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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Structural and functional insights into the unique CBS–CP12 fusion protein family in cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic organisms inhabiting a range of dynamic environments. This phylum is distinctive among photosynthetic organisms in containing genes encoding uncharacterized cystathionine β-synthase (CBS)–chloroplast protein (CP12) fusion proteins. These consist of two domains, each recognized as stand-alone photosynthetic regulators with different functions described in cyanobacteria (CP12) and plants (CP12 and CBSX). Here we show that CBS–CP12 fusion proteins are encoded in distinct gene neighborhoods, several unrelated to photosynthesis. Most frequently, CBS–CP12 genes are in a gene cluster with thioredoxin A (TrxA), which is prevalent in bloom-forming, marine symbiotic, and benthic mat cyanobacteria. Focusing on a CBS–CP12 from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 encoded in a gene cluster with TrxA, we reveal that the domain fusion led to the formation of a hexameric protein. We show that the CP12 domain is essential for hexamerization and contains an ordered, previously structurally uncharacterized N-terminal region. We provide evidence that CBS–CP12, while combining properties of both regulatory domains, behaves different from CP12 and plant CBSX. It does not form a ternary complex with phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Instead, CBS–CP12 decreases the activity of PRK in an AMP-dependent manner. We propose that the novel domain architecture and oligomeric state of CBS–CP12 expand its regulatory function beyond those of CP12 in cyanobacteria.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Improving cyanobacterail O 2 -tolerance using CBS hydrogenase for hydrogen production

Cyanobacterial H 2 production is a viable path to renewable H 2 with water serving as the electron donor and sunlight the energy source. A grand challenge is the sensitivity of the underlying hydrogenase to O 2 , the latter an inherent byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis. This challenge has been identified as a technical barrier in the Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) Multi-year Research, Development and Deployment Plan. One solution is to express in cyanobacterium an O 2 -tolerant hydrogenase to circumvent this barrier. We have uncovered an O 2 -tolerant hydrogenase from a photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus CBS (Casa Bonita Strain; hereafter “CBS”) with a half-life near 21 h when exposed to ambient O 2 . We sequenced the CBS genome and identified two sets of maturation machineries hyp1 and hyp2. Transcripts expression analysis and mutagenesis revealed that hyp1 is responsible for the assembly of the O 2 -tolerant CO-oxidation (Coo) hydrogenase and hyp2 is involved in the maturation of a H 2 -uptake hydrogenase. The structural genes encoding the O 2 -tolerant hydrogenase (cooLXUH) and maturation genes hyp1FABCDE were therefore cloned and expressed in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We obtained several recombinants displaying hydrogenase activity in a Synechocystis host lacking background activity, suggesting that the CBS hydrogenase is active in Synechocystis. Yet the activity is extremely low. To ensure balanced protein expression, we systematically optimized heterologous expression of 10 CBS genes by using stronger promoters and better ribosome binding site. Moreover we attempted the expression of cooM and cooK genes, verified to be important in CBS to afford activity. CooM is a very large protein and both CooM and CooK are membrane-associated. These properties limited our success in expressing both genes in Synechocystis, although they were both expressed in E. coli yet with no activity. This project was terminated in FY2016 due to the inability to generate a Synechocystis strain with consistent and active H 2 production activity. Nevertheless the research has led to a few high-impact publications and numerous conference presentations to increase global visibility of the DOE-funded research.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2019

Inactivation of the uptake hydrogenase in the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus CBS enables a biological water–gas shift platform for H2 production

Abstract Biological H2 production has potential to address energy security and environmental concerns if produced from renewable or waste sources. The purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus CBS produces H2 while oxidizing CO, a component of synthesis gas (Syngas). CO-linked H2 production is facilitated by an energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech), while a subsequent H2 oxidation reaction is catalyzed by a membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH). Both hydrogenases contain [NiFe] active sites requiring 6 maturation factors (HypA-F) for assembly, but it is unclear which of the two annotated sets of hyp genes are required for each in R. gelatinosus CBS. Herein, we report correlated expression of hyp1 genes with Ech genes and hyp2 expression with MBH genes. Moreover, we find that while Ech H2 evolving activity is only delayed when hyp1 is deleted, hyp2 deletion completely disrupts MBH H2 uptake, providing a platform for a biologically driven water–gas shift reaction to produce H2 from CO.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Omics-driven onboarding of the carotenoid producing red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous CBS 6938

Transcriptomics is a powerful approach for functional genomics and systems biology, yet it can also be used for genetic part discovery. Here, we derive constitutive and light-regulated promoters directly from transcriptomics data of the basidiomycete red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous CBS 6938 (anamorph Phaffia rhodozyma) and use these promoters with other genetic elements to create a modular synthetic biology parts collection for this organism. X. dendrorhous is currently the sole biotechnologically relevant yeast in the Tremellomycete class-it produces large amounts of astaxanthin, especially under oxidative stress and exposure to light. Thus, we performed transcriptomics on X. dendrorhous under different wavelengths of light (red, green, blue, and ultraviolet) and oxidative stress. Differential gene expression analysis (DGE) revealed that terpenoid biosynthesis was primarily upregulated by light through crtI, while oxidative stress upregulated several genes in the pathway. Further gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed a complex survival response to ultraviolet (UV) where X. dendrorhous upregulates aromatic amino acid and tetraterpenoid biosynthesis and downregulates central carbon metabolism and respiration. The DGE data was also used to identify 26 constitutive and regulated genes, and then, putative promoters for each of the 26 genes were derived from the genome. Simultaneously, a modular cloning system for X. dendrorhous was developed, including integration sites, terminators, selection markers, and reporters. Each of the 26 putative promoters were integrated into the genome and characterized by luciferase assay in the dark and under UV light. The putative constitutive promoters were constitutive in the synthetic genetic context, but so were many of the putative regulated promoters. Notably, one putative promoter, derived from a hypothetical gene, showed ninefold activation upon UV exposure. Thus, this study reveals metabolic pathway regulation and develops a genetic parts collection for X. dendrorhous from transcriptomic data. Therefore, this study demonstrates that combining systems biology and synthetic biology into an omics-to-parts workflow can simultaneously provide useful biological insight and genetic tools for nonconventional microbes, particularly those without a related model organism. This approach can enhance current efforts to engineer diverse microbes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of Plasma Phosphorylated Tau217 for Differentiation Between Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Subtypes Among Patients With Corticobasal Syndrome

Plasma phosphorylated tau217 (p-tau217), a biomarker of Alzheimer disease (AD), is of special interest in corticobasal syndrome (CBS) because autopsy studies have revealed AD is the driving neuropathology in up to 40% of cases. This differentiates CBS from other 4-repeat tauopathy (4RT)–associated syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) and nonfluent primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA), where underlying frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is typically the primary neuropathology. To validate plasma p-tau217 against positron emission tomography (PET) in 4RT-associated syndromes, especially CBS. This multicohort study with 6, 12, and 24-month follow-up recruited adult participants between January 2011 and September 2020 from 8 tertiary care centers in the 4RT Neuroimaging Initiative (4RTNI). All participants with CBS (n = 113), PSP-RS (n = 121), and nfvPPA (n = 39) were included; other diagnoses were excluded due to rarity (n = 29). Individuals with PET-confirmed AD (n = 54) and PET-negative cognitively normal control individuals (n = 59) were evaluated at University of California San Francisco. Operators were blinded to the cohort. Plasma p-tau217, measured by Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence, was validated against amyloid-β (Aβ) and flortaucipir (FTP) PET. Imaging analyses used voxel-based morphometry and bayesian linear mixed-effects modeling. Clinical biomarker associations were evaluated using longitudinal mixed-effect modeling. Of 386 participants, 199 (52%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 68 (8) years. Plasma p-tau217 was elevated in patients with CBS with positive Aβ PET results (mean [SD], 0.57 [0.43] pg/mL) or FTP PET (mean [SD], 0.75 [0.30] pg/mL) to concentrations comparable to control individuals with AD (mean [SD], 0.72 [0.37]), whereas PSP-RS and nfvPPA showed no increase relative to control. Within CBS, p-tau217 had excellent diagnostic performance with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for Aβ PET of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.76-0.98; P < .001) and FTP PET of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.83-1.00; P < .001). At baseline, individuals with CBS-AD (n = 12), defined by a PET-validated plasma p-tau217 cutoff 0.25 pg/mL or greater, had increased temporoparietal atrophy at baseline compared to individuals with CBS-FTLD (n = 39), whereas longitudinally, individuals with CBS-FTLD had faster brainstem atrophy rates. Individuals with CBS-FTLD also progressed more rapidly on a modified version of the PSP Rating Scale than those with CBS-AD (mean [SD], 3.5 [0.5] vs 0.8 [0.8] points/year; P = .005). In this cohort study, plasma p-tau217 had excellent diagnostic performance for identifying Aβ or FTP PET positivity within CBS with likely underlying AD pathology. Plasma P-tau217 may be a useful and inexpensive biomarker to select patients for CBS clinical trials.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands in porous sandstone: 1. Observations and conceptual model

Field observations are combined with microscopic analyses to investigate the mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands (CBs) in the porous Jurassic aeolian Aztec Sandstone exposed at Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada. Among the three types of CBs (T1, T2, and T3), we focused on the wiggly CBs (T3), which show a chevron (T3 1 ) or wavy (T3 2 ) pattern with typical corner angles of approximately 90° or 130°, respectively. Where corner angles of wiggly CBs increase to 180°, they become straight CBs (T3 3 ). Image analyses of thin sections using an optical microscope show host rock porosity increases downslope in this dune, and the predominant type of wiggly CBs also varies from chevron to straight CBs. Specifically, band type varies continuously from chevron to wavy to straight where the porosity and grain sorting of the host rock increase systematically. Based on the crack and anticrack models, we infer that the change from chevron to straight CBs is due to increasing failure angle of the sandstone and this may correlate with increasing grain sorting. Wavy CBs with intermediate failure angle and host rock porosity are an intermediate stage between chevron and straight CBs. Previous sedimentological studies also have suggested that grain size and sorting degree increase downslope on the downwind side of sand dunes due to a sieving process of the wind-blown grains. Furthermore, the transition of wiggly CB types in this regard correlates with increasing sorting and perhaps with increasing porosity downslope.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of biliary anatomy in the caudate lobe using drip infusion cholangiography-computed tomography

Purpose: This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the caudate branches (CBs), which are bile ducts originating from the caudate lobe (CL), using drip infusion cholangiography with computed tomography (DIC-CT). Methods: The confluence patterns of CBs were evaluated in 185 adult patients undergoing DIC-CT. The following bile duct features were evaluated: (a) number of depicted CBs; (b) identification of the caudate portion from which the CBs were derived; (c) identification of the confluence site of a CB; and (d) whether there was a difference in the confluence site of the CBs depending on the position of the right posterior hepatic duct (RPHD) and the portal vein (PV). Results: DIC-CT enabled detection of a total of 640 bile ducts from the CL in 185 patients, and the total number of CBs from the Spiegel lobe (SP), the paracaval portion, and the caudate process (CP) were 347 (54.2%), 112 (17.5%), and 181 (28.2%), respectively. In the SP, over 60% of CBs joined the left hepatic duct system (LHDS). The positional relationship between the RPHD and the PV was divided into a supra-portal course (n = 168) and an infra-portal course (n = 17). The number of CBs joining the LHDS was significantly different between a supra-portal course and an infra-portal course (p = 0.0484). Conclusion: CBs were depicted by DIC-CT in 98.9% of the subjects, and a detailed evaluation was possible. The number of CBs joining the LHDS was associated with the position of the RPHD and the PV.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

The quest for fungal strains and their co-culture potential to improve enzymatic degradation of Chinese distillers’ grain and other agricultural wastes

Distillers’ grain (DG) is one of the lignocellulosic agricultural waste streams having a high potential for biofuel production, however it is causing health and environmental problems in Southwest region of China because of improper treatment before being used for landfill. In this work, we aimed to identify fungal strains that efficiently hydrolyze DG and explored the possibility to further improve the hydrolysis of DG and other agricultural wastes by co-culturing these fungi. The tested fungal strains included 11 strains that were isolated from DG (Maotai Town, Guizhou, China) and 19 strains that were selected from the CBS collection of Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. Aspergillus niger CBS 110.42 and CBS 554.65 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium CBS 246.84 showed overall best cellulose and xylan degrading activity, whereas high laccase and peroxidase activities were detected for Oidiodendron echinulatum CBS 113.65 and Bjerkandera adusta CBS 143380, respectively. Furthermore, A. niger CBS 554.65 co-cultured with Trichoderma reesei CBS 383.78 and A. niger CBS 110.42 with P. chrysosporium CBS 246.84 showed the best improvement (up to 2- and 3-fold higher of β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities). These fungi and the combinations have strong potential to be further developed for local bioenergy production.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Saponin fraction isolated from Conyza blinii H.Lév. demonstrates strong anti-cancer activity that is due to its NF-κB inhibition

CBS (Conyza blinii saponin) is the total triterpenoidal saponins of Conyza blinii H.Lév which is a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). We have discovered that CBS has a profound cytostatic activity against a range of solid tumour cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also confirm that the cytostatic activity of CBS originates from its apoptosis induction effect. Additionally, we use immunoblot to find out that the apoptosis induction effect of CBS is attributable to the activation of mitochondrial pathway. Mechanistic study demonstrates that CBS is an effective NF-κB inhibitor. It inhibits p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB downstream gene expression, including XIAP, survivin, Bcl-xL, COX-2, cyclin D1, MMP-2, MMP-9 in HeLa cells. Tumour xenografted animal models verify the anti-cancer efficacy in vivo. Tumour growth is significantly repressed in two CBS-treated groups compared with the controls (P < 0.001). CBS treatment (i.g.) leads to a 48.5% and 57.0% reduction in terms of tumour weight for the 10 and 20 mg/kg dosed groups respectively. Also no apparent observable adverse effects can be seen. These results suggest that CBS obliterate tumour, at least in part due to its NF-κB inhibition, which creates potential for CBS to be developed as a practical cancer treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Compact tunable Compton x-ray source from laser-plasma accelerator and plasma mirror

We present an in-depth experimental-computational study of the parameters necessary to optimize a tunable, quasi-monoenergetic, efficient, low-background Compton backscattering (CBS) x-ray source that is based on the self-aligned combination of a laser-plasma accelerator (LPA) and a plasma mirror (PM). The main findings are (1) an LPA driven in the blowout regime by 30 TW, 30 fs laser pulses produce not only a high-quality, tunable, quasi-monoenergetic electron beam, but also a high-quality, relativistically intense (a{sub 0} ∼ 1) spent drive pulse that remains stable in profile and intensity over the LPA tuning range. (2) A thin plastic film near the gas jet exit retro-reflects the spent drive pulse efficiently into oncoming electrons to produce CBS x-rays without detectable bremsstrahlung background. Meanwhile, anomalous far-field divergence of the retro-reflected light demonstrates relativistic “denting” of the PM. Exploiting these optimized LPA and PM conditions, we demonstrate quasi-monoenergetic (50% FWHM energy spread), tunable (75–200 KeV) CBS x-rays, characteristics previously achieved only on more powerful laser systems by CBS of a split-off, counter-propagating pulse. Moreover, laser-to-x-ray photon conversion efficiency (∼6 × 10{sup −12}) exceeds that of any previous LPA-based quasi-monoenergetic Compton source. Particle-in-cell simulations agree well with the measurements.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Contact binaries as viable distance indicators: new, competitive (v)jhk{sub s} period-luminosity relations

Based on the largest catalogs currently available, comprising 6090 contact binaries (CBs) and 2167 open clusters (OCs), we determine the near-infrared (NIR) JHK {sub s} CB period–luminosity (PL) relations, for the first time achieving the low levels of intrinsic scatter that make these relations viable as competitive distance calibrators. To firmly establish our distance calibration on the basis of OC CBs, we require that (i) the CB of interest must be located inside the core radius of its host cluster, (ii) the CB’s proper motion must be located within the 2σ distribution of that of its host OC, and (iii) the CB’s age, t, must be comparable to that of its host cluster, i.e., Δlog(tyr{sup −1})<0.3. We thus select a calibration sample of 66 CBs with either OC distances or accurate space-based parallaxes. The resulting NIR PL relations, for both late-type (i.e., W Ursae Majoris-type) and—for the first time—early-type CBs, are as accurate as the well-established JHK {sub s} Cepheid PL relations, (characterized by single-band statistical uncertainties of σ < 0.10 mag). We show that CBs can be used as viable distance tracers, yielding distances with uncertainties of better than 5% for 90% of the 6090 CBs in our full sample. By combining the full JHK {sub s} photometric data set, CBs can trace distances with an accuracy, σ = 0.05 (statistical) ± 0.03 (systematic) mag. The 102 CBs in the Large Magellanic Cloud are used to determine a distance modulus to the galaxy of (m−M{sub V}){sub 0}{sup LMC}=18.41±0.20 mag.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Predicting amyloid status in corticobasal syndrome using modified clinical criteria, magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Introduction Group comparisons demonstrate greater visuospatial and memory deficits and temporoparietal-predominant degeneration on neuroimaging in patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) found to have Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology versus those with underlying frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The value of these features in predicting underlying AD pathology in individual patients is unknown. The goal of this study is to evaluate the utility of modified clinical criteria and visual interpretations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for predicting amyloid deposition (as a surrogate of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology) in patients presenting with CBS. Methods In total, 25 patients meeting CBS core criteria underwent amyloid (Pittsburgh compound B; PIB) PET scans. Clinical records, MRI, and FDG scans were reviewed blinded to PIB results. Modified clinical criteria were used to classify CBS patients as temporoparietal variant CBS (tpvCBS) or frontal variant CBS (fvCBS). MRI and FDG-PET were classified based on the predominant atrophy/hypometabolism pattern (frontal or temporoparietal). Results A total of 9 out of 13 patients classified as tpvCBS were PIB+, compared to 2out of 12 patients classified as fvCBS ( P < 0.01, sensitivity 82%, specificity 71% for PIB+ status). Visual MRI reads had 73% sensitivity and 46% specificity for PIB+ status with moderate intra-rater reliability (Cohen’s kappa = 0.42). Visual FDG reads had higher sensitivity (91%) for PIB+ status with perfect intra-rater reliability (kappa = 1.00), though specificity was low (50%). PIB results were confirmed in all 8 patients with available histopathology (3 PIB+ with confirmed AD, 5 PIB- with FTLD). Conclusions Splitting CBS patients into frontal or temporoparietal clinical variants can help predict the likelihood of underlying AD, but criteria require further refinement. Temporoparietal-predominant neuroimaging patterns are sensitive but not specific for AD.

Neurosciences & Neurology↗
DOE OSTI2024

Methodological guidelines on concrete degradation based on predictive models and the release of MOSAIC for industry use

In light-water reactors (LWRs), the concrete biological shield (CBS) designates the concrete structure directly facing the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The primary function of the CBS is to protect equipment and personnel from the neutron and gamma radiation exiting the RPV. Most CBSs in operation in the United States also provide structural support to the RPV. Based on a long-term structural analysis, the structural integrity of the CBS to transfer the in-service passive load to the foundation, dynamic loading during an earthquake, and thermal loading during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) must be maintained. Based on test reactor data for accelerated conditions, the mechanical properties of irradiated concrete are affected when exposed to neutron fluence higher than ≈ 10 19 n.cm -2 (E > 0.1 MeV). At 80 years of operation, the fluence estimates at the surface of the CBS range between 1×10 19 and 7×10 19 n.cm -2 (E > 0.1 MeV): the fluence value depends mostly on the design. Although fluence attenuates through the CBS by virtue of the shielding properties of concrete, about 5% to 10% of the CBS wall depth is affected by high fluence. The main degradation mechanism is the so-called radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE) caused by the amorphization of aggregate-forming minerals. RIVE causes large deformation of up to 18% in pure quartz, and it also reduces the structural properties of concrete. The structural effects of long-term exposure to fast neutron irradiation in LWRs was studied in the report entitled “Assessment of the Effect of the Irradiation-Induced Degradation on the In-Service Structural Performance of the Concrete Biological Shields” (M3LW-23OR0403013). This report illustrates that (1) irradiation-induced damage expands further than the region subject to a cumulative fluence of 10 19 n.cm -2 (E > 0.1 MeV) to reach the steel reinforcement location, and (2) the irradiation-induced damage region shows no substantial residual bearing capacity and should not be accounted for in the integrity assessment of the CBS.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cystathionine metabolic enzymes play a role in the inflammation resolution of human keratinocytes in response to sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde exposure

Low-level formaldehyde exposure is inevitable in industrialized countries. Although daily-life formaldehyde exposure level is practically impossible to induce cell death, most of mechanistic studies related to formaldehyde toxicity have been performed in cytotoxic concentrations enough to trigger cell death mechanism. Currently, toxicological mechanisms underlying the sub-cytotoxic exposure to formaldehyde are not clearly elucidated in skin cells. In this study, the genome-scale transcriptional analysis in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) was performed to investigate cutaneous biological pathways associated with daily life formaldehyde exposure. We selected the 175 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 116 downregulated DEGs in NHKs treated with 200 μM formaldehyde. In the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the 175 upregulated DEGs, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) was identified as the most significant GO biological process in the formaldeyde-treated NHKs. Interestingly, the sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde affected NHKs to upregulate two enzymes important in the cellular transsulfuration pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). In the temporal expression analysis, the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory DEGs such as MMP1 and PTGS2 was detected earlier than that of CTH, CBS and other ER UPR genes. The metabolites of CTH and CBS, L-cystathionine and L-cysteine, attenuated the formaldehyde-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory DEGs, MMP1, PTGS2, and CXCL8, suggesting that CTH and CBS play a role in the negative feedback regulation of formaldehyde-induced pro-inflammatory responses in NHKs. In this regard, the sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde-induced CBS and CTH may regulate inflammation fate decision to resolution by suppressing the early pro-inflammatory response. - Highlights: • Sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde upregulates ER UPR-associated genes in NHKs. • Formaldehyde-induced ER UPR genes includes cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). • Sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde upregulates cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in NHKs. • Cystathionine metabolic enzymes may attenuate formaldehyde-induced inflammation in NHKs. • Cystathionine metabolic enzymes may play a role in the resolution of inflammation in NHKs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗