Bose-einstein condensation in narrow channels.
Bose-Einstein gas model to investigate transition temperature of liquid helium in narrow channels
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT↗
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Acoustic black holes, white holes, and wormholes in Bose-Einstein condensates in two dimensions
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Vaidya, Sachin (ORCID:0009000260156907)↗
Chiral superconductivity from a parent Chern band and its non-Abelian generalization
Here, we propose a minimal model starting from a parent Chern band with quartic dispersion that can describe the spin-valley polarized electrons in rhombohedral tetralayer graphene. The interplay between repulsive and attractive interactions on top of that parent Chern band is studied. We conduct standard self-consistent mean-field calculations, and find a rich phase diagram that consists of metal, quantum anomalous Hall crystal, chiral topological superconductor, as well as trivial gapped Bose-Einstein condensate. In particular, there exists a topological phase transition from the chiral superconductor to the Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature. Motivated by the recent experimental and theoretical studies of composite Fermi liquid in rhombohedral stacked multilayer graphene, we further generalize the physical electron model to its composite fermion counterpart based on a field theory analysis. The chiral superconductor phase of the composite fermion becomes the non-abelian Moore-Read quantum Hall phase. We argue that a chiral (pseudo-)spin liquid phase can emerge in the vicinity of this Moore-Read quantum Hall phase. Our work suggests rhombohedral multilayer graphene as a potential platform for rich correlated topological phases.
Wang, Yan-Qi [University of Maryland, College Park↗
Josephson dynamics in two-dimensional ring-shaped condensates
We investigate Josephson transport in a fully closed, two-dimensional superfluid circuit formed by a ring-shaped 87 Rb Bose-Einstein condensate that contains two optical barriers acting as movable weak links. Translating these barriers at controlled speeds imposes a steady bias current, enabling direct mapping of the current-chemical-potential (𝐼−Δ𝜇) characteristics. For narrow junctions (𝑤 ≈ 1µm), the circuit exhibits a pronounced dc branch that terminates at a critical current 𝐼 𝑐 = 9(1) × 10 3 s −1 ; above this threshold, the system switches to an ac, resistive regime. Classical-field simulations that include the moving barriers quantitatively reproduce both the nonlinear 𝐼−Δ𝜇 curve and the measured 𝐼 𝑐 , validating the underlying microscopic picture. Analysis of the ensuing phase dynamics shows that dissipation is mediated by the nucleation and traversal of vortex-antivortex pairs through the junctions, while the bulk condensate remains globally phase locked—direct evidence of the ring's topological constraint enforcing quantized circulation. These results establish a cold-atom analog of a superconducting quantum interference device in which Josephson dynamics can be resolved at the single-vortex level, providing a versatile platform for atomtronic circuit elements, nonreciprocal Josephson devices, and on-chip Sagnac interferometers for multiaxis rotation sensing.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
The Nontrivial Vacuum Structure of an Extended $t\bar{t}$ BEH (Higgs) Bound State
In a recent reformulation of top-quark condensation for the Brout-Englert-Higgs boson, we introduced an extended internal wave-function, $ϕ(r)$. We show how this leads to a manifestly Lorentz invariant formalism, where the absence of ``relative time'' is a gauge invariance of the bilocal field theory. This dictates a novel and nontrivial Lorentz invariant vacuum structure for the BEH boson, the relativistic generalization of a condensed matter state such as a BCS or Bose-Einstein condensate.
Hill, Christopher T. [Fermilab; Wisconsin U., Madi↗
Possible Observation of Quadrupole Waves in Spin Nematics
Discovery of new states of matter is a key objective in modern condensed matter physics, which often leads to revolutionary technological advancements such as superconductivity. Quantum spin nematic, a “hidden order” that evades conventional magnetic probes, is one such state. Na 2 BaNi(PO 4 ) 2 is a potential spin nematic material, suggested by the observation of a two-magnon Bose-Einstein condensation from above the saturation field. However, direct confirmation of the spin nematicity remains elusive. Here, this Letter presents inelastic neutron scattering spectra from the putative spin nematic phases of Na 2 BaNi(PO 4 ) 2 , revealing low-energy quadrupole waves that are absent in the neighboring conventional magnetic phases. A spin-one model quantitatively captures the full details of the spin excitation spectra across all low-temperature phases, providing direct evidence of the spin nematic orders. Additionally, we show evidence of the three-magnon continuum and two-magnon bound states in the 1/3-magnetization plateau, revealing condensation of the two-magnon bound state as the origin of the low-field spin nematic supersolid phase.
Sheng, Jieming [Southern University of Science and↗
Acoustic misalignment mechanism for axion dark matter
A rotation in the field space of a complex scalar field corresponds to a Bose-Einstein condensation of U(1) charges. We point out that fluctuations in this rotating condensate exhibit sound-wave modes, which can be excited by cosmic perturbations and identified with axion fluctuations once the U(1) charge condensate has been sufficiently diluted by cosmic expansion. We consider the possibility that these axion fluctuations constitute dark matter and develop a formalism to compute its abundance. We carefully account for the growth of fluctuations during the epoch where the complex scalar field rotates on the body of the potential and possible nonlinear evolution when the fluctuations become non-relativistic. We find that the resultant dark matter abundance can exceed the conventional and kinetic misalignment contributions if the radial direction of the complex scalar field is sufficiently heavy. The axion dark matter may also be warm enough to leave imprints on structure formation. We discuss the implications of this novel dark matter production mechanism — acoustic misalignment mechanism — for the axion rotation cosmology, including kination domination and baryogenesis from axion rotation, as well as for axion searches.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
BCS-BEC crossover driven by small Fermi pockets of a high- T c cuprate superconductor
Fermi arcs observed in underdoped cuprates have sparked debate over whether they represent segments of a large Fermi surface or small Fermi pockets. This ambiguity has long hindered their classification as either the conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regime or the strongly coupled Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover limit. Here, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and quantum oscillations, we demonstrate the coexistence of a small Fermi pocket and a large superconducting gap in the clean inner CuO 2 layers of the four-layer cuprate Ba 2 Ca 3 Cu 4 O 8 (F,O) 2 . This coexistence constitutes a hallmark of the BCS-BEC crossover and has remained elusive for decades. Despite the presence of antiferromagnetic (AF) order, the superconducting gap in the small pocket is remarkably large, yielding a gap-to-Fermi energy ratio (Δ pocket /ε F ~ 0.6) and a critical-to-Fermi temperature ratio (T c /T F ~ 0.13) that reach the theoretical upper bound for two-dimensional superconductivity. Unexpectedly, this BCS-BEC crossover emerges not as the carrier density decreases but as it increases, abruptly within a narrow doping range of less than 1%. These results provide a long-sought microscopic foundation for the d-wave pairing mechanism in doped AF-Mott insulators.
Jeong, Junhyeok [University of Tokyo, Kashiwa (Jap↗
Constraining axion properties with radio telescopes
Axion dark matter or any ultralight bosonic dark matter can go through Bose-Einstein condensation due to the large phase density, leading to the formation of axion stars or solitons in dark matter halo centers. The formation rate is enhanced in the presence of the substructures expected in the postinflationary scenario for the QCD axion or axionlike particles. An axion star will continue to grow until a critical mass is reached, after which it collapses and then explodes, with the emission of relativistic axions, in a process called an “axinovae.” There can also be accompanying photon emission due to the stimulated decay of axions in the coherent compact axion star. In axion models with a modest enhancement (𝜅 ∼𝒪(10)) of the axion-photon coupling 𝑔 𝑎𝛾 = 𝜅𝛼/(2𝜋𝑓 𝑎 ) axinovae will contain a significant flux of radio photons. We determine the range of parameters over which axinovae can be detectable with radio transient searches.
Fox, Patrick J. [Fermi National Accelerator Labora↗
Tunable pairing with local spin-dependent Rydberg molecule potentials in an atomic Fermi superfluid
We explore the energy spectrum and eigenstates of two-component atomic Fermi superfluids with tunable pairing interactions in the presence of spin-dependent ultralong-range Rydberg molecule (ULRM) potentials, within the Bogoliubov–de Gennes formalism. The attractive ULRM potentials lead to local-density accumulation, while their difference results in a local polarization potential and induces the in-gap Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states whose energies lie below the bulk energy gap. A transition from equal population to population imbalance occurs as the pairing strength falls below a critical value, accompanied by the emergence of local Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO)–like states characterized by out-of-phase wave functions and lower energies compared to the YSR states. The negative contribution emanating from the FFLO-like states also causes a sign change in the gap function within the ULRM potentials. Depending on the Rydberg excitation, the transition towards population imbalance can be on either the BCS or the Bose-Einstein condensation side of the Fermi superfluid. Additionally, spin-polarized bound states arise along with oscillatory “clumpy states” to compensate for the local-density difference. Here, we discuss possible experimental realizations of the composite Rydberg-atom–Fermi-superfluid system.
Cold and ultracold molecules↗
Multiloop and multiaxis atomtronic Sagnac interferometry
We report the experimental realization of a large-area and multiaxis atomtronic interferometer in an optical waveguide for rotation sensing. A large enclosed area is achieved through multiloop operation in a guided-atom interferometer using Bose-Einstein condensates. We demonstrate a three-loop interferometer with a total interrogation time of ∼ 0.4 s and an enclosed area of 8.7 mm 2 —the largest reported in a fully guided or one-dimensional setup. High-contrast interference fringes are observed for up to five Sagnac orbits in a smaller loop-area configuration. Our approach enables interleaved rotation measurements about multiple arbitrary axes within the same experimental setup. We present results for area-enclosing interferometers in both horizontal and vertical planes, demonstrating that the interferometer contrast remains comparable across orthogonal orientations of the enclosed area vectors.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Semi-Annual Report: October 15, 1961
Investigations are proposed involving an experimental and theoretical program designed to investigate various properties of the structure of helium both in its atomic form and in the aggregates of the liquid and solid states. The key to the possibilities of performing the experiments lies in the relatively weak electric fields existing in liquid and solid helium and the possibility of producing external fields almost comparable with the internal fields. It is proposed to examine a) the melting pressure curve for helium as a function of electric field b) the dielectric constant of helium as a function of pressure and electric field c) in future, the effect of electric fields on the lambda transition. From the results of these experiments one would expect to be able to gather at least corroborative evidence on a) the crystal structure of solid helium on b) the effect of the Van der Waal interaction of the electric polarizability of helium, c) the possibility of producing helium molecules d) the effective volume available to helium atoms in the liquid and possibly e) the effect of particle interactions on the Bose-Einstein condensation.
HELIUM↗
Microgravity Game Changers: Recent Accomplishments of Microgravity Assisted Materials Experiments on the ISS
This paper discusses important new materials, devices and technology produced in low-Earth orbit (LEO) that have been developed with funding from NASA’s In Space Production Applications (InSPA) Portfolio. In coordination with the International Space Station (ISS) National Laboratory, InSPA supports innovative small businesses and other research & development organizations to develop microgravity-assisted applications that make significant impacts in a wide variety of industries on Earth. These technology development efforts are using the microgravity of orbital space to overcome gravity-induced defects on Earth to create high-value products for terrestrial markets in the areas of semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and communications. Through 24/7/365 operation on ISS for 25 years, coupled with commercial space transportation and services to, in, and from orbit, the microgravity environment has enabled pioneering science and significant commercial applications, including novel medical advances. World-leading researchers, innovators, and space payload developers provide compelling evidence through demonstrations on the ISS that materials processing in microgravity improves outcomes for a wide range of materials and products at all levels of the organization of matter, from quantum entities such as Bose-Einstein condensates, to crystals, alloys, composites, thin films, and photonics, to stem cells, medical diagnoses, medical treatments, and medical devices for humans. As of 2026, numerous examples proved by demonstration on ISS show the potential of these technologies in various fields. In this paper, a summary of four important experiments is presented.
microgravity medical devices↗
Superradiant Neutrino Lasers from Radioactive Condensates
Superradiance emerges from collective spontaneous emission in optically pumped gases, and is characterized by photon emission enhancements of up to $\frac{1}{4}$𝑁 2 in an 𝑁 atom system. The gain mechanism derives from correlations developed within the decay medium rather than from stimulated emission as in lasing, so an analog of this process should be possible for fermionic final states. We introduce here the concept of superradiant neutrino emission from a radioactive Bose Einstein condensate, which can form the basis for a superradiant neutrino laser. A plausible experimental realization based on a condensate of electron-capture isotope 83 Rb could exhibit effective radioactive decay rates accelerated from 86.2 days to minutes in viably sized rubidium condensates of 10 6 atoms.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Thermal Bekenstein-Hawking entropy from the worldsheet
We define and compute the leading sphere diagram contribution to the entropy of the BTZ black hole supported by Kalb-Ramond flux in bosonic string theory. In a winding condensate description, integrating exactly over the constant mode for the radial direction of AdS 3 reduces the problem to one of the correlation functions of winding operators in the free theory. The volume of the residual PSL(2,ℂ) gauge group of the sphere is canceled by the action of conformal transformations on the winding interaction insertions. We formulate a precise version of the replica trick in terms of (infinitesimally) non-integer winding condensates to produce the entropy of the BTZ black hole. The resulting entropy can be calculated from the one-point function of a non-local operator on the worldsheet.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Parametric tuning of quantum phase transitions in ultracold reactions
Advances in atomic physics have led to the possibility of a coherent transformation between ultracold atoms and molecules including between completely bosonic condensates. Such transformations are enabled by the magneto-association of atoms at a Feshbach resonance which results in a passage through a quantum critical point. In this study, we show that the presence of generic interaction between the constituent atoms and molecules can fundamentally alter the nature of the critical point, change the yield of the reaction and the order of the consequent phase transition. We find that the correlations introduced by this interaction induce nontrivial many-body physics such as coherent oscillations between atoms and molecules, and a selective formation of squeezed molecular quantum states and quantum cat states. We provide analytical and numerical descriptions of these effects, along with scaling laws for the reaction yield in non-adiabatic regimes.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Bose–Einstein condensation of a two-magnon bound state in a spin-1 triangular lattice
In ordered magnets, the elementary excitations are spin waves (magnons), which obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Similarly to Cooper pairs in superconductors, magnons can be paired into bound states under attractive interactions. The Zeeman coupling to a magnetic field is able to tune the particle density through a quantum critical point, beyond which a ‘hidden order’ is predicted to exist. Here, in this work, we report direct observation of the Bose–Einstein condensation of the two-magnon bound state in Na 2 BaNi(PO 4 ) 2 . Comprehensive thermodynamic measurements confirmed the two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensation quantum critical point at the saturation field. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed to establish the microscopic model. An exact solution revealed stable two-magnon bound states that were further confirmed by electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, demonstrating that the quantum critical point is due to the pair condensation, and the phase below the saturation field is likely the long-sought-after spin nematic phase.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
High-precision phase control of an optical lattice with up to 50 dB noise suppression
An optical lattice is a periodic light crystal constructed from the standing-wave interference patterns of laser beams. It can be used to store and manipulate quantum degenerate atoms and is an ideal platform for the quantum simulation of many-body physics. A principal feature is that optical lattices are flexible and possess a variety of multidimensional geometries with modifiable band structure. An even richer landscape emerges when control functions can be applied to the lattice by modulation of the position or amplitude with Floquet driving. However, the desire of realizing high-modulation bandwidths while preserving extreme lattice stability has been difficult to achieve. In this paper, we demonstrate an effective solution that consists of overlapping two counterpropagating lattice beams and controlling the phase and intensity of each with independent acousto-optic modulators. Our phase controller mixes sampled light from both lattice beams with a common optical reference. This dual heterodyne locking method allows exquisite determination of the lattice position, while also removing parasitic phase noise accrued as the beams travel along separate paths. Here, we report up to 50 dB suppression in lattice phase noise in the 0.1–1 Hz band, along with significant suppression spanning more than 4 decades of frequency. The absolute phase diffusion of the lattice position is only 10 Å when integrated over 10 s. This method permits precise, high-bandwidth modulation (greater than 50 kHz) of the optical lattice intensity and phase. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by executing intricate time-varying phase profiles for atom interferometry.
Atom interferometry↗