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Construction and commissioning of CMS CE prototype silicon modules

As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is developing a High Granularity Calorimeter (CE) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. The CE is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic (CEE) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. The calorimeter will be built with ~30,000 hexagonal silicon modules. Prototype modules have been constructed with 6-inch hexagonal silicon sensors with cell areas of 1.1 cm 2 , and the SKIROC2-CMS readout ASIC. Beam tests of different sampling configurations were conducted with the prototype modules at DESY and CERN in 2017 and 2018. This paper describes the construction and commissioning of the CE calorimeter prototype, the silicon modules used in the construction, their basic performance, and the methods used for their calibration.

Calorimeters↗

Materials Data on CeH2 by Materials Project

CeH2 is Fluorite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent H atoms. All Ce–H bond lengths are 2.36 Å. H is bonded to four equivalent Ce atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing HCe4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ce4H11 by Materials Project

Ce4H11 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ce sites. In the first Ce site, Ce is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to twelve H atoms. There are a spread of Ce–H bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.72 Å. In the second Ce site, Ce is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to thirteen H atoms. There are a spread of Ce–H bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.73 Å. There are three inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded to four Ce atoms to form HCe4 tetrahedra that share corners with nine HCe6 octahedra, corners with sixteen equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra, edges with six equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra, and faces with three HCe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–58°. In the second H site, H is bonded to six Ce atoms to form HCe6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent HCe6 octahedra, corners with twenty-four equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra, edges with eight HCe6 octahedra, and faces with eight equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. In the third H site, H is bonded to six Ce atoms to form HCe6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HCe6 octahedra, corners with twenty-four equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra, edges with eight equivalent HCe6 octahedra, and faces with eight equivalent HCe4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗