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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 75

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 75 (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) have been evaluated and presented together with Adopted properties for levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for {sup 75}Ga, and {sup 75}Rb; and lifetime data for high-spin states in {sup 75}Br and {sup 75}Kr. For ΔJ =1, M1+E2 transitions in two rotational bands in {sup 75}Kr, several B(E2)(W.u.) values are anomalously high, deviating by 2–3 σ values from currently accepted RUL(E2) = 300. In the opinion of the evaluators, there is need to remeasure level lifetimes and multipole mixing ratios in {sup 75}Kr to resolve this serious discrepancy. New precise single-particle transfer cross section data are available for {sup 75}Ga, {sup 75}Ge, {sup 75}As and {sup 75}Se from several different reactions (2009Ka06,2008Sc03); these data give information for occupancy of valence neutron orbitals in the ground states of target nuclides: {sup 76}Ge, {sup 76}Se and {sup 78}Se. No significant new data since the 1999 NDS for A = 75 have been reported for {sup 75}As and {sup 75}Se. No data are yet available for excited states in {sup 75}Co, {sup 75}Ni and {sup 75}Sr. For {sup 75}Fe, only the isotopic identification is made with one observed event. The radioactive decay schemes of {sup 75}Co and {sup 75}Ni are unknown while those for {sup 75}Rb and {sup 75}Sr are incomplete. This work supersedes the data presented in the previous NDS evaluation of A = 75 published by 1999Fa05.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Demonstration of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy as a sensitive temperature diagnostic for high-energy-density physics experiments

We present the use of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS) to a sensitive temperature diagnostic in shocked foams at temperatures of 30–75 eV. Cobalt-doped foams were shock compressed using a planar drive at the OMEGA laser facility and photo-pumped with a Zn He⁢𝛼 x-ray source. Analysis of the resulting cobalt 𝐾⁢𝛽 x-ray fluorescence spectra using collisional radiative codes allows the temperature to be determined in the shocked foams. Furthermore, this method provides a sensitive and robust technique to determine temperatures in high-energy-density physics experiments in the tens of electronvolts temperature range. In these experiments, we find that radiation hydrodynamic simulations predict a lower temperature in the shocked foams compared to analysis of the XFS data using collisional radiative models. Although additional experiments with an independent temperature diagnostic to absolutely calibrate XFS spectra for these conditions will be required to resolve this discrepancy, these results demonstrate the excellent temperature sensitivity of XFS spectra for high-energy-density physics experiments.

Atomic spectra↗
DOE OSTI2023

Active Reconditioning of Retired Lithium-ion Battery Packs from Electric Vehicles for Second Life Applications

Utilizing the remaining capacity in retired lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) for second-life applications has shown economic and environmental benefits. However, achieving homogeneity among the capacities of cells before their second life is critical to exploit the benefits. This article proposes a new active reconditioning approach with the potential to make short-term reconditioning of batteries before second life feasible. A control objective map determines each cell's state-of-charge (SOC) operating window based on its capacity relative to other cells. The SOC reference translates into distinct differential currents through the cells, wherein the higher-capacity cells undergo more frequent and deep charge and discharge cycles than their lower-capacity counterparts. The proposed solution achieves capacity homogeneity within the battery pack with low reconditioning time and minimal fade in the overall pack capacity. The feasibility of the reconditioning approach under varying load and environmental conditions is assessed through simulations, encompassing factors such as the number of cycles per day, depth-of-discharge, battery pack temperature, and cell resting time at different SOCs. Furthermore, the simulation model employs a battery pack with sixteen series-connected 75 Ah Kokam lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells with a 3.6% initial capacity imbalance. A reconditioning time of 1.3 months is achieved with a final capacity imbalance of 0.1% and an overall capacity fade of 0.005%, thereby confirming the viability of the reconditioning process. Moreover, experimental validation using eight retired battery cells from a Nissan Leaf demonstrates a substantial decrease in the capacity imbalance of cells from 9.4% to 2.15% within 78 days, effectively affirming the efficacy of the proposed reconditioning scheme.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetic behaviour studies on nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite by employing the Arrott plot

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) has been used to analyze the magnetic behavior of ferrimagnetic material (CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) synthesized by the citric acid modified sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the phase purity of the sample. Its magnetic measurement has been carried out at room temperature in the field range ±1.5T. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy and saturation magnetization of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} are two important parameters which need to be studied for exploring its technological applications like memory device, magnetic sensors etc. Law of Approach (LA) to saturation and the Arrott plot analysis have been carried out to obtain the saturation magnetization. The difference in the saturation magnetization obtained from the two methods gives the qualitative understanding of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and lattice strain present in the sample. The present study explores a new way of analyzing magnetic hysteresis loop of nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis of cobalt stearate as oxidant additive for oxo-biodegradable polyethylene

Cobalt stearate is an oxidant additives that can initiate a process of degradation in high density polyethylene (HDPE). To determine the effect of cobalt stearate in HDPE, oxo-biodegradable polyethylene film was given an irradiation with UV light or heating at various temperature. After given a heating, the FTIR spectra showed a new absorption peak at wave number 1712 cm{sup −1} indicating the presence of carbonyl groups in polymers, whereas after irradiation with UV light is not visible the presence of this absorption peak. The increase concentration of cobalt stearate added in HDPE and the higher heating temperature, the intensity of the absorption peak of the carbonyl group increased. The increasing intensity of the carbonyl group absorption is caused the presence of damage in the film surface after heating, and this result is supported by analysis the surface properties of the film with using SEM. Biodegradation tests were performed on oxo-biodegradable polyethylene film which has been given heating or UV light with using activated sludge under optimal conditions the growth of microorganisms. After biodegradation, the maximum weight decreased by 23% in the oxo-biodegradable polyethylene film with a cobalt stearate concentration of 0.2% and after heating at a temperature of 75 °C for 10 days, and only 0.69% in the same film after irradiation UV light for 10 days. Based on the results above, cobalt stearate additive is more effective to initiate the oxidative degradation of HDPE when it is initiated by heating compared to irradiation with UV light.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Grain size effect on activation energy in spinel CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} ceramic

Cobalt ferrite of different average crystallites (from nanocrystallite to micro crystallites) has been prepared by the Sol-Gel Method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the cubic spinel phase with no trace of impurity phases. The effect of annealing temperature on micro structure and electric transport properties as a function of frequency and temperature has been studied. It is observed that the electric impedance and conductivity are strongly dependent on grain size. The impedance spectroscopic study is employed to understand the electrical transport properties of cobalt ferrite.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural and ambient/sub-ambient temperature magnetic properties of Er-substituted cobalt-ferrites synthesized by sol-gel assisted auto-combustion method

Er-substituted cobalt-ferrites CoFe{sub 2−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 4} (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) were synthesized by sol-gel assisted auto-combustion method. The precursor powders were calcined at 673–873 K for 4 h, subsequently pressed into pellets and sintered at 1273 K for 4 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of the spinel phase for all the compositions and, additional orthoferrite phase for higher compositions (x = 0.03 and 0.04). The XRD spectra and the Transmission Electron Microscopy micrographs indicate that the nanocrystalline particulates of the Er-substituted cobalt ferrites have crystallite size of ∼120–200 nm. The magnetization curves show an increase in saturation magnetization (M{sub S}) and coercivity (H{sub C}) for Er-substituted cobalt-ferrites at sub-ambient temperatures. M{sub S} for CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}, CoFe{sub 0.99}Er{sub 0.01}O{sub 4}, CoFe{sub 0.98}Er{sub 0.02}O{sub 4}, and CoFe{sub 0.97}Er{sub 0.03}O{sub 4} peak at 89.7 Am{sup 2}/kg, 89.3 Am{sup 2}/kg, 88.8 Am{sup 2}/kg, and 87.1 Am{sup 2}/kg, respectively, at a sub-ambient temperature of ∼150 K. H{sub C} substantially increases with decrease in temperature for all the compositions, while it peaks at x = 0.01−0.02 at all temperatures. The combination of Er content—x ∼ 0.02 and the temperature—∼5 K provides the maximum H{sub C} ∼ 984 kA/m. Er-substituted cobalt-ferrites have higher cubic anisotropy constant, K{sub 1}, compared to pure cobalt-ferrite at ambient/sub-ambient temperatures. K{sub 1} gradually increases for all compositions in the temperature decreasing from 300 to 100 K. While K{sub 1} peaks at ∼150 K for pure cobalt-ferrite, it peaks at ∼50 K for CoFe{sub 0.99}Er{sub 0.01}O{sub 4}, CoFe{sub 0.98}Er{sub 0.02}O{sub 4}, and CoFe{sub 0.96}Er{sub 0.04}O{sub 4}. The M{sub S} (∼88.7 Am{sup 2}/kg), at 5 K, for Er substituted cobalt-ferrite is close to the highest values reported for Sm and Gd substituted cobalt-ferrites. The M{sub S} (∼83.5 Am{sup 2}/kg) at 300 K for Er-substituted cobalt-ferrite is the highest among the lanthanide series element substituted cobalt-ferrites. The H{sub C} (at 5 K) for Er substituted cobalt-ferrite is close to the highest values observed for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd substituted cobalt-ferrites.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synthesis and structural characterization of polyaniline/cobalt chloride composites

Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI /cobalt chloride composites were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with CoCl{sub 2}.6H{sub 2}O using ammonium peroxidisulphate as an oxidant. These composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD study reveals that both PANI and composites are amorphous. The XRD and SEM results confirm the presence of cobalt chloride in the composites.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

Graphical abstract: Recovery of valuable metals from scrap batteries of mobile phone. - Highlights: • Recovery of Co and Li from spent LIBs was performed by hydrometallurgical route. • Under the optimum condition, 99.1% of lithium and 70.0% of cobalt were leached. • The mechanism of the dissolution of lithium and cobalt was studied. • Activation energy for lithium and cobalt were found to be 32.4 kJ/mol and 59.81 kJ/mol, respectively. • After metal recovery, residue was washed before disposal to the environment. - Abstract: In view of the stringent environmental regulations, availability of limited natural resources and ever increasing need of alternative energy critical elements, an environmental eco-friendly leaching process is reported for the recovery of lithium and cobalt from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries of mobile phones. The experiments were carried out to optimize the process parameters for the recovery of lithium and cobalt by varying the concentration of leachant, pulp density, reductant volume and temperature. Leaching with 2 M sulfuric acid with the addition of 5% H{sub 2}O{sub 2} (v/v) at a pulp density of 100 g/L and 75 °C resulted in the recovery of 99.1% lithium and 70.0% cobalt in 60 min. H{sub 2}O{sub 2} in sulfuric acid solution acts as an effective reducing agent, which enhance the percentage leaching of metals. Leaching kinetics of lithium in sulfuric acid fitted well to the chemical controlled reaction model i.e. 1 − (1 − X){sup 1/3} = k{sub c}t. Leaching kinetics of cobalt fitted well to the model ‘ash diffusion control dense constant sizes spherical particles’ i.e. 1 − 3(1 − X){sup 2/3} + 2(1 − X) = k{sub c}t. Metals could subsequently be separated selectively from the leach liquor by solvent extraction process to produce their salts by crystallization process from the purified solution.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Influence of the Cobalt Content on the Strength Properties of Tungsten Carbide Ceramics under Dynamic Loads

Based on the registration and analysis of the full wave profiles, the Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength of ceramics based on tungsten carbide with different cobalt content are measured. We also study the influence of the cobalt content on the mechanical characteristics of tungsten carbide such as hardness, fracture strength, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and sound velocity. It is shown that in the process of spalling, the failure stresses grow and the dynamic elastic limit decreases almost linearly within the scatter of their values with growing cobalt content; moreover, the value of the Hugoniot elastic limit is abruptly practically halved as the cobalt content grows from 0 to 2 wt %.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1960

Lubricating Properties of Some Bonded Fluoride and Oxide Coatings for Temperature to 1500 F

The lubricating properties of some experimental ceramic coatings, diffusion-bonded fluoride coatings, and ceramic-bonded fluoride coatings were determined. The experiments were conducted in an air atmosphere at a sliding velocity of 430 feet per minute and at temperatures from 75 to 1500 F. Several ceramic coatings provided substantial reductions in friction coefficient and rider wear (compared with the unlubricated metals). For example, a cobaltous oxide (CoO) base coating gave friction coefficients of 0.24 to 0.36 within the temperature range of 75 to 1400 F; serious galling and welding of the metal surfaces were prevented. The friction coefficients were higher than the arbitrary maximum (0.2) usually considered for effective boundary lubrication. However, when a moderately high friction coefficient can be tolerated, this type of coating may be a useful antiwear composition. Diffusion-bonded calcium fluoride (CaF2) on Haynes Stellite 21 and on Inconel X gave friction coefficients of 0.1 to 0.2 at 1500 F. Endurance life was dependent on the thermal history of the coating; life improved with increased exposure time at elevated temperatures prior to running. Promising results were obtained with ceramic-bonded CaF2 on Inconel X. Effective lubrication and good adherence were obtained with a 3 to 1 ratio of CaF2 to ceramic. A very thin sintered and burnished film of CaF2 applied to the surface of this coating further improved lubrication, particularly above 1350 F. The friction coefficient was 0.2 at 500 F and decreased with increasing temperature to 0.06-at 1500 F. It was 0.25 at 75 F and 0.22 at 250 F.

Sliney, Harold E.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Laser Source Influence on the Preferential Growth and the Inversion Degree in Pulsed Laser CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} Films

A comparative study between cobalt ferrite films deposited by pulsed laser deposition as a function of the laser sources, 355 nm (Nd:YAG) and 248 nm (KrF excimer), on amorphous quartz (AQ) and < 100 > -oriented silicon wafer (SW) at different temperatures (650–800 {sup ∘}C) is presented. Also, a quantitative estimation of the preferential crystalline growth orientation as laser source function was made by means of Lotgering factor and Harris texture coefficient, which were obtained from XRD patterns. The inversion degree in spinel-type structure for cobalt ferrite films was calculated through a deconvolution in Raman spectra, where the band A{sub 1g} vibrating modes in tetrahedral sites were associated with Fe and Co sites (687 and 611 cm{sup −1}, respectively). Additionally, saturation magnetization was also calculated from the inversion degree obtained from deconvolution of the Raman spectra in CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} films, being compared with experimental results, which is in a good agreement with cobalt ferrite bulk, and we also correlated the preferential growth and the particle size with increment of the coercive field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Investigation of the influence of electron irradiation on the properties of cobalt nanotubes

Cobalt nanotubes have been synthesized by electrochemical deposition in pores of ion track membranes. The structures obtained have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and gas permeability method. The influence of electron irradiation on the cobalt nanotube structure has been investigated. It is shown that an increase in the irradiation dose leads to the transformation of the sample crystal structure. This fact can be explained by the simultaneous reduction of the β-Co metastable phase and relaxation of the microstress formed by the fcc phase in the lattice. The degree of sample texturing along the [100] direction increases under electron irradiation. The dependences of the resistive and magnetic properties of cobalt nanotubes on the irradiation dose have been analyzed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Pressure effects on crystal structures and magnetic properties of RCo{sub 5} (R = Y or Gd) compounds

The pressure dependences of crystal structures and magnetic properties of YCo{sub 5} and GdCo{sub 5} compounds are analysed based on band structure calculations. Isomorphic transitions were evidenced for relative volumes v/v{sub 0} = 0.91 and 0.86, for YCo{sub 5} and GdCo{sub 5}, respectively. At the transition, there is a higher decrease of cobalt moments at 3g sites as compared to those located in 2c ones. The induced polarizations on Y4d and Gd5d bands, by short range interactions, are linearly dependent on the magnetizations of cobalt atoms situated in their neighborhood. The isomorphic transitions are analysed in correlations with band structures.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Enhanced Magnetic Permeability in Ni{sub 0.55−y}Co{sub y}Zn{sub 0.35}Mg{sub 0.10}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method

Growth in permeability with increasing cobalt content in Ni-Zn ferrite is a rare phenomenon. The rise in magnetic anisotropy associated with the cobalt, in general, suppresses the relative permeability of the material. However, cobalt substituted nickel-zinc ferrite of composition, Ni{sub 0.55−y}Co{sub y}Zn{sub 0.35}Mg{sub 0.10}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (y= 0.00, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20), synthesized by sol-gel method, showed an enhanced relative initial permeability from 100 to 220 in the frequency range 60 Hz to 50 MHz with increasing cobalt content. The factors causing the permeability increase have been discussed in terms of the observed variations in particle size, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature. The magnetization process under the influence of cobalt has been illustrated in detail with the help of dM/dH versus magnetization curves.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Induced spin polarization effect in graphene by ferromagnetic nanocontact

Chemically synthesized graphene contains large number of defects which act as localized spin moments at the defect sites. Cobalt nanosheets of variable thickness are grown on graphene surface to investigate spin/magnetotransport through graphene sheets containing large number of localized spins. Negative magnetoresistance (MR) is observed over the entire temperature range (5–300 K) for thin cobalt sheets, while a cross-over from negative to positive MR with increasing temperature is noticed for thicker cobalt sheets. The observed MR results are explained on the basis of recently reported spin polarization effect in graphene due to the presence of ferromagnetic atoms on the surface considering a spin valve like Co/graphene/Co nanostructures.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Studying Near-Surface Layers of Germanium Implanted with Cobalt Ions

Results of an investigation of the surface of germanium nanostructured by means of ion implantation are presented. Single-crystalline germanium (c-Ge) plates were irradiated by 40-keV cobalt Co{sup +} ions in a dose range of (2–8) × 10{sup 16} ion/cm{sup 2}. Evolution of the germanium surface morphology with increasing ion dose was studied by method of scanning electron microscopy. It is established that an increase in the ion implantation dose is accompanied by gradual formation of a surface layer consisting of spherical particles with diameters of ~150 nm. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns of samples was indicative of the appearance of nanosized cobalt germanide (CoGe) particles in the ion-implanted surface layer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗