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NASA NTRS2014

Continued Development of the Brine Evaporation Bag

The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) is a membrane-based bag system for the dewatering of brine. Previous studies showed the ability of the BEB to dewater brine at low temperatures with a 96 percent mass reduction. Additionally, a microgravity flight showed the BEB is microgravity compatible. Current work focuses on the effects of temperature, vacuum, purge gas flow rate, membrane area, and membrane permeability on the rate of dewatering within a vacuum oven configured to mimic the Heat Melt Compactor. Within this study, it was found that changing the temperature or level of vacuum would change the rate of dewatering. The purge gas, membrane area, and membrane permeability did not affect the dewater rate. The reason for this behavior may be that the dewatering is heat transfer limited, and out of all the parameters studied, only the temperature and vacuum have an effect on the heat transfer rate. The ISS (International Space Station) produces brine at a rate of 1.2 liters per day. This initial study showed that it is possible to remove water from a BEB at a rate of 1.6 liters per day in this breadboard configuration; even at moderate temperatures. Development of a dedicated BEB Evaporator will be discussed. In addition, it is further postulated that a specifically designed BEB Evaporator would result in an increased dewatering rate allowing for even lower operating temperatures or faster dewatering rates.

Recycling↗
NASA NTRS2015

Results for the Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) Brine Processing Test

The recent Brine Processing Test compared the NASA Forward Osmosis Brine Dewatering (FOBD), Paragon Ionomer Water Processor (IWP), UMPQUA Ultrasonic Brine Dewatering System (UBDS), and the NASA Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB). This paper reports the results of the BEB. The BEB was operated at 70 deg C and a base pressure of 12 torr. The BEB was operated in a batch mode, and processed 0.4L of brine per batch. Two different brine feeds were tested, a chromic acid-urine brine and a chromic acid-urine-hygiene mix brine. The chromic acid-urine brine, known as the ISS Alternate Pretreatment Brine, had an average processing rate of 95 mL/hr with a specific power of 5kWhr/L. The complete results of these tests will be reported within this paper.

BEB↗
NASA NTRS2016

Results of the FY15 Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) Technology Down-Select Testing

The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) recently participated in the Brine Concentrator Technology (BCT) Technology Down-Select (TDS). It was found that the BEB System is able to process ISS (International Space Station) Alternate Pretreat Brine at a rate high enough for ISS application as well as future deep space missions. The BEB System is also capable of processing the brine to a solid residue which will add to the stability and safety of storing the brine residue. The results of the BEB testing for the BCT-TDS will be presented in this paper.

recycling↗
NASA NTRS2016

Results of the FY15 Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) Technology Down-Select Testing

The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) recently participated in the Brine Concentrator Technology (BCT) Technology Down-Select (TDS). It was found that the BEB System is able to process ISS (International Space Station) Alternate Pretreat Brine at a rate high enough for ISS application as well as future deep space missions. The BEB System is also capable of processing the brine to a solid residue which will add to the stability and safety of storing the brine residue. The results of the BEB testing for the BCT-TDS will be presented in this paper.

Delzeit, Lance↗
NASA NTRS2015

Design of the Brine Evaporation Bag for Increased Water Recovery in Microgravity

The existing water recovery system on the International Space Station (ISS) is limited to 75% reclamation; consequently, long duration space missions are currently unfeasible due to the large quantity of water necessary to sustain the crew. The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) is a proposed system to supplement the existing water recovery system aboard the ISS that can to increase water recovery to 99%. The largest barrier to high water recovery is mineral scaling inside the water recovery equipment, which leads to equipment failure; therefore, some water must remain to keep the minerals dissolved. This waste stream is liquid brine containing salts, acids, organics, and water. The BEB is designed to recover this remaining water while protecting the equipment from scale. The BEB consists of a sealed bag containing a hydrophobic membrane that allows water vapor and gas to pass through. It is operated under vacuum, heated, and continuously filled with brine to boil away the water. The water vapor is recovered and the solids are contained inside the bag for disposal. The BEB can dry the brine to a solid block. Ongoing work includes improving the design of the BEB and the evaporator to prevent leaks, maximize the rate of water removal, and minimize energy use and weight. Additional testing will determine whether designs are heat- or mass-transfer limited and the optimal water recovery rate.

Brine Evaporation Bag↗
NASA NTRS2016

Development of the Continuous-Fill Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) System

The existing water recovery system on the International Space Station (ISS) is limited to 70 percent reclamation; consequently, long duration space missions are currently unfeasible due to the large quantity of water necessary to sustain the crew. The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) is a proposed system to supplement the existing water recovery system aboard the ISS and future deep space missions that can increase water recovery to 99 percent. The BEB project previously focused on the development of only the bag portion of the system. This paper focuses on the development of the BEB Evaporator. It will discuss the work to understand, optimize, and improve the entire BEB system while implementing a continuous-fill process. The results of that development and the advantages and limitations of the continuous-fill process will be presented.

Water Recovery↗
NASA NTRS2016

Development of the Auto-Fill Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) System

The existing water recovery system on the International Space Station (ISS) is limited to 70 percent reclamation; consequently, long duration space missions are currently unfeasible due to the large quantity of water necessary to sustain the crew. The Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) is a proposed system to supplement the existing water recovery system aboard the ISS and future deep space missions that can increase water recovery to 99 percent. The BEB project previously focused on the development of only the bag portion of the system. This paper focuses on the development of the BEB Evaporator. It will discuss the work to understand, optimize, and improve the entire BEB system while implementing a continuous-fill process. The results of that development and the advantages and limitations of the continuous-fill process will be presented.

Delzeit, Lance↗
NASA NTRS2015

Evaluation of Brine Processing Technologies for Spacecraft Wastewater

Brine drying systems may be used in spaceflight. There are several advantages to using brine processing technologies for long-duration human missions including a reduction in resupply requirements and achieving high water recovery ratios. The objective of this project was to evaluate four technologies for the drying of spacecraft water recycling system brine byproducts. The technologies tested were NASA's Forward Osmosis Brine Drying (FOBD), Paragon's Ionomer Water Processor (IWP), NASA's Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) System, and UMPQUA's Ultrasonic Brine Dewatering System (UBDS). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the hardware using feed streams composed of brines similar to those generated on board the International Space Station (ISS) and future exploration missions. The brine formulations used for testing were the ISS Alternate Pretreatment and Solution 2 (Alt Pretreat). The brines were generated using the Wiped-film Rotating-disk (WFRD) evaporator, which is a vapor compression distillation system that is used to simulate the function of the ISS Urine Processor Assembly (UPA). Each system was evaluated based on the results from testing and Equivalent System Mass (ESM) calculations. A Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix was also developed as a method to compare the different technologies based on customer and engineering requirements.

recycling↗
NASA NTRS2015

Results of the GCMS Effluent Gas Analysis for the Brine Processing Test

The effluent gas for the Paragon Ionomer Water Processor (IWP), UMPQUA Ultrasonic Brine Dewatering System (UBDS), and the NASA Brine Evaporation Bag (BEB) were analyzed using Headspace GCMS Analysis in the recent AES FY14 Brine Processing Test. The results from the analysis describe the number and general chemical species of the chemicals produced. Comparisons were also made between the different chromatograms for each system, and an explanation of the differences in the results is reported.

GCMS↗
NASA NTRS2015

Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA): A New Approach to Recovering Water from Wastewater Brines

Brine water recovery represents a current technology gap in water recycling for human spaceflight. The role of a brine processor is to take the concentrated discharge from a primary wastewater processor, called brine, and recover most of the remaining water from it. The current state‐of‐the‐art primary processor is the ISS Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) that currently achieves 70% water recovery. Recent advancements in chemical pretreatments are expected to increase this to 85% in the near future. This is a welcome improvement, yet is still not high enough for deep space transit. Mission architecture studies indicate that at least 95% is necessary for a Mars mission, as an example. Brine water recovery is the technology that bridges the gap between 85% and 95%, and moves life support systems one step closer to full closure of the water loop. Several brine water recovery systems have been proposed for human spaceflight, most of them focused on solving two major problems: operation in a weightless environment, and management and containment of brine residual. Brine residual is the leftover byproduct of the brine recovery process, and is often a viscous, sticky paste, laden with crystallized solid particles. Due to the chemical pretreatments added to wastewater prior to distillation in a primary processor, these residuals are typically toxic, which further complicates matters. Isolation of crewmembers from these hazardous materials is paramount. The Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) is a recently developed concept from the Johnson Space Center that offers solutions to these challenges. CoBRA is centered on a softgoods evaporator that enables a passive fill with brine, and regeneration by discharging liquid brine residual to a collection bag. This evaporator is meant to be lightweight, which allows it to be discarded along with the accumulated brine solids contained within it. This paper discusses design and development of a first CoBRA prototype, and reports initial test results.

Pensinger, Stuart J.↗