Search for natural radioactivity of calcium-48
Chemical scandium isotope separation from calcium compounds containing radioactive calcium 48
Yeager, M. J.↗
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Operational test of micro-oven for {sup 48}Ca beam
In order to supply a high-intensity and stable {sup 48}Ca beam from the RIKEN 18-GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source, we are conducting operational tests of a micro-oven. A mixture of CaO and Al powders is placed into the crucible of the micro-oven and heated to produce metallic calcium by a reductive reaction. The successful production of a calcium beam was confirmed. In addition, we reduced the material consumption rate by using a so-called “hot liner,” and we enhanced the beam intensity by applying a negative voltage bias to the micro-oven, the effect of which is similar to the effect of a “biased disk.”.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
A spectrometer on chemical vapour deposition-diamond basis for the measurement of the charge-state distribution of heavy ions in a laser-generated plasma
This article reports on the development and the first applications of a new spectrometer which enables the precise and time-resolved measurement of both the energy loss and the charge-state distribution of ion beams with 10 < Z < 30 at energies of 4-8 MeV/u after their interaction with a laser-generated plasma. The spectrometer is based on five 20 Multiplication-Sign 7 mm{sup 2} large and 20 {mu}m thick polycrystalline diamond samples produced via the Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) process and was designed with the help of ion-optical simulations. First experiments with the spectrometer were successfully carried out at GSI using {sup 48}Ca ions at an energy of 4.8 MeV/u interacting with a carbon plasma generated by the laser irradiation of a thin foil target. Owing to the high rate capability and the short response time of the spectrometer, pulsed ion beams with 10{sup 3}-10{sup 4} ions per bunch at a bunch frequency of 108 MHz could be detected. The temporal evolution of the five main charge states of the calcium ion beams as well as the corresponding energy loss values could be measured simultaneously. Due to the outstanding properties of diamond as a particle detector, a beam energy resolution ({Delta}E/E) Almost-Equal-To 0.1% could be reached using the presented experimental method, while a precision of 10% in the energy loss and charge-state distribution data was obtained.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Automation of experiments at Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator
Approaches to solving the problems of automation of basic processes in long-term experiments in heavy ion beams of the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGFRS) facility are considered. Approaches in the field of spectrometry, both of rare α decays of superheavy nuclei and those for constructing monitoring systems to provide accident-free experiment running with highly radioactive targets and recording basic parameters of experiment, are described. The specific features of Double Side Silicon Strip Detectors (DSSSDs) are considered, special attention is paid to the role of boundary effects of neighboring p–n transitions in the “active correlations” method. An example of an off–beam experiment attempting to observe Zeno effect is briefly considered. Basic examples for nuclear reactions of complete fusion at {sup 48}Ca ion beams of U-400 cyclotron (LNR, JINR) are given. A scenario of development of the “active correlations” method for the case of very high intensity beams of heavy ions at promising accelerators of LNR, JINR, is presented.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
{gamma} spectroscopy around doubly magic {sup 48}Ca by heavy-ion transfer reactions
{gamma} spectroscopy of neutron-rich nuclei around {sup 48}Ca is performed by the heavy-ion transfer reaction {sup 48}Ca on {sup 64}Ni at 282 MeV, with the PRISMA-CLARA setup at Legnaro Laboratory. Angular distributions, polarizations and lifetimes analysis probe spin and parities of several excited states, shading lights on their configuration. In the one neutron transfer channels, {sup 49}Ca and {sup 47}Ca, states arising by coupling a single particle to the 3{sup -} phonon of {sup 48}Ca are observed, showing the robustness of nuclear collectivity in rather light systems. The work demonstrates the feasibility of complete in-beam {gamma}-spectroscopy with heavy-ion transfer reactions and provides a method that can be further exploited in the future with heavy targets and radioactive beams.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Dynamics of quasifission
Quasifission is the primary reaction mechanism that limits the formation of superheavy nuclei and consequently an important ingredient for choosing the best target-projectile combinations for the heavy element searches. Quasifission is characterized by nuclear contact-times that are much longer than those found in deep-inelastic reactions, resulting in a substantial mass and charge transfer. In this manuscript we employ the fully microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory to study quasifission. New results are presented for the {sup 48}Ca+{sup 249}Bk system.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Efficient double beta decay nuclear matrix elements computations
We have developed a shell model code for the accurate computation of the two-body matrix elements of the transition operators involved in the neutrinoless double beta decay. This code features coupled cluster method short-range correlations with Jastrow-like functions, finite nucleon size effect and higher order nucleon current corrections. We present the results obtained for {sup 48}Ca and {sup 82}Se, then we compare them with other results in the literature. In the case of {sup 48}Ca, we also study the contributions of the included effects and find good agreement with other published results.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Shell model nuclear matrix elements for competing mechanisms contributing to double beta decay
Recent progress in the shell model approach to the nuclear matrix elements for the double beta decay process are presented. This includes nuclear matrix elements for competing mechanisms to neutrionless double beta decay, a comparison between closure and non-closure approximation for {sup 48}Ca, and an updated shell model analysis of nuclear matrix elements for the double beta decay of {sup 136}Xe.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
ELECTRON-CAPTURE SUPERNOVAE AS ORIGIN OF {sup 48}Ca
We report that electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe), arising from collapsing oxygen-neon-magnesium cores, are a possible source of {sup 48}Ca, whose origin has remained a longstanding puzzle. Our two-dimensional, self-consistent explosion model of an ECSN predicts ejection of neutron-rich matter with electron fractions Y{sub e} Almost-Equal-To 0.40-0.42 and relatively low entropies, s Almost-Equal-To 13-15 k{sub B} per nucleon (k{sub B} is the Boltzmann constant). Post-processing nucleosynthesis calculations result in appreciable production of {sup 48}Ca in such neutron-rich and low-entropy matter during the quasi-nuclear equilibrium and subsequent freezeout phases. The amount of ejected {sup 48}Ca can account for that in the solar inventory when we consider possible uncertainties in the entropies. ECSNe could thus be a site of {sup 48}Ca production in addition to a hypothetical, rare class of high-density Type Ia supernovae.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Isotope anomalies in the FE-group elements in meteorites and connections to nucleosynthesis in AGB stars
We study the effects of neutron captures in AGB stars on “Fe-group” elements, with an emphasis on Cr, Fe, and Ni. These elements show anomalies in {sup 54}Cr, {sup 58}Fe, and {sup 64}Ni in solar system materials, which are commonly attributed to supernovae (SNe). However, as large fractions of the interstellar medium (ISM) were reprocessed in AGB stars, these elements were reprocessed, too. We calculate the effects of such reprocessing on Cr, Fe, and Ni through 1.5 M{sub ⊙} and 3 M{sub ⊙} AGB models, adopting solar and 1/3 solar metallicities. All cases produce excesses of {sup 54}Cr, {sup 58}Fe, and {sup 64}Ni, while the other isotopes are little altered; hence, the observations may be explained by AGB processing. The results are robust and not dependent on the detailed initial isotopic composition. Consequences for other “Fe group” elements are then explored. They include {sup 50}Ti excesses and some production of {sup 46,47,49}Ti. In many circumstellar condensates, Ti quantitatively reflects these effects of AGB neutron captures. Scatter in the data results from small variations (granularity) in the isotopic composition of the local ISM. For Si, the main effects are instead due to variations in the local ISM from different SN sources. The problem of Ca is discussed, particularly with regard to {sup 48}Ca. The measured data are usually represented assuming terrestrial values for {sup 42}Ca/{sup 44}Ca. Materials processed in AGB stars or sources with variable initial {sup 42}Ca/{sup 44}Ca ratios can give apparent {sup 48}Ca excesses/deficiencies, attributed to SNe. The broader issue of galactic chemical evolution is also discussed in view of the isotopic granularity in the ISM.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Projectile fragmentation of {sup 40,48}Ca and isotopic scaling in a transport approach
We investigate theoretically projectile fragmentation in reactions of {sup 40,48}Ca on {sup 9}Be and {sup 181}Ta targets using a Boltzmann-type transport approach, which is supplemented by a statistical decay code to describe the de-excitation of the hot primary fragments. We determine the thermodynamical properties of the primary fragments and calculate the isotope distributions of the cold final fragments. These describe the data reasonably well. For the pairs of projectiles with different isotopic content we analyze the isotopic scaling (or isoscaling) of the final fragment distributions, which has been used to extract the symmetry energy of the primary source. The calculation exhibits isoscaling behavior for the total yields as do the experiments. We also perform an impact-parameter-dependent isoscaling analysis in view of the fact that the primary systems at different impact parameters have very different properties. Then the isoscaling behavior is less stringent, which we can attribute to specific structure effects of the {sup 40,48}Ca pair. The symmetry energy determined in this way depends on these structure effects.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Recent theoretical results for 0νββ-decay including R0νECEC and 0νββM
The most recent (2015) results for 0νββ nuclear matrix elements in the interacting boson model (IBM-2) with light and heavy neutrino exchange, including R0νECEC, are given for all nuclei of interest from {sup 48}Ca to {sup 238}U. Predictions for half-lives and limits for average neutrino mass are also made. Possible additional scenarios, such as Majoron emission, is also discussed.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Structure of odd Ge isotopes with 40 < N < 50
We have interpreted recentlymeasured experimental data of {sup 77}Ge, and also for {sup 73,75,79,81}Ge isotopes in terms of state-of-the-art shell-model calculations. Excitation energies, B(2) values, quadrupole moments and magnetic moments are compared with experimental data when available. The calculations have been performed with the recently derived interactions, namely with JUN45 and jj44b for f{sub 5/2pg9/2} space. We have also performed calculation for fpg{sub 9/2} valence space using an fpg effective interaction with {sup 48}Ca core and imposing a truncation to study the importance of the proton excitations across the Z = 28 shell in this region. The predicted results of jj44b interaction are in good agreement with experimental data.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Total and partial capture cross sections in reactions with deformed nuclei at energies near and below the Coulomb barrier
Within the quantum diffusion approach, the capture of a projectile nucleus by a target nucleus is studied at bombarding energies above and below the Coulomb barrier. The effects of deformation of interacting nuclei and neutron transfer between them on the total and partial capture cross sections and the mean angular momentum of the captured system are studied. The results obtained for the {sup 16}O + {sup 112}Cd, {sup 152}Sm, and {sup 184}W; {sup 19}F +{sup 175}Lu; {sup 28}Si +{sup 94,100}Mo and {sup 154}Sm; {sup 40}Ca +{sup 96}Zr; {sup 48}Ca+ {sup 90}Zr; and {sup 64}Ni +{sup 58,64}Ni, {sup 92,96}Zr, and {sup 100}Mo reactions are in good agreement with available experimental data.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
RELICS OF ANCIENT POST-AGB STARS IN A PRIMITIVE METEORITE
Graphite is one of the many presolar circumstellar condensate species found in primitive meteorites. While the isotopic compositions of low-density graphite grains indicate an origin in core-collapse supernovae, some high-density grains have extreme isotopic anomalies in C, Ca, and Ti, which cannot be explained by envelope predictions of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars or theoretical supernova models. The Ca and Ti isotopic anomalies, however, match the predictions of He-shell abundances in AGB stars. In this study, we show that the C, Ca, and Ti isotopic anomalies are consistent with nucleosynthesis predictions of the H-ingestion phase during a very late thermal pulse (VLTP) event in post-AGB stars. The low {sup 12}C/{sup 13}C isotopic ratios in these grains are a result of abundant {sup 12}C efficiently capturing the protons that are being ingested during the VLTP. Very high neutron densities of ∼10{sup 15} cm{sup –3}, typical of the i-process, are achieved during this phase in post-AGB stars. The large {sup 42,43,44}Ca excesses in some graphite grains are indicative of neutron capture nucleosynthesis during VLTP. The comparison of VLTP nucleosynthesis calculations to the graphite data also indicate that apparent anomalies in the Ti isotopic ratios are due to large contributions from {sup 46,48}Ca, which cannot be resolved from the isobars {sup 46,48}Ti during the measurements. We conclude that presolar graphite grains with moderate to extreme Ca and Ti isotopic anomalies originate in post-AGB stars that suffer a VLTP.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
The neutron skin in neutron-rich nuclei at Jefferson Lab
The Jefferson Lab program to measure the symmetry energy of neutron-rich nuclear matter, using precision electroweak methods, is progressing well. The initial measurement by the PREX experiment, leading to a 2-sigma determination of the 'neutron skin' in {sup 208}Pb, has been published. Design and preparation for a further, more-precise measurement on {sup 208}Pb is progressing well and there is general acceptance of the great advantage to a further measurement on {sup 48}Ca. The surprising ancillary result that the beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for {sup 208}Pb is consistent with zero is also now in the literature. This paper will discuss the current experimental situation of the program.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Results of the double beta decay experiment NEMO-3
The double beta decay experiment NEMO-3 has taken data from February 2003 to January 2011. The two-neutrino decay half lives were measured for seven different isotopes ({sup 100}Mo, {sup 82}Se, {sup 116}Cd, {sup 150}Nd, {sup 96}Zr, {sup 48}Ca and {sup 130}Te). No evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay is observed. The 0νββ half-life limits are found to be T{sub 1/2}{sup 0ν}({sup 100}Mo)>1.0×10{sup 24}yr(90%C.L.) and T{sub 1/2}{sup 0ν}({sup 82}Se)>3.2×10{sup 23}yr(90%C.L.)
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
ELECTRON-CAPTURE SUPERNOVAE AS SOURCES OF {sup 60}Fe
We investigate the nucleosynthesis of the radionuclide {sup 60}Fe in electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe). The nucleosynthetic results are based on a self-consistent, two-dimensional simulation of an ECSN as well as models in which the densities are systematically increased by some factors (low-entropy models). {sup 60}Fe is found to be appreciably made in neutron-rich ejecta during the nuclear quasi-equilibrium phase with greater amounts being produced in the lower-entropy models. Our results, combining them with the yields of core-collapse supernovae in the literature, suggest that ECSNe account for at least 4%-30% of live {sup 60}Fe in the Milky Way. ECSNe co-produce neutron-rich isotopes, {sup 48}Ca, {sup 50}Ti, {sup 54}Cr, some light trans-iron elements, and possibly weak r-process elements including some radionuclides such as {sup 93}Zr, {sup 99}Tc, and {sup 107}Pd, whose association with {sup 60}Fe might have been imprinted in primitive meteorites or in the deep ocean crust on the Earth.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗