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Results for “COPPER CHLORIDE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

In Situ Recrystallization of Co-Evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films by Copper Chloride Vapor Treatment towards Solar Cell Applications

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (or CIGS) thin films and devices were fabricated using a modified three-stage process. Using high deposition rates and a low temperature during the process, a copper chloride vapor treatment was introduced in between the second and third stages to enhance the films properties. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that drastic changes occur after this recrystallization process, yielding films with much larger grains. Secondary ion mass spectrometry shows that the depth profile of many elements is not modified (such as Cu, In and Se) while others change dramatically (such as Ga and Na). Because of the competing effects of these changes, not all parameters of the solar cells are enhanced, yielding an increase of 15% in the device efficiency at the most.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Antiferromagnetic Ordering in A One‐Dimensional Organic Copper Chloride Hybrid Insulator

Abstract Low dimensional (LD) organic metal halide hybrids (OMHHs) have recently emerged as new generation functional materials with exceptional structural and property tunability. Despite the remarkable advances in the development of LD OMHHs, optical properties have been the major functionality extensively investigated for most of LD OMHHs developed to date, while other properties, such as magnetic and electronic properties, remain significantly under‐explored. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of the magnetic and electronic properties of a 1D OMHH, organic‐copper (II) chloride hybrid (C 8 H 22 N 2 )Cu 2 Cl 6 . Owing to the antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu atoms through chloride bridges in 1D [Cu 2 Cl 6 2− ] ∞ chains, (C 8 H 22 N 2 )Cu 2 Cl 6 is found to exhibit antiferromagnetic ordering with a Néel temperature of 24 K. The two‐terminal (2T) electrical measurement on a (C 8 H 22 N 2 )Cu 2 Cl 6 single crystal reveals its insulating nature. This work shows the potential of LD OMHHs as a highly tunable quantum material platform for spintronics.

Islam, Md Sazedul↗
DOE OSTI2021

Vapor Treatment and In-situ Recrystallization by Copper Chloride on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin Film

Deposition of CIGS semiconductor thin films was performed at low temperature and high rate by three-stage coevaporation process on molybdenum coated glass substrate. Here, a vapor treatment was done in between the second and third stage by flashing CuCl 2 for 5 mins at 400 °C. A large change in morphology and crystal structure was observed after the treatment. XRD and SEM showed that small grains transformed into large grains. A smoother Ga profile was observed by SIMS measurements for the treated films as compared to as-deposited films. Furthermore, the Na profile was also modified in the recrystallized samples, with a lower content after recrystallization.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Chirality Transfer to the Magnetic Sublattice in the Hybrid Perovskite (R)-/(S)-3-Fluoropyrrolidinium Copper(II) Chloride

Incorporating chiral organic cations into organic–inorganic hybrid materials has been shown to enable the inorganic sublattice to display chiroptical properties. We report a new two-dimensional magnetic (S = 1/2) chiral metal halide perovskite, (R)- and (S)-(C 4 H 9 FN) 2 CuCl 4 (where (C 4 H 9 FN) + is 3-fluoropyrrolidinium), which consists of Cu–Cl inorganic layers separated by (C 4 H 9 FN) + organic cations. The presence of the chiral (C 4 H 9 FN) + organic cation induces the formation of chiral magnetic order, even though the inorganic sublattice itself is nearly structurally centrosymmetric. We also report the racemic variant, containing an equal amount of (R)- and (S)- cations, which shows no evidence of chiral magnetic order. When the magnetic susceptibility is measured perpendicular to the inorganic Cu–Cl layer propagation direction, an antiferromagnetic phase transition at Néel temperature T N = 2.23 K is observed in both the chiral and racemic materials, and the existence of the magnetic phase transition is supported by specific heat capacity measurements. Field-induced magnetic chirality is observed through the existence of a second-order magnetoelectric effect in the chiral variant, while no magnetoelectric signal is observed for the racemic material, indicating the absence of magnetic chirality. Our findings demonstrate that materials exhibiting chiral magnetic order can be created through the incorporation of a chiral cation into an organic–inorganic hybrid magnetic material, potentially allowing for the design of tailored materials that combine chiral magnetism with other desirable optical and electronic properties that come from structural chirality.

Cations↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Moss Response to Metal Contaminant Exposure Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence

Tracing sources of contamination, including potentially toxic elements (PTEs), has historically been achieved through sampling and analysis of soil or biota, which are labor-intensive, costly, and destructive methods. Thus, availability of a non-destructive in situ remote sensing method for monitoring metals deposited in biota is of great interest. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is an emerging spectroscopic and imaging technique that documents changes in molecular energy level in plants as a biological response to metal contamination. For a proof-of-concept study and preliminary experiment, moss was selected for experimentation due to its long history of use in tracing atmospheric deposition of PTEs. Consecutive treatments of copper chloride (CuCl2) were administered to three moss samples, simulating wet deposition every 48 h over 10 days until reaching cumulative Cu concentrations of 2.690 to 8.075 μmol/cm2. While these Cu amounts are above environmentally relevant concentrations, they allowed the best conditions for testing and fine tuning of the imaging and data processing protocols presented in this paper. Moss fluorescence was induced using both 532 nm green and 355 nm UV lasers. A CMOS camera captured images of the LIF response, and red–green–blue (RGB) decimal code values were extracted for each pixel in the images, and pixel densities of color channels from treated and untreated moss samples were compared. Results show a shift towards lower color decimal codes corresponding to increased Cu concentration. We developed and contrasted multiple quantitative analyses of color distributions and demonstrated that LIF shows great promise for remote sensing of Cu accumulation in moss at μmol/cm2 levels. Though currently, the method would be limited to highly toxic sites, it illustrates the possibility and provides a framework for development of higher-sensitivity methods to detect nmol/cm2 that are viable for urban contamination level monitoring.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimized NiTe 2 /Ni back contacts via chemical deposition for high performance CdTe solar cells

The development of efficient and stable back contacts remains a major challenge in achieving high performance and long-term stability of CdTe thin-film solar cells. Here, this work revisits the formation of NiTe 2 by chemical bath deposition (CBD) as a back contact for CdTe devices. An optimized CBD recipe, based on high-purity precursors and the addition of copper chloride directly into the bath, was developed and applied to fabricate Cu-doped CdTe solar cells. A modified Cu-free methodology was also applied to Group V doped absorbers. The process included pinhole filling, ion milling, CBD, annealing, and sputtering to form a low-barrier back contact. Devices fabricated using this method achieved consistent open-circuit voltages (V oc ) above 800 mV and fill factors (FF) exceeding 70%. The best Cu-doped devices reached power conversion efficiencies (PCE) above 18 %, and preliminary results with Group V-doped material demonstrated compatibility of the method with high-efficiency, state-of-the-art CdTe devices. This study shows that NiTe 2 /Ni back contacts, formed via an optimized chemical process followed by sputtering of Ni, represent a promising pathway for achieving low-barrier and potentially stable back contacts in modern CdTe photovoltaics.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cu6PbSe2Cl5O8 by Materials Project

CuCl2Cu5PbSe2O8Cl3 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four copper chloride molecules and one Cu5PbSe2O8Cl3 framework. In the Cu5PbSe2O8Cl3 framework, there are four inequivalent Cu+2.17+ sites. In the first Cu+2.17+ site, Cu+2.17+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry to three O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (1.99 Å) and two longer (2.17 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.24 Å) and one longer (2.37 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. In the second Cu+2.17+ site, Cu+2.17+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.02 Å. The Cu–Cl bond length is 2.32 Å. In the third Cu+2.17+ site, Cu+2.17+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.03 Å. The Cu–Cl bond length is 2.25 Å. In the fourth Cu+2.17+ site, Cu+2.17+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.95 Å) and two longer (1.99 Å) Cu–O bond length. Pb4+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.46 Å) and two longer (2.48 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.01 Å) and one longer (3.05 Å) Pb–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Se2+ sites. In the first Se2+ site, Se2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.73 Å) and one longer (1.77 Å) Se–O bond length. In the second Se2+ site, Se2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.73 Å) and one longer (1.76 Å) Se–O bond length. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Cu+2.17+ and one Se2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Cu+2.17+ and one Se2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Cu+2.17+ and one Pb4+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OCu3Pb tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Cu+2.17+ atoms to form corner-sharing OCu4 tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu+2.17+ and one Se2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cu+2.17+, one Pb4+, and one Se2+ atom. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Cu+2.17+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cu+2.17+ and one Pb4+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cu+2.17+ and one Pb4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CrCuN6Cl5 by Materials Project

Cr(N2Cl)3CuCl2 crystallizes in the cubic Pn-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four copper chloride molecules and one Cr(N2Cl)3 framework. In the Cr(N2Cl)3 framework, Cr6+ is bonded in a hexagonal planar geometry to six equivalent N+0.33- atoms. All Cr–N bond lengths are 1.83 Å. N+0.33- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. Both N–Cl bond lengths are 2.27 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent N+0.33- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuH2(NCl2)2 by Materials Project

CuCl2N2(HCl)2 is Protactinium-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/mnm space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ammonia molecules, two copper chloride molecules, and two HCl clusters. In each HCl cluster, H1+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cl1- atoms. Both H–Cl bond lengths are 1.59 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent H1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Yb3Cu3Te4(ClO2)6 by Materials Project

Cu3Yb3(TeO3)4Cl6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two copper chloride molecules and one Yb3Cu2Te4(O3Cl)4 sheet oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. In the Yb3Cu2Te4(O3Cl)4 sheet, there are two inequivalent Yb3+ sites. In the first Yb3+ site, Yb3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Yb–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.73 Å. In the second Yb3+ site, Yb3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Yb–O bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.68 Å. Cu+1.67+ is bonded in a square pyramidal geometry to three O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.45 Å. There are one shorter (2.20 Å) and one longer (2.22 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Te4+ sites. In the first Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Te–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.98 Å. In the second Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Te–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.98 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Yb3+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Te4+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OYb2CuTe tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Yb3+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Te4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Yb3+ and one Te4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Yb3+ and one Te4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Yb3+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Te4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Yb3+ and one Te4+ atom. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cu+1.67+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cu+1.67+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Reductive Leaching of Chalcopyrite by Chromium(II) Chloride for the Rapid and Complete Extraction of Copper

A hydrometallurgical process is developed to lower the costs of copper production and thereby sustain the use of copper throughout the global transition to renewable energy technologies. The unique feature of the hydrometallurgical process is the reductive treatment of chalcopyrite, which is in contrast to the oxidative treatment more commonly pursued in the literature. Chalcopyrite reduction by chromium(II) ion is described for the first time and superior kinetics are shown. At high concentrate loadings of 39, 78, and 117 gL –1 , chalcopyrite reacted completely within minutes at room temperature and pressure. The XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS measurements indicate that chalcopyrite reacts to form copper(I) chloride (CuCl). After the reductive treatment, the mineral products are leached by iron(III) sulfate to demonstrate the complete extraction of copper. The chromium(II) ion may be regenerated by an electrolysis unit inspired by an iron chromium flow battery in a practical industrial process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Catalytic Borylation of Poly(vinyl chloride) Produces Adhesive Materials

Postpolymerization functionalization of polymers can create new applications for existing materials, while retaining their most favorable, intrinsic properties. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used, commodity polymer that is particularly challenging to modify. We report a copper-catalyzed protocol that replaces a small fraction of the C-Cl bonds in PVC with C-B bonds to boronic esters. The reaction occurs with an inexpensive catalyst comprising copper(II) chloride and an NHC ligand derived from a common ionic liquid that is distinct from the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) used for the borylation of small alkyl halides. The resulting materials adhere strongly to common surfaces, such as glass and metals, even more strongly than do commercial glues.

D’Angelo, Kyan A↗
DOE OSTI2020

Doping of CdTe Using CuCl2 Solution for Highly Efficient Photovoltaic Devices

Here, we report doping of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cells using copper (II) chloride (CuCl 2 ) solution in deionized water. The CdTe thin films were immersed in 0.1 mmol CuCl 2 solution in water and annealed in the temperature range of 180-240 degrees C for various time durations. The devices were completed using thermally evaporated gold (Au) and measured under simulated AM1.5G spectrum. The average device efficiency of CuCl 2 treated CdTe devices increased to 13.7 % (best cell reaching 14.0%) with significant improvement on open-circuit voltage (VOC ) as compared with 12.4% (best cell 12.7%) for thermally evaporated Cu doped CdTe devices. For CuCl 2 treated CdTe devices, we found higher photoluminescence (PL) intensity and longer carrier life time at room temperature indicating solution based doping offers better control of Cu doping density as compared with evaporated Cu.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Copper Iodide-Mediated Synthesis of α-Diimine Ligands from Bis(imidoyl chlorides) and Arylstannanes

Aryl-substitued α-diimines were prepared by employing an operationally simple copper iodide-mediated Stille type coupling between polyfluoro(chloro)aryl tributylstannanes and bis(imidoyl chlorides). Reactions proceed in commercial grade N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent at 70 ºC and require no additives or bases. Couplings are successful for aryl stannanes possessing two or more fluoro or chloro substituents on the aromatic ring. Products are obtained in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, this methodology allows for a simple synthesis of α-diimine ligands potentially useful in olefin polymerization as well as other catalytic transformations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development of an Integrated Thermal Energy Storage Heat Exchanger for Concentrating Solar Power

In this design and development effort a latent-heat energy storage heat exchanger was designed for a 10MW e sCO 2 power plant as a basis for detailed design and testing of a new phase-change heat exchanger technology. High efficiency thermal conductors of graphite foam or folded copper were employed within chloride salt phase-change volumes bounded by alternating high density compact plate-fin heat exchange cells in this new heat exchanger technology. Test articles were constructed at Brayton Energy and tested at Argonne National Laboratory. Copper-conducting samples were constructed and tested at Brayton Energy.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metal fluxes at the sediment–water interface in a free water surface constructed wetland

Metal biogeochemistry in the sediment, water, and the sediment–water interface (SWI) was studied in a free water surface constructed wetland. Concentrations of labile copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), sulfate, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured with the diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) and peeper. A good agreement between peeper- and DGT-measured metals was observed for Cu (regression r 2 = 0.3, 95% CI of the slopes > 0), but not for Zn (95% CI of the slopes overlapped with 0), which was attributed to the different complexed compounds between Cu and Zn in porewater. The depth profile of labile metals in sediment porewater varied with time and was consistent with the solid-phase metal deposition, showing higher concentrations in the surface layer (3 to –3 cm) than in the bottom layer (–4 to –13 cm). The depth-averaged labile Cu and Zn concentrations measured by DGT were 1.0 and 3.1 µg/L, and labile sulfate, chloride, and DOC concentrations measured by peeper were 1.8, 3.6, and 2.1 mg/L, respectively. A sharp decrease in sulfate occurred in September when sulfate concentrations became the lowest among sampling months. This was caused by the seasonal sulfur cycles in the wetland, where the dominant sulfur reaction is sulfate reduction in warm seasons and sulfide oxidation in cold seasons. Different metal-removal mechanisms were observed in the two wetland cells; sulfur dynamics controlled the removal processes in the cell without frequent disturbance but failed to influence metal removal in the cell with frequent disturbance due to the interruption of anoxic layers. The flux ratios that compare labile element concentrations between the water column and the SWI (R-Cu, R-Zn, R-DOC, R-sulfate, and R-chloride) were generated to determine metal diffusive fluxes at the interface. Labile Zn was mostly transported from the water to the SWI during all seasons (R-Zn < 1 for all months except January). Labile Cu moved from the SWI to the water during the warm months (R-Cu < 1), which was explained by the bioturbation-induced transport of organic matter based on the positive correlations between R-Cu and R-DOC. In general, sediment can serve either as a sink or a source depending on the environmental conditions, metal speciation, and presence of living organisms. Here, metal flux at the SWI is a key component in the biogeochemical cycling of a constructed wetland.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗