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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

M32 analogs? A population of massive ultra-compact dwarf and compact elliptical galaxies in intermediate-redshift clusters

We report the discovery of relatively massive, M32-like ultra compact dwarf (UCD) and compact elliptical (CE) galaxy candidates in 0.2<z<0.6 massive galaxy clusters imaged by the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) survey. Examining the nearly unresolved objects in the survey, we identify a sample of compact objects concentrated around the cluster central galaxies with colors similar to cluster red sequence galaxies. Their colors and magnitudes suggest stellar masses around 10{sup 9}M{sub ⊙}. More than half of these galaxies have half-light radii smaller than 200 pc, falling into the category of massive UCDs and CEs, with properties similar to M32. The properties are consistent with a tidal stripping origin, but we cannot rule out the possibility that they are early-formed compact objects trapped in massive dark matter halos. The 17 CLASH clusters studied in this work on average contain 2.7 of these objects in their central 0.3 Mpc and 0.6 in their central 50 kpc. Our study demonstrates the possibility of statistically characterizing UCDs/CEs with a large set of uniform imaging survey data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

COMPACT E+A GALAXIES AS A PROGENITOR OF MASSIVE COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES AT 0.2 < z < 0.8

We search the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Baryon Oscillation Sky Survey to identify ∼5500 massive compact quiescent galaxy candidates at 0.2 < z < 0.8. We robustly classify a subsample of 438 E+A galaxies based on their spectral properties and make this catalog publicly available. We examine sizes, stellar population ages, and kinematics of galaxies in the sample and show that the physical properties of compact E+A galaxies suggest that they are a progenitor of massive compact quiescent galaxies. Thus, two classes of objects—compact E+A and compact quiescent galaxies—may be linked by a common formation scenario. The typical stellar population age of compact E+A galaxies is <1 Gyr. The existence of compact E+A galaxies with young stellar populations at 0.2 < z < 0.8 means that some compact quiescent galaxies first appear at intermediate redshifts. We derive a lower limit for the number density of compact E+A galaxies. Assuming passive evolution, we convert this number density into an appearance rate of new compact quiescent galaxies at 0.2 < z < 0.8. The lower limit number density of compact quiescent galaxies that may appear at z < 0.8 is comparable to the lower limit of the total number density of compact quiescent galaxies at these intermediate redshifts. Thus, a substantial fraction of the z < 0.8 massive compact quiescent galaxy population may descend from compact E+A galaxies at intermediate redshifts.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Safety Testing and Post-Safety Test Examination of AGR-2 UCO Compact 2-3-2 and AGR-2 UO2 Compact 3-4-1

In this report, results from 1800°C safety testing and post-safety-test PIE of AGR-2 UCO Compact 2-3-2 and 1700°C safety testing of AGR-2 UO2 Compact 3-4-1 are discussed and compared to previously reported results from 1800°C safety testing of AGR-2 UCO Compact 5-4-1 and 1600°C safety testing of compact “twins”: AGR-2 UCO Compact 2-3-1 and AGR-2 UO 2 Compact 3-4-2. These compact pairs are called “twins” because their symmetric locations in the irradiation test train resulted in similar irradiation conditions. Table 1 shows the calculated burnup in percent fissions per initial metal atom (FIMA), the fast neutron fluence (neutron energies > 0.18 MeV), and the average compact temperatures during irradiation for these compacts. Capsule 2 Compacts 2-3-2 and 2-3-1 were intentionally irradiated at notably higher temperature than compacts in the other AGR-2 capsules or those previously studied in the AGR-1 irradiation test. The Capsule 2 compacts provide insight into the irradiation and post-irradiation safety test performance at higher temperatures than typical HTGR operating temperatures.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Preparation of ultra-thin and high-quality WO{sub 3} compact layers and comparision of WO{sub 3} and TiO{sub 2} compact layer thickness in planar perovskite solar cells

In this paper, the ultra-thin and high-quality WO{sub 3} compact layers were successfully prepared by spin-coating-pyrolysis method using the tungsten isopropoxide solution in isopropanol. The influence of WO{sub 3} and TiO{sub 2} compact layer thickness on the photovoltaic performance of planar perovskite solar cells was systematically compared, and the interface charge transfer and recombination in planar perovskite solar cells with TiO{sub 2} compact layer was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results revealed that the optimum thickness of WO{sub 3} and TiO{sub 2} compact layer was 15 nm and 60 nm. The planar perovskite solar cell with 15 nm WO{sub 3} compact layer gave a 9.69% average and 10.14% maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency, whereas the planar perovskite solar cell with 60 nm TiO{sub 2} compact layer achieved a 11.79% average and 12.64% maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency. - Graphical abstract: The planar perovskite solar cell with 15 nm WO{sub 3} compact layer gave a 9.69% average and 10.14% maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency, whereas the planar perovskite solar cell with 60 nm TiO{sub 2} compact layer achieved a 11.79% average and 12.64% maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Preparation of ultra-thin and high-quality WO{sub 3} compact layers. • Perovskite solar cell with 15 nm-thick WO{sub 3} compact layer achieved PCE of 10.14%. • Perovskite solar cell with 60 nm-thick TiO{sub 2} compact layer achieved PCE of 12.64%.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

First elevated-temperature performance testing of coated particle fuel compacts from the AGR-1 irradiation experiment

In the AGR-1 irradiation experiment, 72 coated-particle fuel compacts were taken to a peak burnup of 19.5% fissions per initial metal atom with no in-pile failures. This paper discusses the first post-irradiation test of these mixed uranium oxide/uranium carbide fuel compacts at elevated temperature to examine the fuel performance under a simulated depressurized conduction cooldown event. A compact was heated for 400 h at 1600 degrees C. Release of 85Kr was monitored throughout the furnace test as an indicator of coating failure, while other fission product releases from the compact were periodically measured by capturing them on exchangeable, water-cooled deposition cups. No coating failure was detected during the furnace test, and this result was verified by subsequent electrolytic deconsolidation and acid leaching of the compact, which showed that all SiC layers were still intact. However, the deposition cups recovered significant quantities of silver, europium, and strontium. Based on comparison of calculated compact inventories at the end of irradiation versus analysis of these fission products released to the deposition cups and furnace internals, the minimum estimated fractional losses from the compact during the furnace test were 1.9 x 10-2 for silver, 1.4 x 10-3 for europium, and 1.1 x 10-5 for strontium. Other post-irradiation examination of AGR-1 compacts indicates that similar fractions of europium and silver may have already been released by the intact coated particles during irradiation, and it is therefore likely that the detected fission products released from the compact in this 1600 degrees C furnace test were from residual fission products in the matrix. Gamma analysis of coated particles deconsolidated from the compact after the heating test revealed that silver content within each particle varied considerably; a result that is probably not related to the furnace test, because it has also been observed in other as-irradiated AGR-1 compacts. X-ray imaging of selected particles was performed to examine the internal microstructure. This examination revealed variable irradiation performance of the coating layers, but sufficient statistical sampling is not yet available to identify any possible correlation to variation in individual particle fission product retention.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comprehensive Studies on Hot Compaction and Vibration-Assisted Compaction Tests of Aluminum Powder

Abstract Aluminum powder compaction was studied using both test and simulation. Cold compaction, hot compaction, and vibration-assisted (cold) compaction tests were conducted to achieve different density ratios. First, the hot compaction test (at 300 °C, compression pressure 140 MPa) improved about 6% compared with cold compaction under the same compression pressure. Second, although the relative density ratio does not obviously improve at a vibration-assisted (cold) compaction, the strength of the specimens made under vibration loading is much better than those of cold compaction. Additionally, finite element models with well-calibrated Drucker–Prager Cap (DPC) material constitutive model were built in abaqus/standard to simulate the powder compaction process. The results of the finite element model have very good correlations with test results up to the tested range, and this finite element model further predicts the loading conditions needed to achieve the higher density ratios. Two exponential equations of the predicted density ratio were obtained by combining the test data and the simulation results. A new analytical solution was developed to predict the axial pressure versus the density ratio for the powder compaction according to DPC material model. The results between the analytical solution and the simulation model have a very good match.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2015

The strength anisotropy of localized compaction: A model for the role of the nature and orientation of cross‐beds on the orientation and distribution of compaction bands in 3‐D

Abstract The field observations indicate that the low‐angle bed‐parallel compaction bands and the high‐angle‐to‐bedding compaction bands occur only in cross‐beds with certain range of bedding orientations in the Aztec Sandstone at the Valley of Fire State Park (NV). The hypothesis is that the primary underlying mechanical reason for this phenomenon is the strength anisotropy of localized compaction in anisotropic sandstones. In this paper, we used a quadratic failure criterion to describe the strength anisotropy of localized compaction and compared the results with the field data. The results show a clear relationship among the cross‐beds with (or without) compaction bands of certain orientations and the cross‐beds with relatively lower (or higher) calculated strength of localized compaction. We also used the quadratic failure criterion to fit the yield caps of anisotropic sandstones deformed in the laboratory by previous investigators and achieved some degree of success. These findings indicate that the strength anisotropy of localized compaction is an important factor controlling the compartmentalized distribution of compaction bands of various orientations in the aeolian sandstones.

Deng, Shang↗
DOE OSTI2025

Neutron and x-ray computed tomography of a natural uranium tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel compact

A natural uranium-based, unirradiated tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel compact was nondestructively imaged using both X-ray (XCT) and neutron computed tomography (nCT). While XCT of compacts can provide information on fuel kernels, imaging artifacts preclude examination of the graphite matrix. In this work, nCT was used for the first time on a TRISO compact to examine the graphite matrix. A crack was clearly resolved within the graphite matrix, proving that nCT is a viable tool for nondestructive volumetric examination of the matrix material in TRISO fuel compacts. The XCT and nCT data were then fused together to create a more comprehensive dataset containing both matrix and fuel kernels.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

In situ X-ray imaging of heterogeneity in dynamic compaction of granular media

Dynamic compaction of granular materials is a complex process wherein the material response at the continuum scale arises from fracture, comminution, and fragment ow at the grain scale. Granular materials have heterogeneity due to variation in grain properties, as well as variation in local packing density and structure. These heterogeneities may affect the dynamic compaction response, producing a structured and time-varying compaction front. Methodology used to characterize the shock behavior in solid materials may be inappropriate for granular materials, because of this unsteady behavior and interactions between the granular material and measurement surfaces. To observe the compaction front heterogeneity, in-situ x-ray imaging of granular compaction is conducted at a scale between the grain- and continuum scales. To allow for sufficient x-ray transmission, a thin sample geometry is used, for which boundary affects may result in a significantly different load path than would occur in a 1-D compaction configuration. Numerical simulations of the experimental geometry support analysis of the results so that the feature of the compaction front can be distinguished from artifacts of the experimental configuration. The results suggest compaction front heterogeneity may have structure with a length scale of tens of particle diameters, and demonstrate that finite grain size can inhibit the formation shear-induced features that would arise in a homogenized representation of the same material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Keck-I MOSFIRE spectroscopy of compact star-forming galaxies at z ≳ 2: high velocity dispersions in progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies

We present Keck-I MOSFIRE near-infrared spectroscopy for a sample of 13 compact star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at redshift 2 ≤ z ≤ 2.5 with star formation rates of SFR ∼ 100 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1} and masses of log(M/M {sub ☉}) ∼10.8. Their high integrated gas velocity dispersions of σ{sub int} =230{sub −30}{sup +40} km s{sup –1}, as measured from emission lines of Hα and [O III], and the resultant M {sub *}-σ{sub int} relation and M {sub *}-M {sub dyn} all match well to those of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2, as measured from stellar absorption lines. Since log(M {sub *}/M {sub dyn}) =–0.06 ± 0.2 dex, these compact SFGs appear to be dynamically relaxed and evolved, i.e., depleted in gas and dark matter (<13{sub −13}{sup +17}%), and present larger σ{sub int} than their non-compact SFG counterparts at the same epoch. Without infusion of external gas, depletion timescales are short, less than ∼300 Myr. This discovery adds another link to our new dynamical chain of evidence that compact SFGs at z ≳ 2 are already losing gas to become the immediate progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies by z ∼ 2.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantifying particle-scale 3D granular dynamics during rapid compaction from time-resolved in situ 2D x-ray images

Understanding the particle-scale dynamics of granular materials during rapid compaction and flow is of fundamental importance for manufacturing, planetary science, geology, and defense applications. Time-resolved 2D radiography and static 3D x-ray tomography are powerful in situ tools for studying particle-scale dynamics but provide detail only in 2D or with significant time-scale limitations, respectively. Here, we introduce a new method that uses 2D in situ x-ray imaging for determining time-resolved 3D particle-scale dynamics in rapidly compressed granular materials. The method employs initial particle packing structures obtained from x-ray tomography, a 2D x-ray image generation algorithm, and an optimization algorithm. We first describe and validate the method using finite element simulations. Furthermore, we then apply the technique to x-ray phase-contrast images obtained during rapid compaction of granular materials with varying particle morphology and sample thickness. The depth-resolved particle-scale dynamics reveal complex velocity and porosity fields evolving heterogeneously along and perpendicular to the compaction direction. We characterize these features, their fluctuations near the compaction front, and the compaction front thickness. Our technique can be applied to understanding granular dynamics during rapid compaction events, and rearrangements during slower, but non-quasi-static, flows.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Promoter deletion in the soybean Compact mutant leads to overexpression of a gene with homology to the C 20 -gibberellin 2-oxidase family

Height is a critical component of plant architecture, significantly affecting crop yield. The genetic basis of this trait in soybean remains unclear. In this study, we report the characterization of the Compact mutant of soybean, which has short internodes. The candidate gene was mapped to chromosome 17, and the interval containing the causative mutation was further delineated using biparental mapping. Whole-genome sequencing of the mutant revealed an 8.7 kb deletion in the promoter of the Glyma.17g145200 gene, which encodes a member of the class III gibberellin (GA) 2-oxidases. The mutation has a dominant effect, likely via increased expression of the GA 2-oxidase transcript observed in green tissue, as a result of the deletion in the promoter of Glyma.17g145200. We further demonstrate that levels of GA precursors are altered in the Compact mutant, supporting a role in GA metabolism, and that the mutant phenotype can be rescued with exogenous GA3. We also determined that overexpression of Glyma.17g145200 in Arabidopsis results in dwarfed plants. Thus, gain of promoter activity in the Compact mutant leads to a short internode phenotype in soybean through altered metabolism of gibberellin precursors. Furthermore, these results provide an example of how structural variation can control an important crop trait and a role for Glyma.17g145200 in soybean architecture, with potential implications for increasing crop yield.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data for Promoter Deletion in the Soybean Compact Mutant Leads to Overexpression of a Gene with Homology to the C20-Gibberellin 2-Oxidase Family

Height is a critical component of plant architecture, significantly affecting crop yield. The genetic basis of this trait in soybean remains unclear. In this study, we report the characterization of the Compact mutant of soybean, which has short internodes. The candidate gene was mapped to chromosome 17, and the interval containing the causative mutation was further delineated using biparental mapping. Whole-genome sequencing of the mutant revealed an 8.7 kb deletion in the promoter of the Glyma.17g145200 gene, which encodes a member of the class III gibberellin (GA) 2-oxidases. The mutation has a dominant effect, likely via increased expression of the GA 2-oxidase transcript observed in green tissue, as a result of the deletion in the promoter of Glyma.17g145200. We further demonstrate that levels of GA precursors are altered in the Compact mutant, supporting a role in GA metabolism, and that the mutant phenotype can be rescued with exogenous GA3. We also determined that overexpression of Glyma.17g145200 in Arabidopsis results in dwarfed plants. Thus, gain of promoter activity in the Compact mutant leads to a short internode phenotype in soybean through altered metabolism of gibberellin precursors. These results provide an example of how structural variation can control an important crop trait and a role for Glyma.17g145200 in soybean architecture, with potential implications for increasing crop yield.

Biomass Analytics↗
NASA NTRS1991

Bounds on intergalactic compact objects from observations of compact radio sources

The constraints that can be imposed on the cosmic density of uniformly distributed intergalactic compact objects in the mass range of 10 million to 1 billion solar masses, using VLBI observations of compact radio sources. A compact object at a sufficiently small angular separation from a compact radio source produces a deamplified and inverted secondary image. No such cases are known. Using published maps of compact radio sources and assuming an Einstein-de Sitter cosmology, a density parameter for mass in this range greater than 0.4 is excluded at the 99.7 percent confidence level. Observations using the VLBA should allow one to exclude or discover a density parameter greater than about 0.001 for compact objects in the mass range of 0.1-100 solar masses.

Kassiola, Aggeliki↗