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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of Peripheral Neurophotonic Systems for High-Performance Human-Computer Interfaces (CRADA Final Report)

As part of the Cyclotron Road program, Morphosis Inc. sought to investigate a non-invasive neuromuscular sensing approach for use as an intuitive and secure human–computer interface. These highly miniaturized, wearable neural interfaces were completely non-invasive and maintained stable, high-bandwidth, long-term access to a user’s actions, intent, and identity, while offering an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio compared to contemporary neural recording technologies. The widespread adoption of neural interfaces had the potential to reshape how people interact with technology, with profound societal impacts. Millions worldwide suffered from movement and/or speech disabilities, and these tools had the potential to democratize access to technology to enhance autonomy and quality of life. More broadly, interfaces capable of accurately conveying intentions and safeguarding identities could serve as a cornerstone for privacy, trust, and personal authenticity in digital environments. The use of thought-driven control of digitally enabled devices and governance of digital identities had the potential to revolutionize relationships with technology, transforming how people learn, communicate, and interact with the world.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Evaluation of Visualization Heuristics

Heuristics have been used since the early 1990's in the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) domain, for evaluating user interfaces. Most notably, heuristics developed by Nielsen and Molich (1990) have been used by the HCI community. Forsell and Johansson (2010) used the same methodology as Nielsen and Molich and developed a set of 10 heuristics for information visualization. Currently, neither the information visualization or the visual analytics community has adopted these heuristics. However, several studies have been conducted using heuristics. Hearst et al. (2015) found that using the heuristics for visualizations along with asking questions about the data resulted in complementary results as the questions about the data could compensate for heuristics that were difficult to understand and apply. Heli Väätäjä et al. (2016) found that heuristics related to interaction, veracity, and aesthetics needed to be added to the Forsell and Johansson (2010) set. They also noted that a lack of domain knowledge caused the evaluators issues in conducting a heuristic evaluation. We conducted a controlled experiment to determine what factors might impact the expert evaluators' capability to conduct a heuristic evaluation of a static information visualization. In particular, we wanted to understand how their familiarity with the visualizations and their experience in conducting heuristic evaluations impacted their evaluations of visualizations. We recruited 10 participants who were domain experts in the visualization field each having experience with one of more of the following: user experience design or research, user interface development, and human computer interaction research. We used a heuristic set proposed by Forsell and Johansson. Participants were also asked to complete a demographic survey in which they rated their experience with each visualization type generally, their experience conducting heuristic evaluations, their experience using each visualization type to extract information, and their experience developing and creating each visualization type. The participants were shown a series of 5 common visualizations (Scatterplots, Sunbursts, Tree Maps, Parallel Sets, and Area Graphs) all displaying the VAST 2008 Mini Challenge Two- Migrant Boats data . Participants were given a suggested analytical question related to each visualization to keep in mind as they applied the 10 heuristics to each visualization. They were asked if they could find any usability problems in the visualizations and which heuristic(s) helped them to identify these problems. The participants were asked to rate how relevant each heuristic was for evaluating each visualization along with rating how confident they felt in their ability to apply the heuristic to evaluate each visualization. At the conclusion of the study, participants provided qualitative feedback on the usability issues of each visualization. Additionally, we collected eye tracking data on 6 of the 10 participants. We will be using this data to determine how long participants looked at the various visualizations and what parts of the visualizations they focused on. We had two hypotheses for this empirical evaluation: 1.The Forsell and Johansson heuristics of Orientation and help, Data set reduction, and Prompting are less useful for static visualizations because they require some interaction in order to test completely. 2.Participants that do not have experience with heuristic evaluation will provide lower evaluation scores for the heuristics compared to those that have experience. Related to hypothesis 1, as our study used only static visualizations, interaction-related usability challenges should be harder to identify. This should result in lower usefulness ratings for those heuristics. Preliminary results indicate that participants found it more difficult to apply heuristics to unfamiliar visualizations.

Williams, Ryan G.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improving the User Interface of the DeepLynx Data Warehouse

DeepLynx is an open-source ontology-based data warehouse created by INL to support the creation and life cycle of digital engineering projects, with a particular emphasis on digital twins [1]. Digital twins are systems that represent physical assets and process in a real-time digital environment [1]. Most well-known commercial data warehouses use Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) for users to interact with their systems [3]. Limited publications have addressed the design of these interfaces and understanding of their target users. The current users and development team acknowledge the need to improve the current UI, not just for aesthetics but to improve functionality and workflow of DeepLynx. Traditional data warehouse users are developers, data scientists and business analysts [2]. DeepLynx users have a vast range of experience using data warehouses, and diverse roles, including engineers, scientists and management positions. Because there is a broader audience of target users for DeepLynx than a typical data warehouse, it is essential that DeepLynx has a useable and intuitive user interface. To achieve this the team performed human-computer interaction methods, including a Heuristic Evaluation of current UI using Neilsen’s Usability Heuristic, create personas based on current users by designing a user survey, data analysis and develop of personas. Followed by a redesign of the UI following using Neilsen’s Usability Heuristic and Norman’s Principles of Interactive Design in industry standard software Figma. Lastly a Heuristic Evaluation of new UI design, using Neilsen’s Usability Heuristic and User testing of redesign UI and have a group of users complete a Thinking Aloud Test of the new UI. Preliminary results of the Heuristic Evaluation of current UI arise issue with Consistency and Standards, Visibility of System Status, Match System and Real World and Recognition Rather than Recall. These issues were addressed in the proposed redesign by applying Neilsen’s Usability Heuristic and Norman’s Principles of Interactive Design. Next steps include formalized list of lessons learned and design implications for future publications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Moore Machine Motion Controls Refurbishment Statement of Work and Specification

Diamond Turning Machines known as “Moore” machines are used in the production of Potassium diHydrogen Phosphate (KDP) optics required for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These machines are owned by the Department of Energy, as provided by Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC (LLNS). Moore Machines 1 and 2 are located at the Gooch & Housego (G&H) facility in Highland Heights, OH. The existing Aerotech motion controllers, motor drivers/amplifiers, input/output (I/O) hardware, control computer, software user interface, human machine interface (HMI), cabling, and encoders are beyond service life and require replacement. This Statement of Work (SoW) defines the motion control system refurbishment requirements for the Moore diamond turning machines designated Moore 1 and Moore 2. The motion controls system design shall include a motion control computer, control software, motor drive amplifiers and controllers, linear scale encoders, rotary encoders, HMI, power distribution, emergency stop (E-Stop) and interlocks, cabling, switches, solenoids, transducers, sensors, actuators, ancillary system interfaces, and related components necessary for a complete machine tool control system. The Subcontractor shall include effort to standardize systems between the two machines if reasonably possible.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bridging cognitive gaps between user and model in interactive dimension reduction

Interactive machine learning (ML) systems are difficult to design because of the "Two Black Boxes" problem that exists at the interface between human and machine. Many algorithms that are used in interactive ML systems are black boxes that are presented to users, while the human cognition represents a second black box that can be difficult for the algorithm to interpret. These two black boxes create cognitive gaps between the user and the interactive ML model when a user interacts with the system. In this paper, we identify several cognitive gaps that exist in a previously-developed interactive visual analytics (VA) system, Andromeda. These cognitive gaps that we are addressing in Andromeda are representative of common problems in other VA systems. Our goal with this work is to open both black boxes and bridge these cognitive gaps by making improvements to the original Andromeda system, including designing new visual features to help people better understand how Andromeda processes and interacts with data and improving the underlying algorithm so that the Andromeda system can better understand the intent of the user during the data exploration process. We evaluate our designs through both qualitative and quantitative analysis (i.e., user study and simulation analysis), and the results confirm that the improved Andromeda system outperforms the original version significantly in a series of high-dimensional data understanding tasks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Developing Digital Twin Visualizations: A Methodology and Case Study on Chemical Separation Processing

As advances in digital engineering continue to push the technological boundaries, digital twin (DT) visualizations for diagnostics and safeguards advancement become much more feasible and practical. DTs generate large and complex data streams that require effective user interfaces to provide monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. Unfortunately, while these frameworks exist, there is not much research on the systematic documentation of human–computer interaction (HCI) for DT visualization. This work presents a dual-mode visualization methodology (two dimensional [2D] graphical user interface dashboard and 3D mixed reality) designed to support diagnostic tasks in DT systems and building on a validated framework and applying established HCI principles. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study of aqueous processing at Idaho National Laboratory, using experimental data from the chemical solvent extraction runs. Our interfaces display real-time alerts and monitoring to inform users of safeguards anomalies. The interfaces use immersive 3D mixed-reality visualization for further system and experiment investigation. This work demonstrates how the systematic application of HCI principles can inform DT visualization design for diagnostic and safeguards applications. While formal user evaluation studies remain as future work, this paper documents the systematic design methodology and demonstrates a proof-of-concept implementation.

3D visualization↗
DOE OSTI2025

MoRE-Brain: Routed Mixture of Experts for Interpretable and Generalizable Cross-Subject fMRI Visual Decoding

Decoding visual experiences from fMRI offers a powerful avenue to understand human perception and develop advanced brain-computer interfaces. However, current progress often prioritizes maximizing reconstruction fidelity while overlooking interpretability, an essential aspect for deriving neuroscientific insight. To address this gap, we propose MoRE-Brain, a neuro-inspired framework designed for high-fidelity, adaptable, and interpretable visual reconstruction. MoRE-Brain uniquely employs a hierarchical Mixture-of-Experts architecture where distinct experts process fMRI signals from functionally related voxel groups, mimicking specialized brain networks. The experts are first trained to encode fMRI into the frozen CLIP space. A finetuned diffusion model then synthesizes images, guided by expert outputs through a novel dual-stage routing mechanism that dynamically weighs expert contributions across the diffusion process. MoRE-Brain offers three main advancements: First, it introduces a novel Mixture-of-Experts architecture grounded in brain network principles for neuro-decoding. Second, it achieves efficient cross-subject generalization by sharing core expert networks while adapting only subject-specific routers. Third, it provides enhanced mechanistic insight, as the explicit routing reveals precisely how different modeled brain regions shape the semantic and spatial attributes of the reconstructed image. Extensive experiments validate MoRE-Brain’s high reconstruction fidelity, with bottleneck analyses further demonstrating its effective utilization of fMRI signals, distinguishing genuine neural decoding from over-reliance on generative priors. Consequently, MoRE-Brain marks a substantial advance towards more generalizable and interpretable fMRI-based visual decoding.

Wei, Yuxiang [Georgia Institute of Technology]↗
DOE OSTI2021

Localizing Clinical Patterns of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Through Computational Modeling and Simulation

Blast traumatic brain injury is ubiquitous in modern military conflict with significant morbidity and mortality. Yet the mechanism by which blast overpressure waves cause specific intracranial injury in humans remains unclear. Reviewing of both the clinical experience of neurointensivists and neurosurgeons who treated service members exposed to blast have revealed a pattern of injury to cerebral blood vessels, manifested as subarachnoid hemorrhage, pseudoaneurysm, and early diffuse cerebral edema. Additionally, a seminal neuropathologic case series of victims of blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) showed unique astroglial scarring patterns at the following tissue interfaces: subpial glial plate, perivascular, periventricular, and cerebral gray-white interface. The uniting feature of both the clinical and neuropathologic findings in blast TBI is the co-location of injury to material interfaces, be it solid-fluid or solid-solid interface. This motivates the hypothesis that blast TBI is an injury at the intracranial mechanical interfaces. In order to investigate the intracranial interface dynamics, we performed a novel set of computational simulations using a model human head simplified but containing models of gyri, sulci, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricles, and vasculature with high spatial resolution of the mechanical interfaces. Simulations were performed within a hybrid Eulerian—Lagrangian simulation suite (CTH coupled via Zapotec to Sierra Mechanics). Because of the large computational meshes, simulations required high performance computing resources. Twenty simulations were performed across multiple exposure scenarios—overpressures of 150, 250, and 500 kPa with 1 ms overpressure durations—for multiple blast exposures (front blast, side blast, and wall blast) across large variations in material model parameters (brain shear properties, skull elastic moduli). All simulations predict fluid cavitation within CSF (where intracerebral vasculature reside) with cavitation occurring deep and diffusely into cerebral sulci. These cavitation events are adjacent to high interface strain rates at the subpial glial plate. Larger overpressure simulations (250 and 500kPa) demonstrated intraventricular cavitation—also associated with adjacent high periventricular strain rates. Additionally, models of embedded intraparenchymal vascular structures—with diameters as small as 0.6 mm—predicted intravascular cavitation with adjacent high perivascular strain rates. The co-location of local maxima of strain rates near several of the regions that appear to be preferentially damaged in blast TBI (vascular structures, subpial glial plate, perivascular regions, and periventricular regions) suggest that intracranial interface dynamics may be important in understanding how blast overpressures leads to intracranial injury.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Visual Style Elements in Human–System Interface Design for Nuclear Power Operations: Does Style Affect Performance and Preference?

As the world increasingly adopts renewable and sustainable energy systems, transitionary solutions include nuclear power, which currently provides 20% of the United States’ electricity and is the largest single source of carbon-free electricity generation. Advanced reactors are a critical component of a carbon-free mixed energy portfolio that require careful design of first-of-a-kind control rooms. The application of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is essential for scientific and iterative testing of novel human–system interface (HSI) concepts to ensure effective, efficient, and safe plant operations. Microworlds are simulators that use simplified physics models and control systems to distill nuclear power operations into essential functions. HFE scientists used the Rancor Microworld Simulator to obtain preference and performance metrics for novel and traditional static HSI design styles. Participants comprised advanced reactor company employees and nuclear industry consultants. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative data was captured. There was a preference for the basic graphical style that included high contrast and traditional color scheme elements. No single HSI design outperformed the others, and the participants did not perform better using their preferred HSI style. We report this experiment is the first in a series of HFE testing for HSIs in advanced reactor control room development. Clear user preferences emerged for elements within static displays. The cutting-edge neumorphic style was the least preferred. Future directions include tests of dynamic displays. HFE is used in evaluating and designing HSI devices that will improve the efficiency and safety of advanced nuclear power operations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reactor System Facility Modification to Detect Compromised Human Machine Interfaces

This study focuses on a multi-layered Industrial Control System (ICS)/Operational Technology (OT) security architecture to aid in the discovery and mitigation of compromised Human Machine Interface (HMI)/Instrumentation & Control (I&C) based systems for modifying a prototypical reactor condition test facility called the Flowing Autoclave System (FAS) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This is achieved through a three-layered combination of network security solutions, hash-based algorithms, and blockchain technologies. Hash algorithms are mathematical functions used to generate a predetermined set of fixed-length values. They are widely used in computer security to verify the integrity of system information and data, both on a local network and the wider internet. Even small amounts of unauthorized system modification will cause the hash algorithm to output a set of characters that deviate significantly from its original value. Assisting secure hash functions, blockchain technology is a secure and distributed technology used to provide an immutable set of records replicated on all devices within a decentralized network. Blockchain offers a cost-effective solution to detect system compromise by providing a traceable breadcrumb trail of all network activity and data modification happening on a system. If both are used in conjunction with network monitoring tools, the integration of this three-pronged approach can become an asset in detecting suspected system compromises before any real damage can occur.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

INL CyberStrike

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of an Assessment Methodology That Enables the Nuclear Industry to Evaluate Adoption of Advanced Automation

Nuclear power has a crucial role in providing safe, reliable, and economical carbon-free electricity for today and the future. For continued operation, many of the existing United States nuclear power plants will begin the subsequent license renewal process for extending their operating license periods. As plants extend their expected operating lifetimes, there is a significant opportunity to modernize. These plants have a much stronger business case with these extended mission periods to modernize and significantly enhance their economic viability in current and future energy markets by implementing digital technologies that support innovation, efficiency gains, and business-model transformation. Ensuring continued safety and reliability is crucial. Transformative digital technologies—including automation—that fundamentally change the concept of operation for the nuclear power plant operating model requires a critical focus on the human and technology integration element. Further, the nuclear industry has historically been reluctant to modernize due to having a risk adverse culture and lack of clarity for a transformative new state vision (Joe & Remer, 2019; Thomas et al., 2020). Common barriers include (1) the perceived value and return on investment (ROI) of digital technology, (2) the perceived risk associated with licensing, regulatory, and cybersecurity, and (3) insufficient guidance for performing digital modifications to power generation systems. This work presents a methodology to address these barriers and support the industry in adopting advanced automation and digital technology through developing a transformative vision and implementation strategy that will address the human and technology integration element. This research leverages previous LWRS Program and industry results. It draws specifically on previous LWRS Program research in the areas of advanced alarm systems, computer-based procedures, model informed decision support, and advanced human-system interface displays (e.g., overviews and task-based). The modernization methodology can be used to guide transformative thinking when integrating a set of vendor-specific capabilities to support a new concept of operations and a utility’s end-state vision. The results of this research are organized into six major sections: - Section 1 introduces the need for supporting large-scale digital modifications that will renew the technology base for extended operating life beyond 60 years - Section 2 describes the challenges that the nuclear industry is enduring with modernizing. - Section 3 summarizes the primary standards and guidance. - Section 4 presents earlier work from the LWRS Program regarding the development of a transformative conceptual design for an advanced control room of a hybrid plants. - Section 5 presents a methodology that is designed at addressing the challenges in the industry today in achieving a transformative new state vision and concept of operations. - Conclusions and next steps of this research are provided in Section 6.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mutations of Omicron Variant at the Interface of the Receptor Domain Motif and Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2

The most recent Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has caused global concern and anxiety. The only thing certain about this strain, with a large number of mutations in the spike protein, is that it spreads quickly, seems to evade immune defense, and mitigates the benefits of existing vaccines. Based on the ultra-large-scale ab initio computational modeling of the receptor binding motif (RBM) and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) interface, we provide the details of the effect of Omicron mutations at the fundamental atomic scale level. In-depth analysis anchored in the novel concept of amino acid-amino acid bond pair units (AABPU) indicates that mutations in the Omicron variant are connected with (i) significant changes in the shape and structure of AABPU components, together with (ii) significant increase in the positive partial charge, which facilitates the interaction with ACE2. We have identified changes in bonding due to mutations in the RBM. The calculated bond order, based on AABPU, reveals that the Omicron mutations increase the binding strength of RBM to ACE2. Our findings correlate with and are instrumental to explain the current observations and can contribute to the prediction of next potential new variant of concern.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Magnetoencephalographic/Encephalographic (MEG/EEG) Brain-Computer Interface Driver for Interactive iOS Mobile Videogame Applications Utilizing the Hadoop Ecosystem, MongoDB, and Cassandra NoSQL Databases

In Phase I, we collected data on five subjects yielding over 90% positive performance in Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) mid-and post-movement activity. In addition, a driver was developed that substituted the actions of the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) as mouse button presses for real-time use in visual simulations. The process was interfaced to a flight visualization demonstration utilizing left or right brainwave thought movement, the user experiences, the aircraft turning in the chosen direction, or on iOS Mobile Warfighter Videogame application. The BCI’s data analytics of a subject’s MEG brain waves and flight visualization performance videogame analytics were stored and analyzed using the Hadoop Ecosystem as a quick retrieval data warehouse. In Phase II portion of the project involves the Emotiv Encephalographic (EEG) Wireless Brain–Computer interfaces (BCIs) allow for people to establish a novel communication channel between the human brain and a machine, in this case, an iOS Mobile Application(s). The EEG BCI utilizes advanced and novel machine learning algorithms, as well as the Spark Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), Cassandra NoSQL database environment, and also the competitor NoSQL MongoDB database for housing BCI analytics of subject’s response and users’ intent illustrated for both MEG/EEG brainwave signal acquisition. The wireless EEG signals that were acquired from the OpenVibe and the Emotiv EPOC headset can be connected via Bluetooth to an iPhone utilizing a thin Client architecture. The use of NoSQL databases were chosen because of its schema-less architecture and Map Reduce computational paradigm algorithm for housing a user’s brain signals from each referencing sensor. Thus, in the near future, if multiple users are playing on an online network connection and an MEG/EEG sensor fails, or if the connection is lost from the smartphone and the webserver due to low battery power or failed data transmission, it will not nullify the NoSQL document-oriented (MongoDB) or column-oriented Cassandra databases. Additionally, NoSQL databases have fast querying and indexing methodologies, which are perfect for online game analytics and technology. In Phase II, we collected data on five MEG subjects, yielding over 90% positive performance on iOS Mobile Applications with Objective-C and C++, however on EEG signals utilized on three subjects with the Emotiv wireless headsets and (n < 10) subjects from the OpenVibe EEG database the Variational Bayesian Factor Analysis Algorithm (VBFA) yielded below 60% performance and we are currently pursuing extending the VBFA algorithm to work in the time-frequency domain referred to as VBFA-TF to enhance EEG performance in the near future. The novel usage of NoSQL databases, Cassandra and MongoDB, were the primary main enhancements of the BCI Phase II MEG/EEG brain signal data acquisition, queries, and rapid analytics, with MapReduce and Spark DAG demonstrating future implications for next generation biometric MEG/EEG NoSQL databases.

McClay, Wilbert↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comprehensive characterization of protein–protein interactions perturbed by disease mutations

Technological and computational advances in genomics and interactomics have made it possible to identify how disease mutations perturb protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks within human cells. Here, we show that disease-associated germline variants are significantly enriched in sequences encoding PPI interfaces compared to variants identified in healthy participants from the projects 1000 Genomes and ExAC. Somatic missense mutations are also significantly enriched in PPI interfaces compared to noninterfaces in 10,861 tumor exomes. We computationally identified 470 putative oncoPPIs in a pan-cancer analysis and demonstrate that oncoPPIs are highly correlated with patient survival and drug resistance/sensitivity. Further, we experimentally validate the network effects of 13 oncoPPIs using a systematic binary interaction assay, and also demonstrate the functional consequences of two of these on tumor cell growth. In summary, this human interactome network framework provides a powerful tool for prioritization of alleles with PPI-perturbing mutations to inform pathobiological mechanism- and genotype-based therapeutic discovery.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rancor Integrated Procedure System (RIPS): A Computer-Based Procedure Platform for Advanced Reactor Research

The Rancor Microworld Simulator is a simplified, pressurized water, small modular reactor simulator that includes a multi-unit plant model server, an advanced digital human-machine control interface, and the Rancor Integrated Procedure System (RIPS). Rancor provides a research and development tool that can be used for collecting operator performance data and for prototyping concepts of operations (ConOps) for advanced reactor development. RIPS is meant as a research tool and includes many unique features: (1) RIPS has a robust procedure authoring system. (2) RIPS has the capability to run any of the three IEEE-Std-1786 computer-based procedure types. (3) RIPS can be configured to take on the look and feel of different vendors’ computer-based procedure systems for the purpose of developing and evaluating different ConOps for plant upgrades or new builds. (4) RIPS includes the capability for logging operator procedure use, including integrating procedure logs with Rancor simulator logs, thereby allowing automated data collection of operator scenario runs. (5) RIPS integrates with the Human Unimodel for Nuclear Technology to Enhance Reliability (HUNTER), a dynamic human reliability analysis environment that creates a digital human twin or virtual operator to mimic reactor operator performance. (6) RIPS includes support for automation of plant monitoring and control functions. While RIPS is explicitly built into Rancor, it may also be used with full-scope training simulators. This functionality allows RIPS to be used for existing plants and advanced reactors under development.

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗