, the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America team Building Science Corporation built and monitored test roofs in two climates: a cold-climate test house in Bolingbrook, Illinois (Chicago area; zone 5A), and a hot-humid test house in Friendswood, Texas (Houston area, zone 2A). The Chicago-area test bed had seven parallel experimental rafter bays. The assemblies included a control vented compact (cathedral) roof, a dense-pack cellulose unvented roof, and an unvented roof with a "diffusion vent" (a strip of vapor-permeable gypsum sheathing at the ridge to allow drying). The interior finish was gypsum wallboard (GWB) with latex paint. The other four bays were top vent roof assemblies, which have a polypropylene breather mesh between the roof sheathing and the asphalt shingles to allow ventilation drying of the assembly from underneath the vapor-impermeable shingles. Two of the four "top vent" roofs were fiberglass batt and two were dense-pack cellulose roofs with either interior GWB or open to the interior. Wintertime moisture-related failure was accelerated by providing interior humidification (22.2 degree C [72 degree F]/50% relative humidity [RH]), which is known to be an extreme interior loading). Data were captured over 8 months, including a winter and the following spring and early summer.

Array↗