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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Response to Questionnaire of Grid Control Architecture Description Document: Mission Innovation, Innovation Challenge 1. Task 5 – New Grid Control Architectures. Subtask 5.1 – Collection of Available New Grid Control Architectures

As part of Task 5 (New Grid Control Architectures) of Mission Innovation, Innovation Challenge 1, a questionnaire was provided to all countries participating in the project. In this document, PNNL has responded to the questionnaire with information regarding new grid control architectures being proposed or developed in the US. Ron Melton sent the report to all participants.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Methods of producing metal sulfides, metal selenides, and metal sulfides/selenides having controlled architectures using kinetic control

The present invention is directed to methods of preparing metal sulfide, metal selenide, or metal sulfide/selenide nanoparticles and the products derived therefrom. In various embodiments, the nanoparticles are derived from the reaction between precursor metal salts and certain sulfur- and/or selenium-containing precursors each independently having a structure of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or an isomer, salt, or tautomer thereof, where Q1, Q2, Q3, R1, R2, R3, R5, and X are defined within the specification.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Hierarchical Control Architecture: Utilization of Behind-the-Meter Appliances with Increased Visibility and Controllability

Optimal operations of distribution systems to enhance reliability and resiliency can be achieved if information with higher fidelity can be accessed from grid premise devices. This paper discusses a hierarchical control architecture that can introduce higher visibility and controllability by utilizing the estimated injection and absorption of different behind-the-meter controllable loads, and DERs, including EVs, within a premise. The acquired information is used to make control decisions for scheduling the premise appliances to reduce energy consumptions. The premise controller can also optimize the consumptions on a day-to-day basis in addition to taking input signals from the utility operators to support grid-service events (e.g., peak shaving). The entire control architecture is designed in a modular and scalable fashion that provides benefits to the utility from the reuse of existing infrastructure while creating opportunities for various grid services to be enabled by the operation of premise controllers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Data-Driven Democratized Control Architecture for Regional Transmission Operators

As probably the most complicated and critical infrastructure system, U.S. power grids become increasingly vulnerable to extreme events such as cyber-attacks and severe weather, as well as higher DER penetrations and growing information mismatch among system operators, utilities (transmission or generation owners), and end-users. This paper proposes a data-driven democratized control architecture considering two democratization pathways to assist transmission system operators, with a targeted use case of developing online proactive islanding strategies. Detailed discussions on load capability profiling at transmission buses and disaggregation of DER generations are provided and illustrated with real-world utility data. By Combining network and operational constraints, transmission system operators can be equipped with new tools built on top of this architecture, to derive accurate, proactive, and strategic islanding decisions to incorporate the wide range of dynamic portfolios and needs when facing extreme events or unseen grid contingencies.

Power System Reliability, Islanding, Democratized ↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Distributed Control Architecture for Cascaded H-Bridge Converter with Integrated Battery Energy Storage

Cascaded H-bridge topology has been used in grid-tied converters for battery energy storage system due to its modular structure. To fully utilize the converter’s modularity, this paper proposes a hierarchical distributed control architecture that consists of primary control, secondary control and battery state of charge (SOC) balancing control. Primary control ensures accurate current tracking while a distributed secondary control based on consensus algorithm is presented to regulate power sharing among modules and is proved to be stable theoretically. Here, a distributed SOC balancing control is further introduced to improve energy efficiency of battery energy storage system. Finally, the hierarchical distributed control strategy is implemented using hardware controllers and a software platform. Besides, a carrier phase shift control is also implemented to achieve multilevel output voltage and harmonic reduction. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed control scheme effectively.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Peer-to-peer Communication Control Architecture for Engaging Ubiquitous DERs to Support Distribution System Resiliency

In this project, we developed a leader-follower consensus (LFC) control architecture to coordinate between GFM and GFL inverters with the former being leaders and the latter being followers. The objective is to simultaneously achieve a fast frequency and voltage regulation along with accurate real power and var sharing among all inverters under various disturbances. The distinction of our work is that we consider both GFM and GFL inveters for frequency and voltage regulations. In addition, rather than a standard consensus algorithm, our work utilized a leader-follower consensus algorithm which exploits the physical characteristics of GFM-GFL inverters: (i) the GFM inverters directly control frequency and voltage, and hence, serve as leaders, (ii) the GFL inverters measure frequency/voltage to modulate their outputs, and hence, they should serve as followers. The effectiveness of the proposed LFC coordination was tested on a networked microgrid test system under different disturbances and communication degradation events. We demonstrated that the proposed fully coordinated control is robust to disturbances, while outperforming uncoordinated and GFM-only coordinated approaches. Overall, this work emphasized the necessity and benefits of the GFMGFL coordination in the secondary control of microgrids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Facile synthesis of epoxide-co-propylene sulphide polymers with compositional and architectural control

Here, we present a facile method to produce propylene sulphide (PS) homopolymers up to 100 kg mol -1 and PS-epoxide statistical, block, and ABA copolymers using inexpensive and versatile thio-aluminium (SAl) based initiators. Homopolymerizations of PS with SAl initiators are living and controlled, with number averaged molecular weights ($\bar M$ n ) up to 100 kg mol -1 while maintaining narrow polydispersity (Ð < 1.4). Statistical and block copolymers of PS and epichlorohydrin (ECH) or propylene oxide (PO) are synthesized and characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This work represents the first statistical copolymerization of PS and epoxides with similar reactivity ratios, allowing fine control over composition. Block-copolymers of PS and epoxides are synthesized by sequential addition, without intermediate preparative steps. Polymer architecture is controlled through modification of the initiator; we synthesized a di-functional (d-H) SAl initiator to produce ABA tri-block-copolymers. Finally, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a macroinitiator to create PEG-b-PPS block copolymers and characterized by 1 H, 13 C NMR spectroscopy, DOSY, DSC, and SEC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Complementing Nanoscale Galvanic Exchange with Redox Manipulation toward Architectural Control of Multimetallic Hollow Nanostructures

Galvanic exchange occurring within the confinement by nanoparticulate templates provides a unique pathway to controllably transform solid metallic nanoparticles into architecturally more sophisticated multimetallic hollow nanostructures under facile reaction conditions. As such, in this Minireview, we elaborately discuss how the nanoparticle-templated galvanic exchange can be deliberately coupled with redox manipulation to synthesize a large library of complex multimetallic hollow nanostructures exhibiting precisely tailored architectures and compositions, with a particular emphasis on important mechanistic insights concerning the dynamic interplay among multiple structure-remodeling processes that synergistically dictate the versatile nanoparticle transforming behaviors during kinetically and regioselectively modulated galvanic exchange reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

3D fault architecture controls the dynamism of earthquake swarms

The vibrant evolutionary patterns made by earthquake swarms are incompatible with standard, effectively two-dimensional (2D) models for general fault architecture. Here we leverage advances in earthquake monitoring with a deep-learning algorithm to image a fault zone hosting a 4-year-long swarm in southern California. We infer that fluids are naturally injected into the fault zone from below and diffuse through strike-parallel channels while triggering earthquakes. A permeability barrier initially limits up-dip swarm migration but ultimately is circumvented. This enables fluid migration within a shallower section of the fault with fundamentally different mechanical properties. Our observations provide high-resolution constraints on the processes by which swarms initiate, grow, and arrest. These findings illustrate how swarm evolution is strongly controlled by 3D variations in fault architecture.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Control architecture for predictive and optimal vehicle operations in a single vehicle environment

There is disclosed a cloud computing control system for vehicle speed control and also for control of a vehicle in a platoon. The cloud computing control system determines a speed trajectory and neutral coasting command for a first vehicle of the platoon and a vehicle controller determines a reference speed for the first vehicle in response to the speed trajectory and the neutral coasting command, and is response to one or more vehicle specific factors associated with the first vehicle.

Borhan, Hoseinali↗
DOE OSTI2023

Molecular Aspects of Transport in Thin Films of Controlled Architecture (Final Technical Report)

The scientific and technological objectives of this project are motivated by problems in energy technologies that utilize differential transport in nanoscale confined volumes to achieve molecular separations. The core scientific phenomena that control observable behavior - wetting/dewetting, hydrophobicity, stochastic fluctuations in fluid flow, electrokinetics, etc. - are fundamentally different on the nanoscale, because the underlying forces that direct molecular motion are altered upon scaling to nanometer dimensions. We proposed to address this overarching problem by pursuing two objectives. Objective 1 targeted the development of single molecule-based electrokinetic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical probes of transport in one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Objective 2 focused on the interaction between wetting phenomena and nanoconfined flows under active (electrical and/or electrochemical) control. The studies were intended to develop the design rules, structural motifs, and operating principles needed to achieve singular control over molecular transport in nano-confined volumes, thereby impacting a broad spectrum of energy-relevant separations processes.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Review of Distributed Secondary Control Architectures in Islanded-Inverter-Based Microgrids

The increasing energy demand, the shortage of energy resources, and the environmental challenges faced by conventional power-generation systems are some of the ongoing challenges faced by modern power systems. Therefore, many efforts have been made by the scientific community to develop comprehensive solutions to overcome these issues. For instance, current technological advances have allowed the integration of distributed generators into the power systems, promoting the use of microgrids to overcome these issues. However, the use of renewable distributed generators have introduced new challenges to the traditional control system schemes. To overcome these challenges, a hierarchical control approach has been proposed for distributed renewable sources. In other words, the control scheme have been divided into three hierarchical levels, primary, secondary, and tertiary, to overcome the new challenges present in modern power systems. Due to extensiveness of this topic, this overview is focused on secondary control systems, mainly for AC isolated microgrids. To improve the power quality of modern systems, several secondary control schemes have been proposed to overcome the well-known problem of frequency and voltage deviation. Some of these schemes have also introduced adequate active/reactive power sharing techniques to optimize the utilization of resources. Additionally, other secondary control schemes have also focused on reducing the communication load, to lower the network cost and adding robustness against communication problems. This article presents an insight of the different control techniques used to overcome power quality and communication problems. A comprehensive overview of distributed secondary control techniques for islanded microgrids is presented. In addition, the implementation of these techniques is explained in an orderly and sequential manner.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Learning-based Supervisory Control Architecture for Electric Vehicle Charging System Paired with Energy Storages

A Machine Learning-based predictive model is developed for optimal dispatching energy storage system integrated with Electric Vehicle battery charger. The model is effectively trained using transfer learning algorithm and successfully validated via measurement data to achieve high fidelity and accuracy. The study findings provide possibilities for future development of the presented approach to implement computational heavy predictive algorithms with multi-step predictions in emerging modular bidirectional charger topologies to realize vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The online tuning can be explored using the new measurements obtained during the operation, henceforth, enhancing the controller performance for integrating multiple DERs into distribution power networks that shows huge interest for the utilities and regulatory agencies. Multiple operation scenatios have been evaluated and simulation results are discussed to verify intended performance of the proposed control solution.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

In-situ construction of ceria-metal/titanate heterostructure with controllable architectures for efficient fuel electrochemical conversion

Construction of ceria-metal/titanate heterostructure via exsolution is a promising strategy to improve the catalytic activity of titanate perovskites and broaden their applications in various energy conversion scenarios. However, the species exsolved after reduction are limited to reducible metal cations, such as Ni, Co, Fe, and precious metals. Herein, we report a modified exsolution approach for co-exsolving active oxides and metal nanoparticles from a titanate perovskite, La 0.8 Ce 0.1 Ni 0.4 Ti 0.6 O 3-δ (LCeNT). We highlight strained facet-specific CeO 2 cubes can be grown on the support after an air-annealing process with their morphology tunable by varying annealing temperature, whilst exsolution of Ni nanoparticles form subsequently following chemical/electrical reduction. An electrolyte-supported SOFC utilizing CeO 2 -Ni@LCeNT anode achieves maximum power density of 642 mW cm -2 at 900 °C in H 2 (~3% H 2 O). Exceptional robustness of the heterostructure is illustrated after running the cell in CH 4 (~3% H 2 O) for 20 h. Here this work demonstrates an intriguing pathway to constructing stable and active ceria-metal/titanate heterostructure for energy applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗