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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

CUPID: The Next-Generation Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Experiment

We report CUPID is a next-generation tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay experiment that will probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos and discover lepton number violation in case of observation of this singular process. CUPID will be built on experience, expertise and lessons learned in CUORE and will be installed in the current CUORE infra-structure in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory. The CUPID detector technology, successfully tested in the CUPID-Mo experiment, is based on scintillating bolometers of Li 2 MoO 4 enriched in the isotope of interest 100 Mo. In order to achieve its ambitious science goals, the CUPID collaboration aims to reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest by a factor 100 with respect to CUORE. This performance will be achieved by introducing the high efficient α/β discrimination demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus such as 100 Mo to minimize the impact of the gamma background. CUPID will consist of about 1500 hybrid heat-light detectors for a total isotope mass of 250 kg. The CUPID scientific reach is supported by a detailed and safe background model based on CUORE, CUPID-Mo and CUPID-0 results. The required performances have already been demonstrated and will be presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optimization of the first CUPID detector module

CUPID will be a next generation experiment searching for the neutrinoless double β decay, whose discovery would establish the Majorana nature of the neutrino. Based on the experience achieved with the CUORE experiment, presently taking data at LNGS, CUPID aims to reach a background free environment by means of scintillating Li 2 100 MoO 4 crystals coupled to light detectors. Indeed, the simultaneous heat and light detection allows us to reject the dominant background of α particles, as proven by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo demonstrators. In this work we present the results of the first test of the CUPID baseline module. In particular, we propose a new optimized detector structure and light sensors design to enhance the engineering and the light collection, respectively. We characterized the heat detectors, achieving an energy resolution of (5.9 ± 0.2) keV FWHM at the Q-value of 100 Mo (about 3034 keV). We studied the light collection of the baseline CUPID design with respect to an alternative configuration which features gravity-assisted light detectors’ mounting. In both cases we obtained an improvement in the light collection with respect to past measures and we validated the particle identification capability of the detector, which ensures an α particle rejection higher than 99.9%, fully satisfying the requirements for CUPID.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterization of cubic Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystals for the CUPID experiment

The CUPID Collaboration is designing a tonne-scale, background-free detector to search for double beta decay with sufficient sensitivity to fully explore the parameter space corresponding to the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy scenario. One of the CUPID demonstrators, CUPID-Mo, has proved the potential of enriched Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystals as suitable detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay search. In this work, we characterised cubic crystals that, compared to the cylindrical crystals used by CUPID-Mo, are more appealing for the construction of tightly packed arrays. We measured an average energy resolution of (6.7$\pm$0.6) keV FWHM in the region of interest, approaching the CUPID target of 5 keV FWHM. We assessed the identification of $\alpha$ particles with and without a reflecting foil that enhances the scintillation light collection efficiency, proving that the baseline design of CUPID already ensures a complete suppression of this $\alpha$-induced background contribution. We also used the collected data to validate a Monte Carlo simulation modelling the light collection efficiency, which will enable further optimisations of the detector.

100Mo↗
DOE OSTI2023

The background model of the CUPID-Mo $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiment

CUPID-Mo, located in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France), was a demonstrator for the next generation 0vββ decay experiment, CUPID. It consisted of an array of 20 enriched Li 2 100 MoO 4 bolometers and 20 Ge light detectors and has demonstrated that the technology of scintillating bolometers with particle identification capabilities is mature. Furthermore, CUPID-Mo can inform and validate the background prediction for CUPID. In this paper, we present a detailed model of the CUPID-Mo backgrounds. This model is able to describe well the features of the experimental data and enables studies of the 2vββ decay and other processes with high precision. We also measure the radio-purity of the Li 2 100 MoO 4 crystals which are found to be sufficient for the CUPID goals. Finally, we also obtain a background index in the region of interest of 3.7 $^{+0.9}_{-0.8}$ (stat) $^{+1.5}_{-0.7}$ (syst) x 10 -3 counts/ ΔE FWHM / mol iso / year the lowest in a bolometric Ovββ decay experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

CUPID pre-CDR

CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos and discover Lepton Number Violation in the so-called inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass. CUPID will be built on experience, expertise and lessons learned in CUORE, and will exploit the current CUORE infrastructure as much as possible. In order to achieve its ambitious science goals, CUPID aims to dramatically reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest introducing a high efficiently $\alpha$/$\beta$ discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus, $^{100}$Mo. This document describe the main concepts related with the design of the CUPID experiment and indicates the projected sensitivities and the global scientific goal of the experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A first test of CUPID prototypal light detectors with NTD-Ge sensors in a pulse-tube cryostat

CUPID is a next-generation bolometric experiment aiming at searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay with ~250 kg of isotopic mass of 100 Mo. It will operate at ~10 mK in a cryostat currently hosting a similar-scale bolometric array for the CUORE experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (Italy). CUPID will be based on large-volume scintillating bolometers consisting of 100 Mo-enriched Li 2 MoO 4 crystals, facing thin Ge-wafer-based bolometric light detectors. In the CUPID design, the detector structure is novel and needs to be validated. In particular, the CUORE cryostat presents a high level of mechanical vibrations due to the use of pulse tubes and the effect of vibrations on the detector performance must be investigated. In this paper we report the first test of the CUPID-design bolometric light detectors with NTD-Ge sensors in a dilution refrigerator equipped with a pulse tube in an above-ground lab. Light detectors are characterized in terms of sensitivity, energy resolution, pulse time constants, and noise power spectrum. Despite the challenging noisy environment due to pulse-tube-induced vibrations, we demonstrate that all the four tested light detectors comply with the CUPID goal in terms of intrinsic energy resolution of 100 eV RMS baseline noise. Indeed, we have measured 70–90 eV RMS for the four devices, which show an excellent reproducibility. We have also obtained high energy resolutions at the 356 keV line from a 133 Ba source, as good as Ge semiconductor γ detectors in this energy range.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

The CUPID-Mo experiment for neutrinoless double-beta decay: performance and prospects

CUPID-Mo is a bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of $^{100}$Mo. In this article, we detail the CUPID-Mo detector concept, assembly, installation in the underground laboratory in Modane in 2018, and provide results from the first datasets. The demonstrator consists of an array of 20 scintillating bolometers comprised of $^{100}$Mo-enriched 0.2 kg Li$_2$MoO$_4$ crystals. The detectors are complemented by 20 thin cryogenic Ge bolometers acting as light detectors to distinguish $\alpha$ from $\gamma$/$\beta$ events by the detection of both heat and scintillation light signals. We observe good detector uniformity, facilitating the operation of a large detector array as well as excellent energy resolution of 5.3 keV (6.5 keV) FWHM at 2615 keV, in calibration (physics) data. Based on the observed energy resolutions and light yields a separation of $\alpha$ particles at much better than 99.9\% with equally high acceptance for $\gamma$/$\beta$ events is expected for events in the region of interest for $^{100}$Mo $0\nu\beta\beta$. We present limits on the crystals' radiopurity ($\leq$3 $\mu$Bq/kg of $^{226}$Ra and $\leq$2 $\mu$Bq/kg of $^{232}$Th). Based on these initial results we also discuss a sensitivity study for the science reach of the CUPID-Mo experiment, in particular, the ability to set the most stringent half-life limit on the $^{100}$Mo $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay after half a year of livetime. In conclusion, the achieved results show that CUPID-Mo is a successful demonstrator of the technology - developed in the framework of the LUMINEU project - selected for the CUPID experiment, a proposed follow-up of CUORE, the currently running first tonne-scale cryogenic $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiment.

100Mo↗
NASA NTRS2016

Cupid's Arrow: An Innovative Nanosat to Sample Venus' Upper Atmosphere

In NASA's Discovery 2014 AO, the opportunity to propose a Technology Demonstration Opportunity (TDO) to enhance the primary mission was specified. For the Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy (VERITAS) mission, we elected to include the Cupid's Arrow nanosat TDO to sample and measure the abundances of noble gases and their isotopic ratios in Venus's upper atmosphere below the homopause. This paper will provide a basic overview of the VERITAS mission, with a focus on the Cupid's Arrow concept including a description of the mission, spacecraft design, and JPL's quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QITMS) instrument specifications and design. In previous planetary entry probe mission designs, particularly at Venus, engineers w ere focused on entry and descent. A landed probe was also proposed for the New Frontiers SAGE mission. For Cupid's Arrow, the nanosat is designed to skim through the upper atmosphere, just below the homopause, in order to sample the atmosphere, perform the analysis, and then exit the atmosphere to transmit its data to the orbiting VERITAS spacecraft. Cupid's Arrow is a compelling addition to the VERITAS geology mission. A key missing link in our understanding of Venus' evolution is the noble gas abundances and their isotopic ratios. Not since Pioneer Venus have these measurements been made in the Venus atmosphere and never in the upper atmosphere, just below the homopause, to the degree of accuracy that will be accomplished by VERITAS' Cupid's Arrow nanosat.Such measurements were ranked as the number 1 investigation of the number 1 objective of the goal "Atmospheric Formation, Evolution, and Climate History ".

Discovery↗
DOE OSTI2026

Readout Noise of Digital Frequency Multiplexed TES Detectors for CUPID

The superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) detectors have been the standard in cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments for almost two decades and are now being adapted for use in nuclear physics, such as neutrinoless double beta decay searches. In this article, we focus on a new high-bandwidth frequency multiplexed TES readout system developed for CUPID, a neutrinoless double beta decay experiment that will replace CUORE. In order to achieve the high energy resolution requirements for CUPID, the readout noise of the system must be kept to a minimum. Low TES operating resistance and long wiring between the readout SQUID and the warm electronics are needed for CUPID, prompting a careful consideration of the design parameters of this application of frequency multiplexing. In this work, we characterize the readout noise of the newly designed frequency multiplexed TES readout system for CUPID and construct a noise model to understand it. Here, we find that current sharing between the SQUID coil impedance and other branches of the circuit, as well as the long output wiring, worsen the readout noise of the system. To meet noise requirements, a SQUID with a low input inductance, high transimpedance, and/or low dynamic impedance is needed, and the wiring capacitance should be kept as small as possible. Alternatively, the option of adding a cryogenic low-noise amplifier at the output of the SQUID should be explored.

CUPID↗
DOE OSTI2020

First data from the CUPID-Mo neutrinoless double beta decay experiment

The CUPID-Mo experiment is searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{100}$Mo, evaluating the technology of cryogenic scintillating Li$_{2}^{100}$MoO$_4$ detectors for CUPID (CUORE Upgrade with Particle ID). CUPID-Mo detectors feature background suppression using a dual-readout scheme with Li$_{2}$MoO$_4$ crystals complemented by Ge bolometers for light detection. The detection of both heat and scintillation light signals allows the efficient discrimination of $\alpha$ from $\gamma$&$\beta$ events. In this proceedings, we discuss results from the first 2 months of data taking in spring 2019. In addition to an excellent bolometric performance of 6.7$\,$keV (FWHM) at 2615$\,$keV and an $\alpha$ separation of better than 99.9% for all detectors, we report on bulk radiopurity for Th and U. Finally, we interpret the accumulated physics data in terms of a limit of $T_{1/2}^{0\nu}\,> 3\times10^{23}\,$yr for $^{100}$Mo and discuss the sensitivity of CUPID-Mo until the expected end of physics data taking in early 2020.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimization of a single module of CUPID

CUPID is the next generation experiment which will use scintillating cryogenic calorimeters to search for the neutrinoless double β decay. This unobserved process would shed light on the nature of the neutrino, which up to our knowledge could be a Majorana or a Dirac particle, and would give us an important hint to explain the lack of antimatter in the universe. This ambitious search needs a detector with unique characteristics such as an extremely low background level and an excellent energy resolution. CUPID is now in advanced R&D state to optimize the detector design in order to completely exploit the potentialities of scintillating cryogenic calorimeters. In the following I will describe the test performed at the LNGS (Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso) of a single module of the future CUPID detector. In this contribution we present the performance obtained with a novel assembly concept, proving that it matches the requirements for CUPID.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Searching for New Physics in two-neutrino double beta decay with CUPID

In the past few years, attention has been drawn to the fact that a precision analysis of two-neutrino double beta decay (2υββ) allows the study of interesting physics cases like the emission of Majoron bosons and possible Lorentz symmetry violation. These processes modify the summed-energy distribution of the two electrons emitted in 2υββ. CUPID is a next-generation experiment aiming to exploit 100 Mo-enriched scintillating Li 2 MoO 4 crystals, operating as cryogenic calorimeters. Given the relatively fast half-life of 100 Mo 2υββ and the large exposure that can be reached by CUPID, we expect to measure with very high precision the 100 Mo 2υββ spectrum shape, reaching great sensitivities in the search for distortions induced by the physics beyond the Standard Model. In this contribution, we present the CUPID exclusion sensitivity for such New Physics processes, as well as the preliminary projected background of CUPID.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Large-area photon calorimeter with Ir-Pt bilayer transition-edge sensor for the CUPID experiment

CUPID is a next-generation neutrinoless double-β decay experiment that will require cryogenic light detectors to improve background suppression, via the simultaneous readout of heat and light channels from its scintillating crystals. In this work, we showcase light detectors based on an alternative Ir-Pt bilayer transition-edge sensor. We have performed a systematic study to improve the thermal coupling between the photon absorber and the sensor, and thereby its responsivity. Our first devices meet CUPID's baseline noise requirement of < 100 eV rms. Our detectors have risetimes of approximately 180μs and measured timing jitter of < 20μs for the expected signal to noise at the Q value of the decay, which achieves the CUPID's criterion of rejecting two-neutrino double-β decay pile-up events. In conclusion, the current work will inform the fabrication of future devices, culminating in the final TES design and a scaleable readout scheme for CUPID.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Final results on the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ decay half-life limit of $$^{100}$$Mo from the CUPID-Mo experiment

Abstract The CUPID-Mo experiment to search for 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β decay in $$^{100}$$ 100 Mo has been recently completed after about 1.5 years of operation at Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France). It served as a demonstrator for CUPID, a next generation 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β decay experiment. CUPID-Mo was comprised of 20 enriched $$\hbox {Li}_{{2}}$$ Li 2 $$^{100}$$ 100 $$\hbox {MoO}_4$$ MoO 4 scintillating calorimeters, each with a mass of $$\sim 0.2$$ ∼ 0.2 kg, operated at $$\sim 20$$ ∼ 20 mK. We present here the final analysis with the full exposure of CUPID-Mo ( $$^{100}$$ 100 Mo exposure of 1.47 $$\hbox {kg} \times \hbox {year}$$ kg × year ) used to search for lepton number violation via 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β decay. We report on various analysis improvements since the previous result on a subset of data, reprocessing all data with these new techniques. We observe zero events in the region of interest and set a new limit on the $$^{100}$$ 100 Mo 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β decay half-life of $$T_{1/2}^{0\nu }$$ T 1 / 2 0 ν $$> {1.8}\times 10^{24}$$ > 1.8 × 10 24 year (stat. + syst.) at 90% CI. Under the light Majorana neutrino exchange mechanism this corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass of $$\left $$ m β β $$<~{(0.28{-}0.49)} $$ < ( 0.28 - 0.49 ) eV, dependent upon the nuclear matrix element utilized.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

R&D Towards CUPID, a Ton-Scale Bolometric 0νββ Experiment

CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay and other rare events using scintillating bolometers with 100 Mo. This award supported simulation and design work on the muon tagger system for CUPID as well the development of a plan and protocol for the irradiation and fabrication of the NTD thermal sensors for CUPID.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A CUPID Li2100MoO4 scintillating bolometer tested in the CROSS underground facility

A scintillating bolometer based on a large cubic Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystal (45 mm side) and a Ge wafer (scintillation detector) has been operated in the CROSS cryogenic facility at the Canfranc underground laboratory in Spain. The dual-readout detector is a prototype of the technology that will be used in the next-generation $0\nu2\beta$ experiment CUPID. The measurements were performed at 18 and 12 mK temperature in a pulse tube dilution refrigerator. This setup utilizes the same technology as the CUORE cryostat that will host CUPID and so represents an accurate estimation of the expected performance. The Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ bolometer shows a high energy resolution of 6 keV FWHM at the 2615 keV $\gamma$ line. The detection of scintillation light for each event triggered by the Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ bolometer allowed for a full separation ($\sim$8$\sigma$) between $\gamma$($\beta$) and $\alpha$ events above 2 MeV. The Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystal also shows a high internal radiopurity with $^{228}$Th and $^{226}$Ra activities of less than 3 and 8 $\mu$Bq/kg, respectively. Taking also into account the advantage of a more compact and massive detector array, which can be made of cubic-shaped crystals (compared to the cylindrical ones), this test demonstrates the great potential of cubic Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ scintillating bolometers for high-sensitivity searches for the $^{100}$Mo $0\nu2\beta$ decay in CROSS and CUPID projects.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

New measurement of double- β decays of Mo 100 to excited states of Ru 100 with the CUPID-Mo experiment

The CUPID-Mo experiment, located at Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France), was a demonstrator experiment for CUPID. It consisted of an array of 20 Li 2 100 MoO 4 (LMO) calorimeters each equipped with a Ge light detector (LD) for particle identification. In this work, we present the result of a search for two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of 100 Mo to the first 0 + and 2 + excited states of 100 Ru using the full CUPID-Mo exposure (2.71 kg yr of LMO). We measure the half-life of 2νββ decay to the $0^+_1$ state as $T^{2ν→0^+_1}_{1/2}$ = (7.5 ± 0.8 (stat.) $^{+0.4}_{-0.3}$ (syst.)) × 10 20 yr. The bolometric technique enables measurement of the electron energies as well as the gamma rays from nuclear de-excitation and this allows us to set new limits on the two-neutrino decay to the $2^+_1$ state of $T^{2ν→2^+_1}_{1/2}$ > 4.4×10 21 yr (90% c.i.) and on the neutrinoless modes of $T^{0ν→2^+_1}_{1/2}$ > 2.1×10 23 yr (90% c.i.), $T^{0ν→0^+_1}_{1/2}$ > 1.2 × 10 23 yr (90% c.i.). Information on the electrons spectral shape is obtained which allows us to make the first comparison of the single state (SSD) and higher state (HSD) 2νββ decay models for the $0^+_1$ excited state of 100 Ru.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

CUPID, the Cuore upgrade with particle identification

CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0 νββ ) and other rare events using enriched Li 2 100 MoO 4 scintillating bolometers. It will be hosted by the CUORE cryostat located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main physics goal of CUPID is to search for 0 νββ of 100 Mo with a discovery sensitivity covering the full neutrino mass regime in the inverted ordering scenario, as well as the portion of the normal ordering regime with lightest neutrino mass larger than 10 meV. With a conservative background index of 10 −4 cts/(keV·kg·yr), 240 kg isotope mass, 5 keV FWHM energy resolution at 3 MeV and 10 live-years of data taking, CUPID will have a 90% C.L. half-life exclusion sensitivity of 1.8 · 10 27 yr, corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass ( m ββ ) sensitivity of 9–15 meV, and a 3σ discovery sensitivity of 1 · 10 27 yr, corresponding to an m ββ range of 12–21 meV.

Alfonso, K. [Virginia Polytechnic Institute and St↗