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Programmed cell death regulator BAP2 is required for IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response in Arabidopsis

Environmental and physiological situations can challenge the balance between protein synthesis and folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cause ER stress, a potentially lethal condition. The unfolded protein response (UPR) restores ER homeostasis or actuates programmed cell death (PCD) when ER stress is unresolved. The cell fate determination mechanisms of the UPR are not well understood, especially in plants. Here, we integrate genetics and ER stress profiling with natural variation and quantitative trait locus analysis of 350 natural accessions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana . Our analyses implicate a single nucleotide polymorphism to the loss of function of the general PCD regulator BON-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN2 (BAP2) in UPR outcomes. We establish that ER stress-induced BAP2 expression is antagonistically regulated by the UPR master regulator, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and that BAP2 controls adaptive UPR amplitude in ER stress and ignites pro-death mechanisms in conditions of UPR insufficiency.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Materials Data on BaP2 by Materials Project

BaP2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight P1- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–P bond distances ranging from 3.28–3.44 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to six P1- atoms to form BaP6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent PBa4P2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 30–82°. There are four shorter (3.28 Å) and two longer (3.31 Å) Ba–P bond lengths. There are three inequivalent P1- sites. In the first P1- site, P1- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Ba2+ and two P1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.21 Å) and one longer (2.28 Å) P–P bond lengths. In the second P1- site, P1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ba2+ and two P1- atoms. The P–P bond length is 2.22 Å. In the third P1- site, P1- is bonded to four Ba2+ and two P1- atoms to form distorted PBa4P2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent BaP6 octahedra and corners with seven equivalent PBa4P2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–104°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on BaP2(HO)4 by Materials Project

Ba(H2PO2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ccce space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Ba(H2PO2)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Ba2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.82 Å) and four longer (2.83 Å) Ba–O bond lengths. P1+ is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to two equivalent H1+ and two equivalent O2- atoms. Both P–H bond lengths are 1.42 Å. Both P–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P1+ atom. O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Ba2+ and one P1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on BaP2(HO2)4 by Materials Project

Ba(H2PO4)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.61–3.17 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.63 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.66 Å. There are five inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.07 Å) and one longer (1.41 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.50 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Ba2+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one P5+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ba2+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Population genomics identify the requirement of BAP2 in the sufficiency of IRE1 in the UPR

Sequencing reads archived here are part of a project studying natural variation in ER stress responses in Arabidopsis reported in Pastor-Cantizano et al. 2024. The project focused on contrasting alleles derived from Na-1 (tolerant) and Est-0 (susceptible) accessions when exposed to a ER stress inducer. These accession were crossed, F3 progeny were phenotyped, and the top and bottom 10% of relative performance under ER stress (42 individuals from each tail) were pooled and sequenced. Candidate genomic regions were identified by looking for allele frequency differences among the two pools in a standard QTL-seq approach

programmed cell death↗