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At least 19 records

Nitrogen ion clusters in Triton's atmosphere

The nitrogen ion chemistry that controls Triton's ionospheric composition and may be responsible for the hazes detected by the Voyager spacecraft are discussed. In particular, it is shown that nitrogen cluster ion formation should readily occur in Triton's thin cold atmosphere. The very low temperatures of Triton's atmosphere imply that these clustered ions can nucleate into solid nitrogen particles, creating the extended visible hazes. A model based on the chemical kinetics of nitrogen ions predicts a dense ionosphere at 200-400 km, as detected by Voyager radio occultation measurements.

Delitsky, Mona L.↗

Bouncing ion clusters in the earth's magnetosphere

Mirroring clusters of ions have been observed by the UCSD auroral particles experiment on ATS 6. The dayside clusters are confined to the equatorial region, while the nightside events are low pitch angle and presumably associated with auroral processes. The bounce period of the clusters allows determination of the ion mass, and heavy ions have been observed.

Quinn, J. M.↗

A meteor ablation-cluster ion atmospheric sodium theory

Neutral and ionic forms of sodium form narrow, well-defined layers which peak in the 90-95 km altitude region at midlatitudes. A new theory for the sodium layer is presented, which is found to be in good agreement with existing atmospheric observations as well as available laboratory measurements of rate constants. The layer is believed to result naturally from a meteor ablation source over a chemical sink with vertical transport of Na(+) playing an important role in the layer shape and variation. While the neutral chemistry is believed to consist of chemical equilibrium between Na and NaO, the ion chemistry departs from earlier studies and considers a cluster ion scheme. It is possible that higher-order cluster ions of sodium play a role in the formation of aerosols, through attachment or ion-induced nucleation processes.

Richter, E. S.↗

A cluster ion chemistry for the mesospheric sodium layer

A cluster ion chemistry for sodium is developed which relates the Na(+) profile to the Na profile using reactions involving Na(+).N2, Na(+).CO2, and Na(+).H2O. Removal of sodium from the mesosphere is accomplished by the formation of higher order clusters of the form Na(+).(H2O)n which presumably precipitate to the lower atmosphere. This sink is most effective in the 80-85 km altitude range. The chemical equilibrium model is applied to experimental observations of the Na and Na(+) layers.

Richter, E. S.↗

Modeling the formation of ion clusters by applying classical nucleation theory

Experiments have been conducted to study the clustering of atmospheric trace gases around ion cores (Castleman and Tang, 1972; Searcy and Fenn, 1974; Castleman, 1978). The classical liquid-drop model is used to investigate this ion-induced formation mechanism. Results obtained from models of the distribution of Pb(+)-(H2O)n and H(+)-(H2O)n type clusters under various conditions are compared with experimental results. The distribution of water-ion clusters in the atmosphere as a function of altitude is calculated. In situ measurements of the water-ion cluster distributions in the upper atmosphere are then compared with present predictions. It is concluded that the classical nucleation theory can be used to predict rough estimates for ion cluster sizes under many conditions.

Yue, G. K.↗

Effects of low concentrations of O2 and CO on the ion-clustering reactions in the lower ionosphere of Mars

It is demonstrated that under conditions which approximate those of the Martian ionosphere traces of CO and O2 can be effectively incorporated in ion clusters via ion-molecule reaction schemes initiated by the CO2(+) ion. For example, when 0.3% CO is added to CO2, (CO)2(+), and /(CO)2CO2/(+) appear as the major cations (584 A radiation, 300 K). In mixtures containing O2 in addition to CO, (CO2,O2+) and /(CO2)2O2/(+) are important species. A recently proposed mechanism to account for the low abundance of CO and O2 in the Martian atmosphere is discussed in the light of these observations.

Sieck, L. W.↗

New gas phase inorganic ion cluster species and their atmospheric implications

Recent experimental laboratory observations, with high-pressure mass spectroscopy, have revealed the existence of previously unreported species involving water clustered to sodium dimer ions, and alkali metal hydroxides clustered to alkali metal ions. The important implications of these results concerning the existence of such species are here discussed, as well as how from a practical aspect they confirm the stability of certain cluster species proposed by Ferguson (1978) to explain masses recently detected at upper altitudes using mass spectrometric techniques.

Maerk, T. D.↗

Ion clusters and the Venus ultraviolet haze layer.

The daytime ionosphere of Venus is observed between 100 and 500 km altitude. Below 100 km ion clustering processes combine with the low temperature at the mesopause to form coagulates, giving rise to the UV haze layer which has frequently been observed. Ion ratios involving carbon dioxide are considered, taking into consideration also the possibility of a presence of nitrogen and oxygen in the Venus atmosphere.

Aikin, A. C.↗

On Ion Clusters in the Interstellar Gas

In a recent paper V.I. Krassovsky (1958) predicts the occurrence of clusters of large numbers of atoms and molecules around ions in the interstellar gas. He then proposes a number of physicochemical processes that would be considerably enhanced by the high particle density in such clusters. In particular, he suggests that absorption by negative ions formed in the clusters would account for the interstellar extinction without any necessity for the presence of grains. Because of the important consequences that ion clusters could have, it is necessary to examine their occurrence more fully. This note re-examines the formation of ion clusters in space and shows that even ion-molecule pairs are essentially non-existent. Ion clusters have been considered by Bloom and Margenau (1952) from the same point of view as that used by Krassovsky, whose basic reference (Joffe and Semenov 1933) unfortunately is not available. A different approach has been used by Eyring, Hirschfelder, and Taylor (1936) following the methods of chemical equilibrium. Both the references cited here enable one to conclude that clustering is negligible. Therefore, the treatment of Eyring et al. is more appropriate than the method of Bloom and Margenau, which depends on the statistical equilibrium of an atmosphere in a force field.

Donn, Bertram↗

Ion clusters and the Venus ultraviolet haze layer

The daytime ionosphere of Venus is observed between 100 and 500 km altitude. Below 200 km, CO2(+) is thought to be the principal ion unless oxygen is present. It was suggested that at altitudes less than 130 km the ion CO2(+)-CO2 is an important ionic constituent of the Venus ionosphere. Below 100 km, ion clustering processes combine with the low temperature at the mesopause to form coagulates giving rise to the ultraviolet haze layer which is frequently observed.

Aikin, A. C.↗

Ion clusters and the Venus ultraviolet haze layer

The daytime ionosphere of Venus is observed between 100 and 500 km altitude with a peak electron concentration of 100,000/cc at 140 km. It is suggested that at altitudes less than 130 km the ion CO2(+)-CO2 is an important ionic constituent of the Venus ionosphere. Below 100 km ion clustering processes combine with the low temperature at the mesopause to form coagulates, giving rise to the ultraviolet haze layer observed. An atmospheric model is presented.

Aikin, A. C.↗

Kinetics and mechanism of the formation of water cluster ions from O2(plus) and H2O in He, Ar, N2, and O2 at 296 K

The reaction sequence leading from O2(+) to H3O(+)-H2O was examined in He, Ar, N2 and O2 carrier gases in a flowing afterglow system. The rate constants for the reactions were measured and the kinetic analysis for their determination is presented. For M = N2, two new steps involving the formation and reaction of O2(+)-N2 were proposed and examined. The rate constants are discussed and compared with other experimental values.

Howard, C. J.↗

Recombination of cluster ions

Some of our recent work on molecular band emissions from recombination of molecular dimer ions (N4(+) and CO(+) CO) is discussed. Much of the experimental work was done by Y. S. Cao; the results on N4(+) recombination have been published. A brief progress report is given on our ongoing measurements of neutral products of recombination using the flowing-afterglow Langmuir-probe technique in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence.

Johnsen, Rainer↗

Proton-bound cluster ions in ion mobility spectrometry

Gaseous oxygen and nitrogen bases, both singly and as binary mixtures, have been introduced into ion mobility spectrometers to study the appearance of protonated molecules, and proton-bound dimers and trimers. At ambient temperature it was possible to simultaneously observe, following the introduction of molecule A, comparable intensities of peaks ascribable to the reactant ion (H2O)nH+, the protonated molecule AH+ and AH+ H2O, and the symmetrical proton bound dimer A2H+. Mass spectral identification confirmed the identifications and also showed that the majority of the protonated molecules were hydrated and that the proton-bound dimers were hydrated to a much lesser extent. No significant peaks ascribable to proton-bound trimers were obtained no matter how high the sample concentration. Binary mixtures containing molecules A and B, in some cases gave not only the peaks unique to the individual compounds but also peaks due to asymmetrical proton bound dimers AHB+. Such ions were always present in the spectra of mixtures of oxygen bases but were not observed for several mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen bases. The dimers, which were not observable, notable for their low hydrogen bond strengths, must have decomposed in their passage from the ion source to the detector, i.e. in a time less than approximately 5 ms. When the temperature was lowered to -20 degrees C, trimers, both homogeneous and mixed, were observed with mixtures of alcohols. The importance of hydrogen bond energy, and hence operating temperature, in determining the degree of solvation of the ions that will be observed in an ion mobility spectrometer is stressed. The possibility is discussed that a displacement reaction involving ambient water plays a role in the dissociation.

Non-NASA Center↗

Calculation of composition distribution of ultrafine ion-H2O-H2SO4 clusters using a modified binary ion nucleation theory

Thomson's ion nucleation theory was modified to include the effects of curvature dependence of the microscopic surface tension of field dependent, nonlinear, dielectric properties of the liquid; and of sulfuric acid hydrate formation in binary mixtures of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The modified theory leads to a broadening of the ion cluster spectrum, and shifts it towards larger numbers of H2O and H2SO4 molecules. Whether there is more shifting towards larger numbers of H2O or H2SO4 molecules depends on the relative humidity and relative acidity of the mixture. Usually, a broadening of the spectrum is accompanied by a lowering of the mean cluster intensity. For fixed values of relative humidity and relative acidity, a similar broadening pattern is observed when the temperature is lowered. These features of the modified theory illustrate that a trace of sulfuric acid can facilitate the formation of ultrafine, stable, prenucleation ion clusters as well as the growth of the prenucleation ion clusters towards the critical saddle point conditions, even with low values of relative humidity and relative acidity.

Singh, J. J.↗

Ion composition in a noctilucent cloud region

Ion composition at mesospheric altitudes was measured at high-latitude (Kiruna, Sweden) and mid-latitude (Wallops Island, Virginia) sites under summer daytime conditions, using two sets of rocket measurements both made with pumped quadrupole ion mass spectrometers. Cluster ions of hydronium and of nitric oxide were observed at midlatitudes, while, in addition to these cluster ions, a preponderance of heavy ions between 90 and 145 amu, was observed at high latitudes. These latter results may suggest the presence of metallic particles and ions which form hydrated cluster ions within the noctilucent cloud region.

Goldberg, R. A.↗