Remote measurement of ocean color as an index of biological productivity
Remote sensing from aircraft and satellites of chlorophyll concentrations for monitoring of biological productivity of sea
Clarke, G. L.↗
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Data for Metabolic Engineering of Nonmodel Yeast Issatchenkia orientalis SD108 for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Production
Biological production of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) has received growing attentionover theyears.However, thereis the tradeoff between 5‐ALA biosynthesis and cell growth because the fermentation broth will become acidic due to the production of 5‐ALA. To address this limitation, we engineered an acid‐tolerant yeast, Issatchenkia orientalis SD108, for 5‐ALA production. We first discovered that the cell growth rate of I. orientalis SD108 was boosted by 5‐ALA and its endogenous ALA synthetase (ALAS) showed higher activity than those homologs from other yeasts. The titer of 5‐ALA was improved from 28mg/L to 120‐, 150‐, and 300mg/L, by optimizing plasmid design, overexpressing a transporter, and increasing gene copy number, respectively. After redirecting the metabolic flux using the pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) knockout strain (SD108ΔPDC) and culturing with urea, we increased the titer of 5‐ALA to 510mg/L, a 13‐fold enhancement, proving the importance of the newly identified IoALAS with higher activity and the strategic selection of nitrogen sources for knockout strains. This study demonstrates the acid‐tolerant I. orientalis SD108ΔPDC has a high potential for 5‐ALA production at a large scale in the future.
Bioproducts↗
Biological Production of a Hydrocarbon Fuel Intermediate Polyhydroxybutyrate (Phb) from a Process Relevant Lignocellulosic Derived Sugar
PHAs are synthesized by many microorganisms to serve as intracellular carbon storage molecules. In some bacterial strains, PHB can account for up to 80% of cell mass. In addition to its application in the packaging sector, PHB also has great potential as an intermediate in the production of hydrocarbon fuels. PHB can be thermally depolymerized and decarboxylated to propene which can be upgraded to hydrocarbon fuels via commercial oligomerization technologies. In recent years a great effort has been made in bacterial production of PHB, yet the production cost of the polymer is still much higher than conventional petrochemical plastics. The high cost of PHB is because the cost of the substrates can account for as much as half of the total product cost in large scale fermentation. Thus searching for cheaper and better substrates is very necessary for PHB production. In this study, we demonstrate production of PHB by Cupriavidus necator from a process relevant lignocellulosic derived sugar stream, i.e., saccharified hydrolysate slurry from pretreated corn stover. Good cell growth was observed on slurry saccharified with advanced enzymes and 40~60% of PHB was accumulated in the cells. The mechanism of inhibition in the toxic hydrolysate generated by pretreatment and saccharification of biomass, will be discussed.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Process Intensification for the Biological Production of the Fuel Precursor Butyric Acid from Biomass
The production of fuels from lignocellulosic biomass is key to reduce our reliance on petroleum and to promote a sustainable bioeconomy. Butyric acid (BA) is a promising chemical precursor for the production of renewable diesel and jet fuels. BA can be biologically produced from lignocellulosic sugars. However, challenges associated with product selectivity and recovery must be overcome to achieve industrially relevant metrics. Here, we evaluate various fermentation configurations and demonstrate near-homo-butyrate production by using the biocatalyst Clostridium tyrobutyricum. We also develop an advanced in situ product recovery process based on hybrid extraction-distillation (HED-ISPR) and conduct techno-economic analyses and life cycle assessments. We demonstrate that the HED-ISPR process lowers the overall capital and operating expenses and environmental impact compared to other traditional fermentation processes. Overall, BA minimum product selling price from biomass is 55% of the current BA selling price from petroleum, a significant decrease toward viable renewable fuel production.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
How to sustainably feed a microbe: Strategies for biological production of carbon-based commodities with renewable electricity
As interest and application of renewable energy grows, strategies are needed to align the asynchronous supply and demand. Microbial metabolisms are a potentially sustainable mechanism for transforming renewable electrical energy into biocommodities that are easily stored and transported. Acetogens and methanogens can reduce carbon dioxide to organic products including methane, acetic acid, and ethanol. The library of biocommodities is expanded when engineered metabolisms of acetogens are included. Typically, electrochemical systems are employed to integrate renewable energy sources with biological systems for production of carbon-based commodities. Within these systems, there are three prevailing mechanisms for delivering electrons to microorganisms for the conversion of carbon dioxide to reduce organic compounds: (1) electrons can be delivered to microorganisms via H 2 produced separately in a electrolyzer, (2) H 2 produced at a cathode can convey electrons to microorganisms supported on the cathode surface, and (3) a cathode can directly feed electrons to microorganisms. Each of these strategies has advantages and disadvantages that must be considered in designing full-scale processes. Furthermore, this review considers the evolving understanding of each of these approaches and the state of design for advancing these strategies toward viability.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Influence of dimethyl sulfide on the carbon cycle and biological production
Not Available
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Biological production of organic compounds
Strains of cyanobacteria that produce high levels of alpha ketoglutarate (AKG) and pyruvate are disclosed herein. Methods of culturing these cyanobacteria to produce AKG or pyruvate and recover AKG or pyruvate from the culture are also described herein. Nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides that function as ethylene-forming enzymes and their use in the production of ethylene are further disclosed herein. These nucleic acids may be expressed in hosts such as cyanobacteria, which in turn may be cultured to produce ethylene.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Biological production of organic compounds
Methods of producing ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol are disclosed herein. Ethylene produced by cyanobacteria engineered to express ethylene-forming enzymes may be converted to ethylene oxide by bacteria engineered to express a monooxygenase enzyme. Ethylene oxide may be converted to ethylene glycol by exposure to an acidic solution. The methods may be performed in a bioreactor.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Biological Production of a Hydrocarbon Fuel Intermediate Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from a Process Relevant Lignocellulosic Derived Sugar (Poster)
PHAs are synthesized by many microorganisms to serve as intracellular carbon storage molecules. In some bacterial strains, PHB can account for up to 80% of cell mass. In addition to its application in the packaging sector, PHB also has great potential as an intermediate in the production of hydrocarbon fuels. PHB can be thermally depolymerized and decarboxylated to propene which can be upgraded to hydrocarbon fuels via commercial oligomerization technologies. Cupriavidus necator is the microorganism that has been most extensively studied and used for PHB production on an industrial scale; However the substrates used for producing PHB are mainly fructose, glucose, sucrose, fatty acids, glycerol, etc., which are expensive. In this study, we demonstrate production of PHB from a process relevant lignocellulosic derived sugar stream, i.e., saccharified slurry from pretreated corn stover. The strain was first investigated in shake flasks for its ability to utilize glucose, xylose and acetate. In addition, the strain was also grown on pretreated lignocellulose hydrolyzate slurry and evaluated in terms of cell growth, sugar utilization, PHB accumulation, etc. The mechanism of inhibition in the toxic hydrolysate generated by the pretreatment and saccharification process of biomass, was also studied.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Atmospheric Radiative and Oceanic Biological Productivity Responses to Increasing Anthropogenic Combustion‐Iron Emission in the 1850–2010 Period
Abstract Anthropogenic emission is an important component of the present‐day iron cycle yet its long‐term impacts on climate are poorly understood. Iron mineralogy strongly affects its radiative and oceanic interactions and was unrepresented in previous studies. We perform simulations using a mineralogy‐based inventory and an atmospheric transport model and estimate the 1850–2010 global mean direct radiative forcing (DRF) to be +0.02 to +0.10 W/m 2 . We estimate that the CO 2 sequestration of 0.2–13 ppmv over the last 150 years due to enhanced phytoplankton productivity by anthropogenic iron deposition causes an avoided CO 2 forcing of −0.002 to −0.16 W/m 2 . While globally small, these impacts can be higher in specific regions; the anthropogenic DRF is +0.5 W/m 2 over areas with more coal combustion and metal smelting, and anthropogenic soluble iron sustains >10% of marine net primary productivity in the high‐latitude North Pacific Ocean, a region vulnerable to stratification due to climate change.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Contrasting biological production trends over land and ocean
Terrestrial and marine ecosystems constitute the primary components of the Earth’s biosphere, yet their photosynthetic productions are typically studied separately, which limits understanding of planetary carbon uptake and biosphere health. Here, in this study, using multiple satellite-derived products, we identify contrasting net primary production (NPP) trends between land and ocean, probably reflecting their differential sensitivity to climate warming, especially in tropical regions. Planetary NPP shows an overall increase of 0.11 ± 0.13 PgC yr −1 (P = 0.05) from 2003 to 2021, driven by a significant terrestrial enhancement of 0.20 ± 0.07 PgC yr −1 (P < 0.001) and partially offset by an oceanic decline of −0.12 ± 0.12 PgC yr −1 (P = 0.07). While land contributes to the strong upwards NPP trend, the interannual variability in global NPP is predominantly driven by the ocean, especially during strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. Our findings highlight the resilience and potential vulnerability of biosphere primary productivity in a warming climate, calling for integrated land–ocean monitoring and assessment to support climate mitigation initiatives.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Sustained climate warming drives declining marine biological productivity
Not Available
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Electrophoresis for biological production
Preparative electrophoresis may provide a unique method for meeting ever more stringent purity requirements. Prolonged near zero gravity in space may permit the operation of preparative electrophoresis equipment with 100 times greater throughput than is currently available. Some experiments with influenza Virus Antigen, Erythropoietin and Antihemophaliac Factor, along with process and economic projections, are briefly reviewed.
Mccreight, L. R.↗
Biological production models as elements of coupled, atmosphere-ocean models for climate research
Process models of phytoplankton production are discussed with respect to their suitability for incorporation into global-scale numerical ocean circulation models. Exact solutions are given for integrals over the mixed layer and the day of analytic, wavelength-independent models of primary production. Within this class of model, the bias incurred by using a triangular approximation (rather than a sinusoidal one) to the variation of surface irradiance through the day is computed. Efficient computation algorithms are given for the nonspectral models. More exact calculations require a spectrally sensitive treatment. Such models exist but must be integrated numerically over depth and time. For these integrations, resolution in wavelength, depth, and time are considered and recommendations made for efficient computation. The extrapolation of the one-(spatial)-dimension treatment to large horizontal scale is discussed.
Platt, Trevor↗
Physical Control of Biological Productivity Off the Coast of Peru During the 1997-1998 El Nino
Satellite observations and an ecosystem model are used to understand the variability in the planktonic ecosystem off Peru for the period January 1996 to May 1998. The objective of this study is to quantify the changes in the ecosystem components, carbon pathways, and available food for small pelagic fish that occur associated with the change in physical forcing due to El Nino. Two periods are distinguished based on the observed sea level anomaly: a La Nina (LaN) period (1996) in which sea level was below normal and El Nino (EN), the average conditions for December 1997, in which the sea level was anomalously high. There are three phytoplankton size classes (pico-, nano-, and net-phytoplankton) which compete for nutrients and are eaten by three zooplankton size classes. The ecosystem model is forced by alongshore wind speed measured by the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) and the European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2). Larger, slower growing organisms are more sensitive to physical disturbance than smaller organisms (Carr, 1998]. In the present simulation as well, the primary effect of the El Nino (reduced nutrient supply, and increased temperature) is to reduce the biomass of large cells (netphytoplankton) and consequently of the zooplankton that rely on large cells as food source. EN conditions are accompanied by a rearrangement of carbon pathways: comparable uptake goes into reduced biomass accumulation, increased losses to respiration, reduced carbon export, and much reduced carbon available to fish. The star indicates the remotely sensed biomass (assuming a constant carbon to chlorophyll ratio of 60) as measured by the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (Nov.-Dec. 1996) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (Dec. 1997). The model, which assumes no light limitation, overestimates total phytoplankton biomass. Additional Information is contained in the original.
Carr, Mary-Elena↗
Continuous Remote Measurements of Atmospheric O2 Concentrations in Relation to Interannual Variations in Biological Production and Carbon Cycling in the Oceans
We successfully initiated a program to obtain continuous time series of atmospheric O2 concentrations at a semi-remote coastal site, in Trinidad, California. The installation, which was completed in September 1999, consists of a commercially-available O2 and CO2 analyzers interfaced to a custom gas handling system and housed in a dedicated building at the Trinidad site. Ultimately, the data from this site are expected to provide constraints, complementing satellite data, on variations in ocean productivity and carbon exchange on annual and interannual time scales, in the context of human-induced changes in global climate and other perturbations. The existing time-series, of limited duration, have been used in support of studies of the O2/CO2 exchange from a wild fire (which fortuitously occurred nearby in October 1999) and to quantify air-sea N2O and O2 exchanges related to coastal upwelling events. More generally, the project demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining semi-continuous O2 time series at moderate cost from strategic locations globally.
Keeling, Ralph F.↗
Interannual variability of biological production in the Canary current: a remote sensing and modeling perspective
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ocean productivity ocean color↗
Eddies Enhance Biological Production in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence of the Southern Ocean
Satellite data show that oceanic eddies generated in the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF) are associated with increased phytoplankton biomass. Cyclonic eddies with high chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) retain phytoplankton within the eddy cores and increase the light available for photosynthesis in the upper mixed layer by limiting vertical mixing and lifting of the isopycnal surfaces. Anticyclonic eddies have low Chl-a in the core but increased Chl-a in the periphery. Cross-frontal mixing mediated by eddies transports nutrients (e.g., Fe and Si) to the north and contributes to the increased Chl-a in the frontal zone. Interannual variations in the cyclonic eddy activity are positively correlated with variations in Chl-a during the spring bloom in regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current around South Georgia.
Kahru, M.↗