A Replacement Reaction Enabled Interdigitated Metal/Solid Electrolyte Architecture for Battery Cycling at 20 mA cm-2 and 20 mAh cm-2
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Ro-vibrational Spectroscopy of 2,5-Norbornadiene between 400 and 850 cm-1
Rotationally-resolved infrared absorption spectra of the two lowest-energy fundamental bands for each of the three infrared active symmetry species of 2,5-norbornadiene (C2v point group symmetry; asymmetry parameter ? = -0.2203), ?11 (a1), ?12(a1), ?28(b1), ?29(b1), ?38(b2), and ?39(b2), have been measured, assigned and fit to a semi-rigid rotor Hamiltonian to produce a set of spectroscopic constants for each band. The fit band centers are ?11 (a1), c-type transitions, 728.852357(3) cm-1; ?12 (a1), c-type transitions, 417.31604(1) cm-1; ?28 (b1), a-type transitions, 656.719741(3) cm-1; ?29 (b1), a-type transitions, 500.31425(1) cm-1; ?38 (b2), b-type transitions, 800.82243(2) cm-1; and ?39 (b2), b-type transitions, 539.23110(6) cm-1. Using ground state combination differences from the ?11 and ?28 bands and previously published microwave data, an improved set of ground state spectroscopic constants were fit for the parent isotopologue of the molecule. This research was conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), which is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.
Sams, R L.↗
Milone eTape Liquid Level Sensor Laboratory Calibration with a Commercial 12.2 cm HS-Flume and 3D Printed 4 cm Micro-HS-Flumes
The NGEE Arctic Rainfall Simulator (NARS) is a variable intensity rainfall simulator (RFS) with a frame design based on the Humphry et al. (2002) RFS and a water delivery system based on the Walnut Gulch (Paige et al., 2004) RFS. The NARS uses an aluminum frame that is fully deconstructable for transportation to field locations and a water system that enables variable rain intensity. Prior to field deployment, H-flume discharge and the corresponding Milone eTape Liquid Level Sensor (eTape) resistance values were measured in the laboratory so that discharge measurements from the NGEE Arctic Rainfall Simulator could be automated. eTape resistance was measured with increasing fluid heights for the full range of the eTape to calculate sensor detection limits and resolution. The eTape was calibrated to both a commercially available 12.2 cm HS-flume and a 3D printed 4 cm Micro-HS-flume. This data package contains two .csv files, one for the eTape calibration and the other for the flume calibrations, and two .stl files to 3D print the 4 cm Micro-HS-Flume design with a 1 cm x 3.6 cm stilling well opening. The .stl files can be opened in most 3D printing or CAD programs/software. Two .kml files of the laboratory location and broader area where testing was conducted are also included in this data package.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
$\mathrm{α}$ decay of the longest-lived Cm isotope: $^{247}_{96}\mathrm{Cm}$
We report alpha decay of 247 Cm was studied fifty years ago using a 1.6 Bq source containing 99.4 % 247 Cm and levels in 243 Pu were deduced. Using the same source, γ-ray spectra were measured with a more efficient Ge detector. A γ-ray spectrum was also measured in coincidence with α particles for a period of two months and has 80 times more counts than the previously published spectrum. Gamma-ray energies were determined with higher precision and four new γ rays were identified. A new high-energy γ ray of 564.5 keV was observed, which is interpreted as a transition between a level at 564.5 keV and the ground state of 243 Pu. The 564.5-keV level has been tentatively assigned to the 7/2 - [743] Nilsson state.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
A Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell with a KOH-Free Anode Feed Generating 180 mW cm −2 at 120 °C
The motivations to operate the direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) with no addition of aqueous base, include facilitated fuel management and prevention of corrosion and shunt currents in the DAFC stack. We describe here a polymer electrolyte DAFC, operating at a cell temperature (T cell ) of 120 °C on ammonia and water alone as anode feed, that demonstrated peak power of 180 mW cm −2 —a record for this type of fuel cell. We offer a detailed analysis of polarization curves recorded for PE-DAFCs in the T cell range of 60 °C–120 °C, allowing to estimate the effects of KOH-free operation on the ionic and faradaic resistances, R i and R F , that determine together the value of R app , CL – an , the apparent resistance of the anode catalyst layer. The latter resistance drops ten times between 60 °C and 120 °C as result mainly of the drop in R F . Consequently, DAFC performance at T cell > 100 °C improves substantially, including the cell performance on a KOH-free anode feed. The demsontrated performance levels reported here for KOH-free DAFCs support further development of this type of ammonia/air fuel cells.
Achrai, Ben↗
Life testing of 10 cm × 10 cm fuel-electrode-supported solid oxide cells in reversible operation
Not provided.
Energy & Fuels↗
30 CM HORIZONTAL DROP OF A SURROGATE 17X17 PWR FUEL ASSEMBLY.
Abstract not provided.
Kalinina, Elena Arkadievna↗
CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm-2
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
CORE-CM in The Greater Green River and Wind River Basins: Transforming and Advancing a National Coal Asset (Final Report)
The following document summarizes project results from “CORE-CM in the Greater Green River and Wind River Basins: Transforming and Advancing a National Coal Asset”. This project is part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (“DOE”) National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (“NETL”) Carbon Ore, Rare Earth Elements, and Critical Minerals (CORE-CM) Initiative. This report concludes that the Greater Green River and Wind River Basins (GGRB-WRB) Area-of-Interest (AOI 9) is the ideal region for continued research and development in progressing the broader CORE-CM goals outlined by the DOE. Based upon the extensive analyses of technical, social, and community criteria, this report illustrates that the GGRB-WRB hosts numerous potential CORE-CM feedstocks (both coal- and non-coal based), diverse opportunities for utilizing existing industrial waste streams, ample infrastructure and industry to support new CORE-CM-focused technologies, and a highly motivated, well educated, and adaptable workforce to further develop the regional and national CORE-CM supply chain. Additionally, some potential solutions for technological gaps suggest that the GGRB-WRB's diverse resources can play a significant role in achieving the national goal of critical materials independence. With full community participation, meaningful involvement of regional Tribal Nations, and building upon the stakeholder engagement demonstrated here, the GGRB-WRB region presents a unique opportunity for advancing the CORE-CM Initiative. This project was designed to bring together coal-based communities and stakeholders from across the GGRB-WRB to advance new industries for CORE-CM resources. The University of Wyoming (UWyo) School of Energy Resources (SER) led a project team of experts from the Colorado Geological Survey (CGS), Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Los Alamos National Lab (LANL), and local community colleges. Input from basinal, regional, and national experts bolstered the coalition in order to advance the mission of DOE’s CORE-CM initiative and develop the domestic CORE-CM supply chain. Phase I of this project was designed to address the goal of developing and catalyzing economic growth, job creation, and technology innovation in the GGRB-WRB of Wyoming and Colorado, by increasing the supply of CORE-CM to manufacturers of non-fuel Carbon Based Products (CBP) and products reliant upon CM. The GGRB-WRB CORE-CM project worked toward providing benefit through several avenues of performance and research. • Develop a coalition team to achieve project objectives • Complete detailed assessments, including State-of-the-Art (SOTA) Data acquisition of potential CORE-CM materials across the AOI, and meaningfully contributes to DOE’s CORE-CM goals nationally. • Strategic planning for regional economic growth, job creation, and associated technology innovation around coal materials, including plans to maximize the development of potential CORE-CM resources and technology by creating regional public-private partnerships. • Define regional economic growth potential around existing strengths, energy infrastructure, business and industry, including planning for the leveraging of highly trained workforces, existing and novel coal technologies, and energy infrastructure in development of CORE-CM supply chains. • Develop a preliminary strategic plan for increasing the supply of CORE-CM materials to manufacturers of non-fuel Carbon Based Products (CBP) and products reliant upon CM, focusing on regional strengths that result in an emerging diversified CORE-CM economy. • Assemble a committed network of stakeholders and communities that learn about, accept, and grow new energy technologies within coal regions. Additionally, the project team significantly contributed to the CORE-CM Initiative’s national goals, through cross-regional scoping, collaborating with CORE-CM projects in other AOIs, and including parallel regional project experts. In addition to active inclusion and meaningful engagement and contribution to DOE-led working groups, the project team focused on engaging with regional communities including Tribal Nations, economic development groups, and regional government organizations. The project’s CORE-CM development and commercialization plan identified diverse CORECM feedstocks, potential routes towards integration with existing industries, methods for supply-chain development that leverage existing infrastructure and businesses considering the regional economy, identified entry barriers for incorporating traditional and new technologies in those supply chains, recognized opportunities for public-private partnerships to develop technology innovation centers, identified diverse workforces, and conducted stakeholder outreach and education to build a community of understanding on CORE-CM potential in the GGRB-WRB region. Detailed task descriptions can be found in each chapter.
01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
Real time heat load calculation software based on EPICS for Fermilab PIP-II CM tests
Fermilab has a project to improve the proton beam energy which is called PIP-II (the 2nd Proton Improvement Plan). There is a superconducting linear accelerator, LINAC, to improve the proton beam power and the LINAC consists of 5 types of cryomodules (CM), 1 HWR CM, 2 SSR1 CM, 4 SSR2 CM, LB650 CM, and HB650 CM. The prototypes of these cryomodules are being tested at Fermilab’s CryoModule Test Facility (CMTF). Heat load measurements are an important part of the prototype CM testing. The CMTF cryogenic control system was developed based on the ACNET (Accelerator Control NETwork) for CM testing for other projects, but the PIP-II cryogenic control system will be implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). As part of the prototype CM testing campaign an EPICS based control system has been implemented at CMTF. This EPICS cryogenic control system includes real time heat load calculation software utilizing the Fortran implementation of Hepak. This paper details the real time heat load calculation software developed for the prototype CM testing including the first results from the HB 650 CM.
Yoon, S. [Fermilab]↗
Real time heat load calculation software based on EPICS for Fermilab PIP-II CM tests
Fermilab has a project to improve the proton beam energy which is called PIP-II (the 2nd Proton Improvement Plan). There is a superconducting linear accelerator, LINAC, to improve the proton beam power and the LINAC consists of 5 types of cryomodules (CM), 1 HWR CM, 2 SSR1 CM, 4 SSR2 CM, LB650 CM, and HB650 CM. The prototypes of these cryomodules are being tested at Fermilab’s CryoModule Test Facility (CMTF). Heat load measurements are an important part of the prototype CM testing. The CMTF cryogenic control system was developed based on the ACNET (Accelerator Control NETwork) for CM testing for other projects, but the PIP-II cryogenic control system will be implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). As part of the prototype CM testing campaign, an EPICS based control system has been implemented at CMTF. This EPICS cryogenic control system includes real-time heat load calculation software utilizing the Fortran implementation of Hepak. This paper details the real time heat load calculation software developed for the prototype CM testing including the first results from the HB650 CM.
Yoon, S. [Fermilab]↗
Genesis of a novel high-rate composite manufacturing process using large-scale additive manufacturing – compression molding (AM-CM) system: Possibilities and limitations
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a highly automated manufacturing process for thermoplastic composites that combines the benefits of Additive Manufacturing and Compression Molding (AM-CM) to produce high-performance functional composite structures at automotive production rates. Here, the AM-CM process creates highly precise preforms by additively placing extruded fiber-filled polymers (with controlled fiber orientations and multi-material configurations) in the desired mold location before undergoing a secondary compression molding process immediately before the preform cools down. Preforms can be in the form of short, long-chopped, or continuous fiber-filled thermoplastic polymers (e.g., CF/GF-filled ABS, PC, LM-PAEK, etc.). The AM-CM process combines the benefits of controlled fiber alignment, that is only achievable in AM-printed parts with the classical CM process, which eliminates porosity and good surface finish. A preform created using AM-CM can integrate various materials to enable additional architectural functionalities, including over-molding, selective stiffening, and the incorporation of electrically or thermally conductive channels. All these advantages come with a fast part production cycle time. The AM-CM process can manufacture multi-material, multi-functional parts in under 3 min, starting from raw material (pellets) to the final product. The novel AM-CM process offers superior microstructural control and enhanced multi-functionality previously unattainable with any other traditional high-rate thermoplastic composite manufacturing method. This work covers the manufacturing concept, system development, materials and applications of AM-CM process in detail.
Kumar, Vipin [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)↗
Rare Earth Elements (REE) and Critical Minerals (CM) in Middle Pennsylvanian-Age Coals and Associated Sediments in the Central Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A.
The Central Appalachian Basin (CAB) of Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia has a long history of coal mining and oil and gas extraction that has empowered the regional and national economies, the development of infrastructure, and a highly trained energy resources work force. As our societal demands for advanced technologies have rapidly increased in recent years, coal-related materials are viewed as an important new unconventional domestic source of critical minerals (CM) that are required for telecommunications, aerospace and transportation industries, electronics, the transition to low-carbon emissions energy production, and many consumer products. Coal-related materials encompass coal, associated sediments, coal mining waste materials, produced waters, and ash residues from coal-fired power plants. An important objective of the Evolve Central Appalachia Project (Evolve CAPP), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is to assess the quantity and distribution of CM resources in the CAB region. The rare earth elements (REE) are considered highest priority, although other important CM such as niobium, gallium, and zirconium are known to occur in the Middle Pennsylvanian-age coals and sediments. Working with coal industry partners who provided access to drill cores, coal-related sediments and waste materials, over 600 samples have been collected for laboratory analysis, and over 730 materials have been scanned using portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) equipment. The application of pXRF provides the means for real-time semiquantitative analysis of CM content at very close spacings (typically 2-3 inch intervals) along drill core and in-situ channel samples that span the roof, coal seam, and floor rock. The comparison of pXRF geochemical data with laboratory results, geologic data, and downhole spectral gamma logs can provide high resolution input to lithologic and depositional models for future CM resource evaluations. The preliminary findings show that pXRF is capable of accurately measuring low concentrations of many of the CM with a high level of confidence (Ba, Cr, Ga, K, Nb, Rb, Sr, Th, Y), whereas for others (La, Ce, Co, Mn, Nd, Ni, Sc, Ti, V) the detection limits are very high or spectral interferences increase the uncertainty. Notably, the mean abundances of Y (34 ppm), La (86 ppm), Ga (40 ppm), and V (146 ppm) in coal underclays in the CAB region are up to 7X enriched compared with the overlying coal. These values also exceed the reported concentrations in published reference materials for upper continental crustal rocks (Rudnick and Gao, 2003), North American Shale Composite (Gromet et al., 1984), and North American coal (Finkelman, 1993). The pXRF data are in part verified by laboratory results that indicate the mean Y abundance (36 ppm) is highly correlated (R2 = 0.807) with total REE (ΣREE). The correlation is even higher (R2 = 0.957) with heavy REE (ΣHREE). Applying these correlations to the pXRF data for the coal underclays, the mean estimated values for ΣREE+Y and ΣHREE+Y are 270 ppm and 58 ppm, respectively. Although these average values are not considered high, the range of Y measured by pXRF in the coal underclays extended as high as 114 ppm, which would suggest ΣREE+Y equal to 847 ppm. The mean abundances of Zr (192 ppm) and Th (21 ppm) in coal underclays are also enriched compared with the overlying coal and these results likely reflect the presence of resistant detrital heavy minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and zircon in the underclay matrix. Several of the profiled coal seams and associated wall rocks contained thin volcanic ash layers up to 4-5 inches in thickness. The extent to which these ash fall layers provided a source for CM under the paleoenvironmental conditions that resulted in coal deposits in the CAB remains to be fully studied. Continuing investigations in the Evolve CAPP study area will include laboratory determinations of mineralogic and clay compositions, and evaluations of CM geochemical mobility in the coal and coal underclays.
Lassetter, Billy↗
Characterization of 244 Cm Neutron Sources
There is a need to find a replacement for the 252 Cf sources currently used in Standards-based performance testing of neutron instrumentation. This is a result of its relatively short half-life, concerns about future availability and recent increases in cost. A potential replacement source, 244 Cm is evaluated in this study where two commercially available sources have been acquired and their neutron emission spectra measured using a pair of spectrometers. Both instruments showed the 244 Cm spontaneous neutron spectrum to be fully consistent with a MCNP6®-calculated spectrum using published Watt fission parameters for 244 Cm. In addition, the emission rate of the weaker 244 Cm source was established through a direct count rate comparison against a calibrated and similarly encapsulated 252 Cf source. The 244 Cm source emission rate was found to be in excellent agreement with value stated on the manufacturer's source certificate. It is concluded that 244 Cm would be an ideal replacement for 252 Cf based on its longer half-life (18.1 y) and its essentially identical neutron emission spectrum. In addition, 244 Cm sources are commercially available at reasonable cost.
244Cm↗
Sub 20 cm -1 computational prediction of the CH bond energy – a case of systematic error in computational thermochemistry
Here, the bond dissociation energy of methylidyne, D 0 (CH), is studied using an improved version of the High-Accuracy Extrapolated ab initio Thermochemistry (HEAT) approach as well as the Feller–Peterson–Dixon (FPD) model chemistry. These calculations, which include basis sets up to nonuple (aug-cc-pCV9Z) quality, are expected to be capable of providing results substantially more accurate than the ca. 1 kJ mol -1 level that is characteristic of standard high-accuracy protocols for computational thermochemistry. The calculated 0 K CH bond energy (27 954 ± 15 cm -1 for HEAT and 27 956 ± 15 cm -1 for FPD), along with equivalent treatments of the CH ionization energy and the CH + dissociation energy (85 829 ± 15 cm -1 and 32 946 ± 15 cm -1 , respectively), were compared to the existing benchmarks from Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT), uncovering an unexpected difference for D 0 (CH). This has prompted a detailed reexamination of the provenance of the corresponding ATcT benchmark, allowing the discovery and subsequent correction of a systematic error present in several published high-level calculations, ultimately yielding an amended ATcT benchmark for D 0 (CH). Finally, the current theoretical results were added to the ATcT Thermochemical Network, producing refined ATcT estimates of 27 957.3 ± 6.0 cm -1 for D0(CH), 32 946.7 ± 0.6 cm -1 for D 0 (CH + ), and 85 831.0 ± 6.0 cm -1 for IE(CH).
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
30 cm Drop Tests
The data from the multi-modal transportation test conducted in 2017 demonstrated that the inputs from the shock events during all transport modes (truck, rail, and ship) were amplified from the cask to the spent commercial nuclear fuel surrogate assemblies. These data do not support common assumption that the cask content experiences the same accelerations as the cask itself. This was one of the motivations for conducting 30 cm drop tests. The goal of the 30 cm drop test is to measure accelerations and strains on the surrogate spent nuclear fuel assembly and to determine whether the fuel rods can maintain their integrity inside a transportation cask when dropped from a height of 30 cm. The 30 cm drop is the remaining NRC normal conditions of transportation regulatory requirement (10 CFR 71.71) for which there are no data on the actual surrogate fuel. Because the full-scale cask and impact limiters were not available (and their cost was prohibitive), it was proposed to achieve this goal by conducting three separate tests. This report describes the first two tests — the 30 cm drop test of the 1/3 scale cask (conducted in December 2018) and the 30 cm drop of the full-scale dummy assembly (conducted in June 2019). The dummy assembly represents the mass of a real spent nuclear fuel assembly. The third test (to be conducted in the spring of 2020) will be the 30 cm drop of the full-scale surrogate assembly. The surrogate assembly represents a real full-scale assembly in physical, material, and mechanical characteristics, as well as in mass.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Surrogate Assembly 30 cm Drop Test
The 30 cm drop is the remaining NRC normal conditions of transport (NCT) regulatory requirement (10 CFR 71.71) for which there are no data on the actual surrogate fuel. While obtaining data on the actual fuel is not a direct requirement, it provides definitive information which aids in quantifying the risk of fuel breakage resulting from a cask drop from a height of 30 cm or less. The 30 cm drop test with the full-scale surrogate assembly conducted in May 2020 was the last step needed for quantifying the strains on the surrogate assembly rods under NCT. The full-scale surrogate assembly used in the 2020 30 cm drop test was built using a new 17x17 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Westinghouse skeleton filled with the copper rods and 3 zircaloy rods from the full-scale surrogate assembly used in the Multi-Modal Transportation Test (MMTT). Felt pads were attached to the surrogate assembly bottom prior to the 30 cm drop to adequately represent the effects of the impact limiters and the cask. Note that felt "programming material" has been used extensively in past drop tests and is known to be a good material for programming a desired shock pulse. The felt pad configuration was determined during a previous series of tests reported in. The acceleration pulses observed on the surrogate assembly during the test were in good agreement with the expected pulses. This confirmed that during the 30 cm drop the surrogate assembly experienced the same conditions as it would if it was dropped in the cask with the impact limiters.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗