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At least 19 records

Materials Data on Cu(HO)2 by Materials Project

Cu(OH)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Cu(OH)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing CuO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.30 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cu(HO)2 by Materials Project

Cu(OH)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Cu(OH)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing CuO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.35 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cu(HO)2 by Materials Project

Cu(OH)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Cu(OH)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing CuO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.26 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ho(CuSi)2 by Materials Project

HoCu2Si2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho3+ is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Si4- atoms. All Ho–Si bond lengths are 3.03 Å. Cu+2.50+ is bonded to four equivalent Si4- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing CuSi4 tetrahedra. All Cu–Si bond lengths are 2.38 Å. Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho3+, four equivalent Cu+2.50+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.34 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ho(CuO2)2 by Materials Project

Ho(CuO2)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/a space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.37 Å) and four longer (2.38 Å) Ho–O bond lengths. Cu+2.50+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Cu–O bond length. O2- is bonded to two equivalent Ho3+ and two equivalent Cu+2.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OHo2Cu2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ho(CuS)2 by Materials Project

Ho(CuS)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho is bonded to six equivalent S atoms to form distorted HoS6 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent CuS4 tetrahedra, edges with six equivalent HoS6 octahedra, and edges with six equivalent CuS4 tetrahedra. All Ho–S bond lengths are 2.82 Å. Cu is bonded to four equivalent S atoms to form distorted CuS4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent HoS6 octahedra, corners with six equivalent CuS4 tetrahedra, edges with three equivalent HoS6 octahedra, and edges with three equivalent CuS4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 24–54°. There are three shorter (2.33 Å) and one longer (2.49 Å) Cu–S bond lengths. S is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and four equivalent Cu atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr2HoCu3(PbO4)2 by Materials Project

Pb2Sr2HoCu3O8 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sr2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.60–2.83 Å. Ho3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All Ho–O bond lengths are 2.40 Å. There are two inequivalent Cu+1.67+ sites. In the first Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Cu–O bond lengths are 1.86 Å. In the second Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form CuO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one PbO5 square pyramid and corners with four equivalent CuO5 square pyramids. There are four shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (2.36 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. Pb2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form PbO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids, and edges with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids. There are one shorter (2.19 Å) and four longer (2.71 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sr2+, two equivalent Ho3+, and two equivalent Cu+1.67+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and four equivalent Pb2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OSrCuPb4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four equivalent Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Pb2+ atom to form distorted OSr4CuPb octahedra that share corners with four equivalent OSr4CuPb octahedra and edges with eight OSrCuPb4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 20°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ho2Cu(B2O5)2 by Materials Project

Ho2Cu(B2O5)2 is Esseneite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.61 Å. Cu2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted CuO6 octahedra that share corners with six BO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.35 Å. There are two inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent CuO6 octahedra and corners with three equivalent BO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 67–70°. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.43–1.56 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent BO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 60°. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.53 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+, one Cu2+, and one B3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+, one Cu2+, and two B3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ho3+, one Cu2+, and two B3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr2HoCu3(PbO4)2 by Materials Project

Pb2Sr2HoCu3O8 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr2+ sites. In the first Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.66–2.84 Å. In the second Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.66–2.83 Å. There are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.42 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.41 Å. There are four inequivalent Cu+1.67+ sites. In the first Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Cu–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. In the second Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form CuO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one PbO5 square pyramid and corners with four equivalent CuO5 square pyramids. There are four shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (2.35 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. In the third Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form CuO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one PbO5 square pyramid and corners with four equivalent CuO5 square pyramids. There are four shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (2.35 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. In the fourth Cu+1.67+ site, Cu+1.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Cu–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted PbO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids, and edges with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–3.10 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted PbO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids, and edges with four equivalent PbO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–3.10 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two Sr2+, two Ho3+, and two Cu+1.67+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two Sr2+, two Ho3+, and two Cu+1.67+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two Sr2+, two Ho3+, and two Cu+1.67+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two Sr2+, two Ho3+, and two Cu+1.67+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and four Pb2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Pb2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OSr4CuPb octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 20°. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and four Pb2+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+, one Cu+1.67+, and one Pb2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OSr4CuPb octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 20°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like degradation of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater using Cu-doped MgO nanoparticles

In this study, a facile thermal decomposition method was utilized to synthesize Cu-doped MgO nanoparticles possessing mesoporosity. These mesoporous Cu doped MgO nanoparticles were shown to be efficient photo-Fenton-like catalysts for the degradation of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater and were able to completely oxidize salicylic acid within 1 hour under optimized conditions. Tetracycline was shown to be converted to other intermediates with a large portion of it undergoing full mineralization. Batch experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effects of Cu loading on MgO, overall catalyst loading, and H 2 O 2 concentration on the salicylic acid and tetracycline conversion and rate constants. Quenching experiments revealed that both •OH radicals or HO 2 •/•O 2 - radicals were involved in the reaction, with the latter showing a higher contribution. The surface dissolution of MgO was shown to facilitate a high pH environment which completely prevented Cu from leaching out of the catalyst while retaining high activity. The catalyst reusability was shown to be satisfactory with high activity and conversion being preserved over five cycles.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

Atomic-scale quantum sensing based on the ultrafast coherence of an H 2 molecule in an STM cavity

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) combined with a pump-probe femtosecond terahertz (THz) laser can enable coherence measurements of single molecules. We report THz pump-probe measurements that demonstrate quantum sensing based on a hydrogen (H 2 ) molecule in the cavity created with an STM tip near a surface. Atomic-scale spatial and femtosecond temporal resolutions were obtained from this quantum coherence. The H 2 acts as a two-level system, with its coherent superposition exhibiting extreme sensitivity to the applied electric field and the underlying atomic composition of the copper nitride (Cu 2 N) monolayer islands grown on a Cu(100) surface. We acquired time-resolved images of THz rectification of H 2 over Cu 2 N islands for variable pump-probe delay times to visualize the heterogeneity of the chemical environment at sub-angstrom scale.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Persistent Room-Temperature Photodarkening in Cu-Doped β - Ga 2 O 3

β–Ga 2 O 3 is an ultrawide band gap semiconductor with emerging applications in power electronics. Here, the introduction of acceptor dopants yields semi-insulating substrates necessary for thin-film devices. In the present work, exposure of Cu-doped β–Ga 2 O 3 to UV light > 4 eV is shown to cause large, persistent photo-induced darkening at room temperature. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that light exposure converts Cu 2+ to Cu 3+ , a rare oxidation state that is responsible for the optical absorption. The photodarkening is accompanied by the appearance of O–H vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum. Hybrid function calculations show that Cu acceptors can favorably complex with hydrogen donors incorporated as interstitial (Hi) or substitutional (HO) defects. When Cu Ga –HO complexes absorb light, hydrogen is released, contributing to the observed Cu 3+ species and O–H modes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on KHo2Cu(MoO4)4 by Materials Project

KHo2Cu(MoO4)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.23 Å. Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.49 Å. There are two inequivalent Mo6+ sites. In the first Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.87 Å. In the second Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–1.88 Å. Cu1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.66 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Mo6+, and one Cu1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Mo6+, and one Cu1+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Mo6+, and one Cu1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Ho3+, and one Mo6+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one Ho3+, and one Mo6+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Superconductivity above 90 K in the square-planar compound system ABa2Cu3O(6 + x) with A = Y, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho, Er, and Lu

Superconductivity has been found in the 90-K range in ABa2Cu3O(6 + x) with A = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho, Er, and Lu in addition to Y. The results suggest that the unique square-planar Cu atoms, each surrounded by four or six oxygen atoms, are crucial to the superconductivity of oxides in general. In particular, the high Tc of ABa2Cu3O(6 + x) is attributed mainly to the quasi-two-dimensional assembly of the CuO2-Ba-CuO(2 + x)Ba-CuO2 layers sandwiched between two A layers, with particular emphasis in the CuO(2 + x) layers. Higher-Tc oxides are predicted for compounds with bigger assemblies of CuO2 layers coupled by Ba layers.

Hor, P. H.↗

Measurement of atmospheric HO by a chemical method

The parameters for a chemical technique can be outlined from the following set of desirable goals: (1) sufficient conversion of tracer species A to product B that B can be measured quantitatively in the presence of A and a great excess of air; (2) specificity of reaction such that A is converted to B only by reaction with HO; and (3) sufficient sensitivity for detection that the ambient concentration of HO is not seriously perturbed by the presence of A and B. This proposed study involves finding a chemical reaction specific enough for OH, and a measurement of the product formed. What one wants is a rate constant of about 10 to the -10th power cu cm/s, so that 0.1 percent of the OH will be converted in 100 s. Laboratory studies are needed to find a reaction which will fill this bill, yielding a product in quantity sufficient for precise measurement. This is an extremely fast constant and the search may be difficult. Again there is a question of perturbing the local environment, while still providing a sensitive measurement. Also the temperature and pressure dependence of the reaction rate is a complicated function for many of these species (that is, one must use a RRKM or Troe-based picture), and must be taken into account.

Iyer, R. Subramonia↗

Cu–Ni Oxidation Mechanism Unveiled: A Machine Learning-Accelerated First-Principles and in Situ TEM Study

Here, the development of accurate methods for determining how alloy surfaces spontaneously restructure under reactive and corrosive environments is a key, long-standing, grand challenge in materials science. Using machine learning-accelerated density functional theory and rare-event methods, in conjunction with in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), we examine the interplay between surface reconstructions and preferential segregation tendencies of CuNi(100) surfaces under oxidation conditions. Our modeling approach predicts that oxygen-induced Ni segregation in CuNi alloys favors Cu(100)-O c(2 × 2) reconstruction and destabilizes the Cu(100)-O (2√2 × √2)R45° missing row reconstruction (MRR). In situ ETEM experiments validate these predictions and show Ni segregation followed by NiO nucleation and growth in regions without MRR, with secondary nucleation and growth of Cu 2 O in MRR regions. Our approach based on combining disparate computational components and in situ ETEM provides a holistic description of the oxidation mechanism in CuNi, which applies to other alloy systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Thermodynamic Understanding of Impurity Phase Segregation in a PdCrO 2 /CuCrO 2 Heterostructure

Abstract PdCrO 2 films are synthesized on CuCrO 2 buffer layers on Al 2 O 3 substrates. This synthesis is accompanied by impurity phase segregation, which hampers the synthesis of high quality PdCrO 2 films. Potential causes ofth impurity phase segregation are studied by using a combination of experiments and ab initio calculations. X‐ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments reveal impurity phases of Cu x Pd 1 − x alloy and chromium oxides, Cr 2 O 3 and Cr 3 O 4 , in PdCrO 2 . Calculations determine that oxygen deficiency can cause the impurity phase segregation. Therefore, preventing oxygen release from delafossites can suppress the impurity phase segregation. The amounts of Cr 2 O 3 and Cr 3 O 4 depend on temperature and oxygen partial pressure. A reasonable theory‐based explanation for this experimental observation is provided.

2D metal↗

Deciphering supramolecular and polymer-like behavior in metallogels: real-time insights into temperature-modulated gelation and rapid self-assembly dynamics

Bis(pyridyl) urea-based gelators, namely L2 and its isomeric mixture ( L1 + L2 ), are known to self-assemble into 1D architectures capable of inducing supramolecular gelation. Coordination with metal ions such as Ag( I ), Cu( II ), and Fe( III ) introduces structural reinforcement, enabling the formation of distinct 3D networks governed by metal-specific coordination geometries. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation into the temperature-responsive behavior (20–60 °C) of L2 and L1 + L2 , both in the absence and presence of Ag( I ), Dy( III ), Fe( III ), Cu( II ), and Ho( III ), using real-time small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). To probe long-term structural evolution/kinetics of self-assembly, real-time small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was employed on L2 + Ag gels, complemented by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate thermal transitions. Our results reveal strikingly divergent gelation behaviors: L2 forms a highly rigid, covalent polymer-like network, while L1 + L2 exhibits remarkable thermal adaptability. Upon metal coordination, the assemblies exhibit pronounced crystallinity and exceptional thermal stability, as evidenced by persistent Bragg reflections and invariant d-spacings. Intriguingly, L2 : Fe (2 : 1) and L1 : L2 : Fe (0.5 : 0.5 : 1) in acetonitrile-d 3 (ACN-d 3 ) deviate from this trend, forming thermally labile amorphous gels. These systems show a complete loss of crystalline order, reduced Porod exponents—indicative of collapsed or branched fiber morphologies—and prominent melting and glass transition events in DSC. Fitting SANS and SAXS data to the correlation length model unveiled insightful nanostructural features. While most systems displayed minimal temperature-induced variation in mesh size or surface morphology, L2 : Ag in dimethyl sulfoxide-d 6 (DMSO-d 6 )/D 2 O and L2 : Fe (1 : 1) in ACN-d 3 exhibited a rare combination of thermally stable correlation lengths and increasing high- q exponents—strongly suggesting progressive fiber densification or surface smoothing within a robust gel framework. These findings highlight the tunability and structural resilience of supramolecular gels through precise control of ligand architecture, metal coordination, and temperature, offering valuable design principles for functional soft materials.

Pajoubpong, Jinnipha [Univ. of Cincinnati, OH (Uni↗