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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluating the Impact of Off-Design CHP Performance on the Optimal Sizing and Dispatch on Hybrid Renewable-CHP Distributed Energy Resources

The maturation of distributed energy resources (DER) has prompted the exploration of their deployment in commercial building applications due to their potential to supply energy at lower costs and emissions rates compared to centralized generation. While several software tools exist for evaluating the techno-economic potential of integrated renewable energy and combined heat and power (CHP) systems for distributed generation applications, many suffer from poor accuracy in capturing off-design (part load and changes in ambient air temperature and pressure) performance characteristics of microturbines, combustion turbines, or internal combustion engines. Thus, this paper presents a methodology for integrating these off-design characteristics in the mixed-integer linear program within REopt, a hybrid DER screening tool. The economic impact of the CHP off-design performance is observed through several application studies of various hybrid system configurations in different climates. Each study indicates how CHP off-design performance influences optimal sizing and dispatch decisions and therefore overall system economic value. We observe through case studies that modeling without the off-design effects, depending on the CHP prime mover and site, can result in Net Present Value predictions of hybrid systems that can be overoptimistic in frequently hot climates (up to 52%), too conservative in frequently cold climates (up to 11%), or unaffected (+/-1%) in temperate climates. Cases also highlight several advantages of hybrid systems relative to non-hybrid systems such as total economic value and the systems' ability to mitigate potentially negative consequences attributed to off-design performance.

ambient de-rate↗
NASA NTRS2024

2023 Artemis Crew Health and Performance (CHP) System Model Development

While the NASA Human Research Program (HRP) utilizes a Crew Health and Performance (CHP) System to represent all the Agency’s efforts to ensure the health and performance of NASA astronauts, there is no shared mental model of a CHP system at NASA. Some groups may consider a CHP system to be only a medical kit, while others may not be using the concept at all. To facilitate the integration of functions and capabilities to ensure astronaut health and performance during vehicle development, HRP has proposed a CHP Shared Mental Model derived from the NASA Human Health, Medical, and Performance Spaceflight Standards (NASA-STD-3001 Vol.1/Vol.2). [1] Even though many vehicle, ground, and communication systems as well as mission operations are modeled for the Artemis Campaigns, no mission level CHP system model was created to achieve the intent of the HRP CHP Shared Mental Model. The lack of this model renders it difficult to visualize and understand how the many programs work together to provide the necessary cross program functions and capabilities to ensure the health and performance of the crew throughout an Artemis mission. For this purpose, the Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) element of HRP developed a CHP system model for the Artemis III and IV missions to provide a view of how each program contributes to and interacts with the overall CHP system. To develop the 2023 Artemis CHP system model, ExMC leveraged existing data and models from the Moon to Mars Program Office, the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) and the Orion, Gateway, Extravehicular Activity and Human Surface Mobility (EHP) and Human Landing System (HLS) programs. By using a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach, existing requirements, functions, and concepts of operations were combined to create a single system model focused on representing CHP from the launch to the return to Earth segments of the Artemis III and IV missions. Additionally, by incorporating the HRP Systems Platform for Aggregating and Relating Capabilities, or SPARC tool, the data from the programs was also related back to the 2nd volume of the NASA Human Health, Medical, and Performance Spaceflight Standard (NASA-STD-3001, Vol.2) and the human system risks identified by the Human System Risk Board (HSRB). The first version of the 2023 Artemis CHP system model was baselined in Fall of 2023 after the model was demonstrated to be a potentially useful tool for systems engineers integrating CHP capabilities in vehicle development as well as members of the Health and Medical Technical Authority providing oversight of those programs. The model may also be useful to any stakeholder of astronaut health and performance by providing insights on how an Artemis mission satisfies the NASA Human Health, Medical, and Performance Spaceflight Standards as well as how they mitigate the HSRB Human System Risks. This presentation highlights how the model was developed and the possible benefits of the model. [1] NASA HRP (2022), Crew Health and Performance System Whitepaper

Systems engineering↗
NASA NTRS2024

Crew Health and Performance Integrated Data Architecture (CHP-IDA) Project

BACKGROUND: Future Human Exploration missions introduce a new paradigm as crews move further from the resupply and near real-time ground support typical of Low Earth Orbit missions today. Without immediate support from ground-based personnel, exploration crews will be more reliant on inflight data and technology to respond to emergencies and anomalies. A data architecture to support a new generation of technologies, employing advanced analytical and predictive modeling techniques, is needed to enable crew autonomy. OVERVIEW: The Crew Health and Performance Integrated Data Architecture (CHP-IDA) project funded by NASA’s Exploration Medical Integrated Product Team (XMIPT) is laying a foundation for future in-flight informatics by providing a back-end architecture for collecting, storing, and integrating multiple sources of data generated by and around the crew. CHP-IDA provides a platform for common data models and Application Programming Interfaces to access, integrate, process, and display CHP data (e.g., environmental, exercise, medical, sleep, performance, etc.). This will facilitate the increased situation awareness and decision support required by the crew and remote support of exploration missions. This presentation will describe the currently ongoing effort to develop and evaluate a path-to-flight concept of the CHP-IDA software and its core capabilities. Current integrations will be discussed, including analytics for Extravehicular Activity metabolic rate and data ingestion from a multi-functional integrated medical device. The presentation will also provide examples of scenarios used to demonstrate the CHP-IDA through human-in-the-loop test bed activities as well as examples of appropriate system performance metrics. DISCUSSION: Today, in-flight data is often siloed, unsynchronized, and largely inaccessible in real time. Many data sets require manual entry and/or data transfer between vehicles and the ground. These issues contribute to risks in supporting exploration medical capabilities. The CHP-IDA is a back-end data system providing core capabilities needed for timely and meaningful data insights across CHP domains to crew and remote personnel to enable increased crew autonomy. Future work includes collaboration with additional CHP domains, new technology integrations, and further demonstrations of the IDA within different vehicle and communication latency contexts. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. The audience will understand that the CHP-IDA is a back-end system, providing a platform to facilitate access, promote decision tools, and provide meaningful insights to crew and to remote stakeholders during exploration missions. 2. The audience will gain insight into human-centered research and activities used to discover CHP domain data needs and pain points and how this information is used to guide development of the IDA.

Exploration↗
DOE OSTI2023

SiC Based Modular Transformer-less MW-Scale Power Conditioning System and Control for Flexible CHP System

This project aims at developing a SiC-based, modular, transformer-less (60-Hz-transformers-free), MW-scale, four-wire DC/AC power conditioning system (PCS) converter, and a corresponding control system for flexible-CHP (F-CHP) systems. With the help of an F-CHP controller and power electronics converters, different CHP sources, renewable sources, and batteries can be assembled to the DC grid, which is then connected to the medium voltage (MV) AC grid through the PCS converter. To meet grid support and performance requirements, the F-CHP controller design and PCS converter design follow IEEE 1547 and IEEE 2030.7 standards. Five main tasks, including PCS converter design, F-CHP controller development, PCS converter prototype building and testing, F-CHP controller testing, and PCS paralleling, have been carried out. In this project, the F-CHP controller testing has been completed in simulation, HIL and HTB, and the PCS converter prototypes have been successfully built and tested.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CHP-PRA: Sensorimotor Countermeasures Proof of Concept

The capabilities included in Crew Health and Performance (CHP) systems are designed to keep the crew healthy, happy, and productive. In doing so, the CHP system allows reductions in human related risks to be realized. All human missions, though particularly future Artemis and Mars missions, have constraints on the mass and volume allocated to the CHP system. Thus, trades must be made on how to best buy down risk while still meeting other requirements. Understanding how different CHP capabilities influence medical, performance, and long-term health risks is key to making informed choices among these trades. To address this, an integrated CHP Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) model is being developed. Much like how IMPACT is designed to allow medical resource trades informed by medical risks, CHP PRA will enable analogous trades in human system risks across all CHP functions and capabilities. There are 29 Human System Risk Board (HSRB) risk areas to consider for model implementation. This effort focused solely on the implementation of countermeasures associated with sensorimotor risk. The framework and lessons learned from this proof of concept will benefit the implementation of other risks and countermeasures. Astronauts experience sensorimotor changes when entering or exiting a microgravity environment. While most sensorimotor issues are resolved within a few days, they pose a serious risk to crew health and performance during the adaptation period. This adaptation period aligns with gravity transitions and key mission phases where the crew members may be required to complete challenging tasks ideally with an undisturbed sensorimotor system. Countermeasures such as training or pharmaceuticals can be used to mitigate risk. This effort began by identifying physiological changes to the sensorimotor system that could lead to functional performance decrements or medical conditions and potential countermeasures, so that the overall effect of sensorimotor disturbance on human risk could be captured. We then selected example countermeasures, mapped relationships between countermeasures and outcomes, and used results from existing sensorimotor investigations to define the relationship between a sensorimotor countermeasure and subsequent performance of a sensorimotor-affected task. Specifically, using shuttle landing performance data, we compared the use or absence of inflight training capabilities to yield a relative performance change that can be applied to the prediction of the risk associated with manual control performance in future missions, as depicted in the figure. This sensorimotor proof of concept demonstrates how HRP research information can be transformed into quantifiable relationships to describe changes in HSRB medical and performance risks.

Caroline R Austin↗
DOE OSTI2025

Residential Home Decarbonization Using Advanced Micro-CHP

An efficient micro-combined heat and power (CHP) prototype was developed to provide heat and electricity for single-family homes and light commercial buildings. The unit can be installed independently at the point of energy consumption. Consequently, it enables cost-effectively and flexibly matching heat and electrical loads, simplifying distribution and installation processes, and recovering and storing waste heat as hot water. The analyzed results show that the micro-CHP using natural gas as fuel achieves 10.68%–32.80% CO2 reduction in the selected five home applications. The potential effect of H2 on decarbonization of these home was also evaluated, finding that the micro-CHP using a blended fuel with H2 and natural gas can further reduce CO2 emissions. However, the 50% CO2 reduction in the micro-CHP requires at least 70%–90% of H2 in the blend with natural gas. Overall, the micro-CHP technology demonstrates a solid potential to accelerate micro-CHP adoption in residential and light commercial markets, thereby promoting broader micro-CHP acceptance and use in the future for building decarbonization.

Gao, Zhiming [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000271397995)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Developing a Robust Market for CHP: A Plan for Fostering Economic Development, Business Competitiveness and Resiliency in the Mid-Atlantic Region

The Department of Energy’s Mid Atlantic Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership (MA CHP TAP) was established to develop public-private partnerships to advance the technology, policies, and programmatic support for combined heat and power (CHP), including its application in microgrids, heat to power and district energy. The MA CHP TAP’s work includes education and outreach as well as technical assistance to a variety of stakeholders including end-users (commercial, industrial, institutional and more), state decision makers, electric and gas utilities, trade associations and non-profit organizations. This assistance includes evaluating the economic, energy, reliability and environmental value of proposed systems. The MA CHP TAP represents the multi-state Mid- Atlantic region and is the CHP expert in the region who provides fact-based, un-biased information on CHP, including technologies, project development, project financing, local electric and natural gas utility interfaces, and related state best practice policies.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Organic Rankine Cycle Integration and Optimization for High Efficiency CHP Genset Systems (Final Technical Report)

This project successfully advanced the integration of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology with reciprocating engine–based combined heat and power (CHP) systems to improve electrical efficiency, total CHP efficiency, and grid-responsive operation. Over three budget periods, the work progressed from high-temperature ORC component development and thermodynamic model validation to next-generation system design, working fluid transition, and techno-economic analysis. Key technical accomplishments include development and validation of a thermodynamic model capable of accurately predicting ORC performance across an expanded temperature and pressure envelope; successful identification and validation of low-global-warming-potential (GWP) working fluids—most notably R1233zd(E)—as viable replacements for R245fa; and demonstration of scalable ORC architectures suitable for integration with 1–20 MW class reciprocating engines. These advances enable flexible CHP configurations that can increase electrical output while maintaining high overall utilization of available thermal energy. The project also produced a clean-sheet design for a next-generation ORC system targeting substantially higher power output per unit, supported by detailed component selection, heat exchanger evaluation, and system-level modeling. Techno-economic analyses indicate that ORC-enabled flexible CHP systems can meet or exceed Department of Energy (DOE) efficiency targets while providing value to both facility operators and the electric grid.. Late-stage testing of the largest next-generation ORC prototype identified limitations related to pump net positive suction head (NPSH) requirements and condenser flooding under certain operating conditions. Although these issues constrained full validation of that configuration within the project timeframe, they provided clear and actionable design guidance for future system refinements. Importantly, validated modeling, smaller-scale testing, and working fluid evaluations confirmed the technical viability of the overall approach. In aggregate, this project met its core objectives by establishing validated design tools, de-risking key ORC technologies for CHP applications, and defining a credible pathway toward commercialization of flexible, high-efficiency CHP systems. The results form a strong foundation for continued development and deployment beyond the conclusion of the DOE-funded effort.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS2024

Crew Health and Performance Integrated Data Architecture (CHP-IDA) TechPort May 2024

Future exploration missions to Mars will have increased need for crew autonomy. Crew Health & Performance (CHP) related data on the ISS is currently, manually downlinked and in disparate locations, which limits crew autonomy for future missions. The CHP-IDA project is developing a backend data system platform that grants the ability to seamlessly collect, store, process, and display CHP-related data for exploration missions. This platform allows for integration of data and advanced analytics that offer crew and ground teams better insight into the crew’s health and performance. It also enables applications that can improve the crew’s ability to provide more autonomous medical care during exploration missions. Data will be collected automatically to reduce crew and ground team time and effort and will synchronize across all in-mission vehicles, habitats, and ground as communication delay permits. The Human Research Program’s (HRP) Medical Data Architecture (MDA) project focused on this backend data architecture but for medical data only. The CHP-IDA project, a joint effort between HRP’s Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) element and the Exploration Medical Integrated Product Team (XMIPT), expands this capability to all relevant CHP-related data. The additional inputs from nutrition, environment, exercise, radiation, and any other relevant sources will give more insight into crew’s health and performance. Currently, the Human Systems Engineering and Integration Division at Johnson Space Center (JSC) is designing the system. The team completed a system requirements review (SRR) in FY22 and now the focus is on core software development, testbed buildup, and use case scenario demonstration. An end-to-end demonstration with multiple data sources across CHP domains is schedule for the end of FY24 where all three focus areas will be displayed. Following this ground demo, the software will be completed, tested, and validated for flight.

Courtney M Schkurko↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-Efficiency Modular SiC-based Power-Converter for Flexible-CHP Systems with Stability-Enhanced Grid-Support Functions

This project seeks to develop a modular, scalable MV power converter featuring stability-enhanced grid-support functions for future grid-interface applications in flexible combined heat and power (F-CHP) cogeneration plants, being fully compliant with the IEEE Standard 1547, category B—for operation in local areas with high aggregated distributed energy resource (DER) penetration, and also with the IEEE standard for the specification of microgrid controllers, namely IEEE Std 2030.7, with the goal to enable F-CHP systems for both microgrid and standalone applications. Further, the proposed converter will use a modular circuit topology, the MMC, which is scalable both in voltage and current by interconnecting power-cell building blocks, thus flexibly suiting the needs of F-CHP systems in the 1–20 MWe range. Furthermore, the use of 10 kV SiC MOSFET devices will minimize the number of power-cells needed to operate in 2–13.8 kV MV distribution systems, but more importantly, they will render feasible a power conversion efficiency > 98 %, and a power density > 10 kW/l. This is highly relevant given that these are two key performance metrics that will further increase the value of F-CHP systems by shortening the time required to recover their investment costs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CHP-PRA Proof-of-Concept [Simulation] Sensitivity Assessment

An effort is underway to establish a Crew Health and Performance system (CHP) tradespace tool using a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) modeling and simulation system. The goal of the CHP-PRA effort is to provide a means of quantifying the integrated influence of CHP functions and capabilities on risk outcome metrics associated with health, performance, and long-term health. These metrics can then be used to establish potential risk-based trades on CHP system designed functionality and capabilities. Previously, our team demonstrated a proof-of-concept PRA approach that estimated the integrated influence of exercise countermeasures on 8 human system risks (Figure 1a) with outcomes associated with health and medical risk metrics. We reported that the change in the integrated relative health risk was small (Figure 1b) and that the small change in overall risk resulted from compounding and competing contribution levels of the individual risks. This interesting observation illustrates the emergent complexity of even straightforward representations of the human health and performance risk space and the ability of PRA models to capture this balance of global risk concerns. A key question that is not addressed in the initial analysis is “even though the global risk is relatively nominal, do any of the local risks become unacceptable?” In essence, we seek to determine what relative change in the human system risks are contributing to the relatively muted sensitivity of the proof-of-concept model combined risk assessments. Evaluations at the component risk level should elucidate if any individual risk reaches a high level that is subsequentially balanced by reductions in other areas. To further understand the relative changes in the component risks in the proof-of-concept model, and to elucidate how future refinements can be targeted, a means of establishing the contributions of the robustness of the proof-of-concept approach will be demonstrated.

astronaut health↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Crew Health and Performance (CHP) Technology Roadmaps

The Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) – Crew Health and Performance (CHP) Systems Capability Leadership Team (SCLT) is a community of practice (not a funded program) sponsored by Headquarters to develop, retain, and infuse the ECLSS and CHP capabilities necessary to enable the human exploration of the Moon and Mars through the integration and empowerment of experts across NASA, other government agencies, commercial industry, and academia. The goals of the SCLT are as follows: Use the Architecture Definition Document use cases and functions to identify gaps in NASA’s current technological capabilities to meet Agency objectives and develop strategies and roadmaps for closing such gaps Make technical/strategic recommendations on ECLSS and CHP technology development efforts and investments for PPBE, acquisition strategies, and leveraging NASA’s critical capabilities Establish key performance parameters and participate in key program and project reviews Maintain cognizance of relevant ECLSS and CHP national and international technology activities in government, industry, and academia, specifically, emerging innovations and technologies, trends, and opportunities Coordinate with commercial and international partners to identify areas of mutual interest and cooperation Support future mission and system architecture studies for human exploration This document is intended to be a comprehensive overview of the strategic development plans, or Roadmaps, of key technologies and capabilities identified by the SCLT. Each Roadmap is organized by Capability Gap as the gap name and number appears in STARPort, follows a fiscal year timeline, and displays any additional information on milestones, decision points, or important details on the right-hand side of the page. The Roadmaps should be used to facilitate discussion, decision making, and planning for programs and development projects, but are not expected to accurately depict the details and statuses of the projects and tasks appearing within the plans.

Human Health and Performance↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Crew Health and Performance Integrated Data Service Platform (CHP-IDSP): Project Updates

Future human exploration missions introduce a new paradigm as crews move further from the resupply and near real-time ground support typical of Low Earth Orbit missions today. Without immediate support from ground-based personnel, exploration crews will be more reliant on inflight data and technology to respond to emergencies and anomalies. Today, in-flight data is often siloed, unsynchronized, and largely inaccessible in real time. Many data sets require manual entry and/or data transfer between vehicles and the ground. These issues contribute to risks in supporting crew autonomy for future exploration missions. An integrated data services platform is needed to mitigate these risks by supporting a new generation of technologies and employing advanced analytical and predictive modeling techniques to enable crew autonomy for future exploration missions. The Crew Health and Performance Integrated Data System Platform (CHP-IDSP) project is laying a foundation for future in-flight informatics by providing a back-end architecture for collecting, storing, and integrating multiple sources of data generated by and around the crew. This cohesive integration point will streamline the management of CHP data (e.g., environmental, exercise, medical, sleep, performance, etc.) and facilitate situation awareness and decision support required by the crew and remote support of exploration missions. This presentation will describe the ongoing development effort of the path-to-flight CHP-IDSP software and the demonstration of its core capabilities. This includes a brief history of the project, the human-centered process used to identify data needs and workflows feeding the development of scenarios and requirements, and current subsystem development status. Current integrations, including the Chiron exploration electronic health record application, will be discussed. Future work includes collaboration with additional CHP domains and a flight technology demonstration.

Software↗
DOE OSTI2024

U.S. DOE Midwest Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership (Midwest CHP TAP) (Final Technical Report)

The University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) was awarded the U.S. DOE Midwest Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership (Midwest CHP TAP) program to provided technical and policy expertise to support local opportunities to promote CHP, waste heat to power, district energy, and microgrids in the Midwest and Central regions of the U.S. that included the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin. During this contract period, UIC, through the Midwest CHP TAP activities, provided significant regional support to the U.S. strategic goals of: 1) Stimulating America’s Energy Revolution and Promoting Energy Independence; 2) Promoting Jobs and Manufacturing Competitiveness; 3) Supporting a Positive Trade Balance; 4) Enhancing Energy System Resiliency and Energy Security; and 5) Improving the Nation’s Infrastructure. UIC met the annual go/no-go metrics each year and either met and/or exceeded the milestones each year.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ultra-Efficient CHP with High Power/Heat Ratio Using a Novel Argon Power Cycle

According to the U.S. Department of Energy Combined Heat and Power Installation Database, approximately 80 GW of electrical power is produced in the United States using combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Studies have also shown that a potential market for CHP applications is larger than the existing market. Since fuel consumption is the most significant part of the operating cost for a CHP plant, higher efficiency translates to increased power output for the same quantity of fuel.

APC, CHP, RICE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Vacuum Operation of Consolidated Heat Pipe (CHP) for Fission Surface Power

Consolidated Heat Pipe (CHP) is a new technology that enables direct thermal power delivery to the hot-end of a Stirling engine using a heat pipe--a two phase passive heat transfer device. CHP was developed after the efforts of the Kilopower Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY) test where a heat pipe was used to deliver thermal power from a fission-basedreactor to a Stirling engine to produce 1 kWe of useable electrical power in 2018. Large thermal losses were noted during the KRUSTY test where a temperature drop of 145 °C was measured between the heat pipe’s condenser and the engine’s hot-end. The Consolidated Heat Pipe was designed to address and mitigate this temperature loss. CHP was designed, built and tested at the Glenn Research Center (GRC). The initial test was performed in ambient air conditions, and the results were presented in “Consolidation of a Sodium Heat Pipe and Stirling Engine for Fission Surface Power” at the Thermal Fluids Analysis Workshop in 2023. Researchers at GRC have tested this technology again in a vacuum environment in 2024. Results show that the heat pipe and the hot-end of the Stirling engine are isothermal with a minimal temperature differential of approximately 2.5 °C in varying operational states. The Consolidated Heat Pipe technology has proven to be an efficient way of delivering thermal power directly to Stirling engines.

Greeta J Thaikattil↗
DOE OSTI2024

Building a Robust Market for CHP: A Plan for Fostering Economic Development, Business Competitiveness and Resiliency Across the Northeast States

Over the duration of DOE Award EE00082777 the New York – New Jersey CHP TAP successfully completed 321 total deliverables. The Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO) enumerated a list of Tasks and descriptions of those tasks that guided our performance and priorities. Each Budget Period (BP) a set of Technical Milestones was established for the specified tasks.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Flexible Natural Gas/Hydrogen CHP System

This project included design, development, and demonstration of a cost-effective and scalable, unique-to-the-industry 2.0 MWe fuel-flexible Caterpillar G3516 CHP genset that can run on 100% hydrogen, 100% natural gas, and up to 25% blends of hydrogen in natural gas (volume basis). This was accomplished based on over two years of extensive R&D work done on a single-cylinder engine for developing innovative hydrogen fueling, combustion, air, and electronic control systems design and strategies. Findings from the single-cylinder engine work were scaled up and applied for modifications of and lab testing and development of a 2.0 MWe 16-cylinder G3516 fuel-flexible engine-genset and electronic controls systems. During this testing and development in the engine lab, the genset was run on 100% hydrogen, 100% natural gas, and up to 25% blends of hydrogen in natural gas (volume basis) and its steady-state and transient performance and emission were documented.

03 NATURAL GAS↗