Photographic cloud climatology from ESSA III and V computer produced mosaics.
Photographic cloud climatology from ESSA 3 and 5 computer produced mosaics
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Photographic cloud climatology from ESSA 3 and 5 computer produced mosaics
Simultaneous meteorological satellite IR radiation measurements and cloud photographs for superposition and mutual interpretation
A camera designed for use in flight has been developed by the NACA Lewis laboratory t o photograph cloud droplets in their natural suspension in the atmosphere. A magnification of 32 times is employed to distinguish for measurement purposes all sizes of droplets greater than 5 microns in diameter. Photographs can be taken at flight speeds up to 150 miles per hour at 5-second intervals, A field area of 0.025 square inch is photographed on 7-inch-width roll film accommodating 40 exposures on an 18-foot length. Flight tests conducted in cumulus clouds have shown that approximate droplet-size distribution studies can be obtained and that a studies of the microstructure and physics of clouds can be made with the camera.
Tiros i cloud photography - pattern revealing capability, picture quality, and location difficulties
Cloud cover distribution from july 12 to september 30, 1961 between latitudes 60 south and 60 north based on tiros iii photographs
Multiple exposure averaging technique summarizing satellite cloud photographs for various periods, presenting entire earth cloud cover atlas
Percentage cloud cover from Tiros photographs analyzed by digital computer
Fixed position scanning by TIROS satellite for photogrammetric analysis of cloud photographs
Optical parameters investigated and solved for included: (1) cloud layer albedo and cloud cover optical thickness; (2) planetary surface self-radiation influence; (3) light flux distribution as function of atmospheric height; (4) upper estimate of the observed contrasts; (5) surface optical parameters; and (6) contrast decrease with altitude.
Data processing programs for cloud photograph interpretation
The photon flux density associated with the 4554-A resonance radiation for Ba II was measured at Mount Hopkins, Arizona, and Cerro Morado, Chile, and was determined to be 36,000 photon/sq cm sec outside the atmosphere; this measurement was made when the cloud was optically thin at 120 sec after release. Using this and a photon scattering efficiency of 0.66 photon/ion sec we estimate a 1.7-kg yield of barium ions that are formed from the initially released atomic barium and are thus associated with the main core of the cloud. Photographic and photometric data are combined to obtain preliminary values for the brightness throughout the cloud for two photographs, and isobrightness plots are presented. These plots indicate that the cloud is quite narrow, that a considerable portion of the ionized barium is outside the main core after a few minutes, and that the striations contain only a small fraction of the total material.
Simulated color photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds were produced from black and white photographs taken with the Schmidt telescope at Cerro Tololo using multichannel projection techniques. A brief discussion of the techniques employed, the color photographs obtained, and the potential of future work of this type is given.
A performance test of a night image intensification system for use as a visual aid by the crewmen in Gemini is reported. The equipment package consisted of (1) image intensification camera; (2) camera control unit; (3) viewing monitor; (4) recording monitor and photographic recorder; and (5) monitor electronics and equipment control unit. Representative photographs are predominantly of lights and clouds. Photographs of three different sections of coastline reveal a contrast between the images of land and ocean. These images range in quality from good to poor.
Cloud photographs obtained on board ATS-I SATELLITE with camera equipped with reflecting telescope show feasibility of short-lived weather systems from synchronous altitude
Nimbus I high resolution IR radiometer data compared with Tiros cloud photographs
The potential value of weather satellite data in field operations of weather modification is appraised. It was found that satellites could play a useful role in operational weather modification projects, particularly in the recognition of treatment opportunities. Satellite cloud photographs and infrared observations appear promising in the identification of treatment opportunities in seeding orographic cloud systems for increased snowpack, in seeding convective clouds for increased rainfall, in identifying hail threats, and in tracking and observing hurricanes as an aid to timing and location of seeding treatments. It was concluded that the potential value of satellite data in the treatment and evaluation phases of operational projects is not as great as in the recognition of treatment opportunity.
A large variety of Martian clouds have been observed by the Viking Orbiters; localized regions of Mars were heavily clouded during particular seasons, and larger areas were obscured by hazes for long periods. This paper reviews Martian cloud data and presents cloud photographs. Consideration is given to polar hazes and hoods, local and global dust storms, and condensate clouds.