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Directional solidification of Bi-Mn alloys using an applied magnetic field

Off-eutectic compositions of Bi-Mn were directionally solidified in applied transverse magnetic fields up to 3 kG, to determine the effects on thermal and solutal convection. Plane front directional solidification of eutectic and near-eutectic Bi-Mn results in a two-phase rodlike morphology consisting of ferromagnetic MnBi rods in a Bi solid solution matrix. Compositions of either side of the eutectic were studied in growth orientations vertically up and down. Temperature gradient was monitored during growth by means of an in-situ thermocouple. For Bi-rich compositions, the magnetic field appeared to increase mixing as determined from thermal, morphological, chemical, and magnetic analyses. For Mn-rich compositions, morphological and chemical analyses suggest some reduction in mixing due to application of the magnetic force. The capability for carrying out directional solidification of Bi-Mn in high longitudinal magnetic fields was established.

Decarlo, J. L.↗

Effects of an applied magnetic field on directional solidification of off-eutectic Bi-Mn alloys

Off-eutectic compositions of Bi-Mn were directionally solidified in applied transverse magnetic fields up to 3 kG to determine the effects on thermal and solutal convection. For Bi-rich compositions, the magnetic field appeared to increase mixing as determined from thermal, morphological, chemical and magnetic analyses. For Mn-rich compositions morphological and chemical analyses suggest some reduction in mixing due to application of the magnetic field. Conductivity gradients in the melt are suggested as a possible mechanism for the observed results.

Decarlo, J. L.↗

Thermoelectric and morphological effects of Peltier pulsing on directional solidification of eutectic Bi-Mn

Extensive in situ thermal measurements using Peltier Interface Demarcation (PID) during directional solidification of eutectic Bi/MnBi were carried out. Observations indicate that significant thermal transients occur throughout the sample as a result of the Peltier pulsing. The contributions of the Peltier, Thomson, and Joule heats were separated and studied as a function of pulse intensity and polarity. The Joule and the combined Peltier and Thomson thermal contributions were determined as a function of time during and after the current pulses, close to the solid/liquid interface. Variations of the Bi/MnBi particle morphology clearly reveal the interface shape, changes in interface velocity, meltback, and temporary loss of cooperative growth, as a result of the pulsing.

Silberstein, R. P.↗

Effect of applied magnetic fields during directional solidification of eutectic Bi-Mn

Samples of rod eutectics Bi/MnBi were directionally solidified in a growth-up Bridgman-Stockbarger configuration in the presence of a transverse magnetic field up to 3 kg to determine whether gravity-driven convective effects could be reduced or eliminated. The experiments were carried out over a range of furnace velocities, V, of 0.2 to 50 cm per hour with a thermal gradient at the liquid-solid interface of 100 C/cm and 150 C/cm. Morphological, thermal and magnetic analyses were carried out on samples grown with and without an applied magnetic field. For samples grown at V greater than 3 cm per hour in a transverse magnetic field, reduced mean rod diameter and interrod spacing occurred as well as undercooling and increased coercive strength. The data agreed with that obtained for low-g growth at 50 cm per hour and 30 cm per hour.

Decarlo, J. L.↗

Studies of directionally solidified eutectic Bi/MnBi at low growth velocities

The (lambda-squared)(V) deviation for diffusion-only rod eutectic growth, where lambda is the interrod spacing and V is the growth velocity, was studied at growth velocities less than 5 cm/h in directionally solidified eutectic Bi-Mn (Bi/MnBi). At lower growth velocities, (V less than 0.5 cm/h) morphological instability occurred which resulted in nonaligned, irregularly dispersed MnBi fibers. The (lambda-squared)(V) relation was experimentally determined over a range of growth velocities between 0.1 and 50 cm/h, thermal gradients in the liquid at the liquid-solid interface that varied from 40 to 120 C/cm and solidification orientation with respect to the direction of gravity. Naturally induced, convective instabilities are suggested as a possible growth velocity limit for cooperative growth in the Bi-Mn and related alloy systems.

Pirich, R. G.↗

The influences of convection on directional solidification of eutectic Bi/MnBi

Eutectic alloys of Bi-Mn were directionally solidified using the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique to determine the influences of gravitationally-driven thermo-solutal convection on the Bi-MnBi rod eutectic. Experiments were conducted that varied the level of convection by varying the growth parameters and growth orientation, by microgravity damping, by applied magnetic field damping, and by imposing forced convection. Peltier interface demarcation and in situ thermocouple measurements were used to monitor interface velocity and thermal gradient and to evaluate interface planarity.

Larson, David J., Jr.↗

Materials Data on MnBi by Materials Project

MnBi is Molybdenum Carbide MAX Phase-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mn is bonded to six equivalent Bi atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MnBi6 pentagonal pyramids. All Mn–Bi bond lengths are 2.94 Å. Bi is bonded to six equivalent Mn atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing BiMn6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Mn3Bi by Materials Project

Mn3Bi is Uranium Silicide-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Mn sites. In the first Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.82–2.94 Å. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the second Mn site, Mn is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight Mn and four Bi atoms. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. There are two shorter (2.83 Å) and two longer (2.84 Å) Mn–Bi bond lengths. In the third Mn site, Mn is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight Mn and four Bi atoms. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. There are two shorter (2.83 Å) and two longer (2.84 Å) Mn–Bi bond lengths. In the fourth Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.84–2.94 Å. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the fifth Mn site, Mn is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight Mn and four Bi atoms. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. There are two shorter (2.83 Å) and two longer (2.84 Å) Mn–Bi bond lengths. In the sixth Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.82–2.92 Å. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the seventh Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.83–2.95 Å. There are one shorter (2.92 Å) and three longer (2.93 Å) Mn–Bi bond lengths. In the eighth Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are one shorter (2.83 Å) and one longer (2.84 Å) Mn–Mn bond lengths. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the ninth Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Mn bond distances ranging from 2.83–2.93 Å. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the tenth Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are one shorter (2.92 Å) and one longer (2.93 Å) Mn–Mn bond lengths. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the eleventh Mn site, Mn is bonded to eight Mn and four Bi atoms to form distorted MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.92–2.94 Å. In the twelfth Mn site, Mn is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight Mn and four Bi atoms. There are one shorter (2.83 Å) and three longer (2.84 Å) Mn–Bi bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Bi sites. In the first Bi site, Bi is bonded to twelve Mn atoms to form BiMn12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. In the second Bi site, Bi is bonded to twelve Mn atoms to form BiMn12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. In the third Bi site, Bi is bonded to twelve Mn atoms to form BiMn12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra. In the fourth Bi site, Bi is bonded to twelve Mn atoms to form BiMn12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight BiMn12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra, faces with four BiMn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight MnMn8Bi4 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗