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The deuterons sublibrary aims to describe nuclear reactions between incident deuteron particles and different nuclei. For ENDF/B-VIII.1, we adopted additions and corrections to the ENDF/B-VIII.0 d+t file, as well as new LANL evaluation updates for 3 He and 6 Li.
Isospin impurity mixing in distorted deuteron reaction
Here, we solve three-nucleon Faddeev equations with nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon forces derived consistently in the framework of chiral perturbation theory at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order in the chiral expansion. In this first investigation we include only matrix elements of the three-nucleon force for partial waves with the total two-nucleon (three-nucleon) angular momenta up to 3 (5/2). Low-energy neutron-deuteron elastic scattering and deuteron breakup reaction are studied. Emphasis is put on A y puzzle in elastic scattering and cross sections in symmetric-space-star and neutron-neutron quasi-free-scattering breakup configurations, for which large discrepancies between data and theory have been reported.
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Deuteron-induced nuclear reactions are an essential tool for probing the structure of nuclei as well as astrophysical information such as (n, γ) cross sections. The deuteron-nucleus system is typically described within a Faddeev three-body model consisting of a neutron (n), a proton (p), and the target nucleus (A) interacting through pairwise phenomenological potentials. While Faddeev techniques enable the exact description of the three-body dynamics, their predictive power is limited in part by the omission of irreducible neutron-proton-nucleus three-body force (n–p–A 3BF). Here, our goal is to quantify systematic uncertainties stemming from the reduction of deuteron-nucleus (d + A) dynamics to a picture of three pointlike nuclear clusters interacting via pairwise nucleon-nucleus forces, using as testing grounds d + α scattering and the 6 Li ground state. We particularly focus on quantifying uncertainties arising from the full antisymmetrization of the (A + 2)-body system with the target nucleus fixed in its ground state. We adopt the ab initio no-core shell model coupled with the resonating group method (NCSM/RGM) to compute microscopic n–α and p–α interactions, and use them in a three-body description of the d + α system by means of momentum-space Faddeev-type equations. Simultaneously, we also carry out ab initio calculations of d + α scattering and 6 Li ground state by means of six-body NCSM/RGM calculations to serve as a benchmark for the three-body model predictions given by the Faddeev calculations. By comparing the Faddeev and NCSM/RGM results, we show that the irreducible n–p–α 3BF has a non-negligible effect on bound state and scattering observables alike. Specifically, the Faddeev approach yields a 6 Li ground state that is approximately 600 keV shallower than the one obtained with the NCSM/RGM. Additionally, the Faddeev calculations for d + α scattering yield a 3 + resonance that is located approximately 400 keV higher in energy compared to the NCSM/RGM result. The shape of the d + α angular distributions computed using the two approaches also differ, owing to the discrepancy in the predictions of the 3 + resonance energy. The Faddeev three-body model predictions for d + α scattering and 6 Li using microscopic n–α and p–α potentials differ from those computed microscopically with the NCSM/RGM. These discrepancies are due to the n–p–α 3BF, which arises from two-nucleon exchange terms in the microscopic d–α interaction and are not accounted for in the three-body model Faddeev calculations. This study lays the foundation for future parametrizations of the 3BF due to Pauli exclusion principle effects in improved three-body calculations of deuteron-induced reactions.
The deuteron and deuteron (DD) fusion reactions is the most crucial reaction in the nuclear astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion, which is responsible for synthesizing chemical elements, and for powering the stellar evolution. The plasma environment generated by the high-intensity laser used in a DD fusion reaction is similar to the early stage of the Big Bang. Therefore, it is important to study laser-induced DD fusion reactions. Recently, we experimentally investigated such reactions using eight laser beams with the third harmonic impact on a deuterated polyethylene target at the ShenGuang-II Upgrade facility. In this work, we focused on the application of range-filter spectrometers assembled from a 70 μm aluminum filter and two CR-39 nuclear track detectors to measure the yields of primary DD protons. Based on the track diameter calibration results of 3 MeV protons used to diagnose the tracks on the range- filter spectrometers, we measured a primary DD proton yield of approximately (8:52 ± 1:7) × 10 6 , consistent with the yields from similar laser facilities worldwide, indicating that range-filter spectrometry is an effective way to measure primary DD protons. Furthermore, using other accurate detectors may help to measure the rare events of D 3 He protons.
The continuum-discretized coupled-channels method (CDCC) for exclusive reactions and the eikonal reaction theory (ERT) as an extension of CDCC to inclusive reactions are applied to deuteron-induced reactions. The CDCC result reproduces experimental data on the reaction cross section for d+{sup 58}Ni scattering at 200 MeV/nucleon, and ERT provides data on the neutron-stripping cross section for inclusive {sup 7}Li(d,n) reaction at 40 MeV. For deuteron-induced reactions at 200 MeV/nucleon, target-dependence of the reaction, elastic-breakup, nucleon-stripping, nucleon-removal, and complete- and incomplete-fusion cross sections is clearly explained by simple formulas. Accuracy of the Glauber model is also investigated.
The incoherent pion photoproduction reaction {gamma}d {yields} {pi}{sup -}pp is considered theoretically in a wide energy region E{sub th}{<=}E{sub {gamma}}{<=}2700 MeV. The model applied contains the impulse approximation as well as the NN and {pi}N final-state-interaction (FSI) amplitudes. The aim of the paper is to study a reliable way for getting the information on elementary {gamma}n {yields} {pi}{sup -}p reaction cross sections beyond the impulse approximation for {gamma}d {yields} {pi}{sup -}pp. For the elementary {gamma}N {yields} {pi}N, N N {yields} N N, and {pi}N {yields} {pi}N amplitudes, the results of The George Washington University (GW) Data Analysis Center (DAC) are used. There are no additional theoretical constraints. The calculated cross sections d{sigma} /d{Omega}({gamma}d {yields} {pi}{sup -}pp) are compared with existing data. The procedure used to extract information on the differential cross section d{sigma} /d{Omega}({gamma}n {yields} {pi}{sup -}p) on the neutron from the deuteron data using the FSI correction factor R is discussed. The calculations for R versus {pi}{sup -}p center-of-mass (CM) angle {theta}{sub 1} of the outgoing pion are performed at different photon-beam energies with kinematic cuts for a ''quasifree'' process {gamma}n {yields} {pi}{sup -}p. The results show a sizable FSI effect R{ne}1 from the S-wave part of pp-FSI at small angles close to {theta}{sub 1}{approx}0: this region narrows as the photon energy increases. At larger angles, the effect is small (|R - 1|<<1) and agrees with estimations of FSI in the Glauber approach.
An extended analysis of the nuclear reaction mechanisms involved within deuteron interaction with nuclei, namely the breakup, stripping, pick-up, pre-equilibrium emission, and evaporation from fully equilibrated compound nucleus, is presented in order to highlight the importance of the direct mechanisms still neglected in the analysis of deuteron-induced surrogate reactions. Particularly, the dominance of the breakup mechanism at low energies around the Coulomb barrier should be considered in the case of (d,x) surrogate reactions on actinide target nuclei.
Here, deuteron elastic cross sections, as well as neutron, proton, and α-particle emission spectra, from d+ 54,56,58 Fe reactions have been measured with deuteron beam energies of 5, 7, and 9 MeV. Optical model parameters have been tested against our experimental data. The fraction of total reaction cross section responsible for the formation of compound nuclei has been deduced from the angular distributions. The degree of discrepancy between calculated and experimental compound cross sections was found to increase with increasing neutron number. The nuclear level densities of the residual nuclei 55 Co, 57 Co, 55 Fe, 57 Fe, 52 Mn, and 54 Mn have been deduced from the compound double differential cross sections. The Gilbert-Cameron model with Iljinov parameter systematics [A. S. Iljinov and M. V. Mebel, Nucl. Phys. A 543, 517 (1992)] was found to have a good agreement with our results.
A general analytical expression has been obtained in the diffraction approximation for the polarization of nucleons arising in the deuteron stripping reaction on nuclei at intermediate energies of the incident particles. A tabulated density distribution of the target nucleus and a realistic wave function of the deuteron with correct asymptotic limits at large internucleon distances were used in the calculations. The nucleon-nucleus phase shifts were calculated in the Glauber formalism using the double folding potential. The calculated angular dependences for the vector analyzing power Ay of the reaction {sup 3}He(d, p){sup 4}He are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding experimental data.
Controlled flux of neutrons are produced through the {sup 14}N(d,n){sup 15}O nuclear reaction. Deuteron beams (2-4 MeV) are delivered by the CN-Van de Graaff accelerator and directed with full intensity to our Nitrogen target at SUGAR (SUpersonic GAs jet taRget). Each neutron is electronically tagged by the detection of the associated{sup 15}O. Its energy and direction are known and “beams” of fast monochromatic tagged neutrons (E{sub n}> 6 MeV) are available for basic research and applied work. MONDE is a large area (158 × 63 cm{sup 2}) plastic scintillating slab (5 cm thick), viewed by 16 PMTs from the sides. Fast neutrons (MeV) entering the detector will produce a recoiling proton that induces a light spark at the spot. Signals from the 16 detectors are processed to deduce the position of the spark. Time logic signals from both the {sup 15}O detector and MONDE are combined to deduce a time of flight (TOF) signal. Finally, the position information together with the TOF yields the full momentum vector of each detected neutron.
The activation cross sections of (d,p), (d,2n), (d,3n), and (d,2p) reactions on {sup 63,65}Cu were measured in the energy range from 4 to 20 MeV using the stacked-foil technique. Then, following the available elastic-scattering data analysis that provided the optical potential for reaction cross-section calculations, an increased effort was devoted to the breakup mechanism, direct reaction stripping, and pre-equilibrium and compound-nucleus cross-section calculations, corrected for the breakup and stripping decrease of the total reaction cross section. The overall agreement between the measured and calculated deuteron activation cross sections proves the correctness of the nuclear mechanism account, next to the simultaneous analysis of the elastic-scattering and reaction data.
Background: Deuteron-induced reactions serve as surrogates for neutron capture into compound states. Although these reactions are of great applicability, no theoretical efforts have been invested in this direction over the last decade. Purpose: The goal of this work is to establish on firm grounds a theory for deuteron-induced neutron-capture reactions. This includes formulating elastic and inelastic breakup in a consistent manner. Method: We describe this process both in post- and prior-form distorted wave Born approximation following previous works and discuss the differences in the formulation. While the convergence issues arising in the post formulation can be overcome in the prior formulation, in this case one still needs to take into account additional terms due to nonorthogonality. Results: We apply our method to the Nb93(d,p)X at Ed=15 and 25 MeV and are able to obtain a good description of the data. We then look at the various partial wave contributions, as well as elastic versus inelastic contributions. We also connect our formulation with transfer to neutron bound states.Conclusions: Our calculations demonstrate that the nonorthogonality term arising in the prior formulation is significant and is at the heart of the long-standing controversy between the post and the prior formulations of the theory. We also show that the cross sections for these reactions are angular-momentum dependent and therefore the commonly used Weisskopf limit is inadequate. We finally make important predictions for the relative contributions of elastic breakup and nonelastic breakup and call for elastic-breakup measurements to further constrain our model.
The preliminary results from a study of the deuteron (proton, positive pion)triton reaction are reported. The differential cross section for this reaction was measured for a number of center of mass angles from 37 deg to 160 deg at incident proton energies of 470 and 590 MeV. The cross sections measured at 590 MeV agree with predictions made considering a two-nucleon process. The 470 MeV data shows a peak in the backward direction which is not predicted by this mechanism.
We present an experimental study of {Lambda}(1405) via the in-flight (K{sup -},n) reaction on the deuteron target (J-PARC E31). We will measure all {Sigma}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, {Sigma}{sup -}{pi}{sup +} and {Sigma}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0} final states so that the isospin structure of the produced hyperon resonance state can be decomposed. In this report, we present an overview of the experiment and preparation status.
An analysis of the most recent data on the reaction nd {yields} pnn revealed a serious discrepancy between theoretical predictions and cross sections measured for this reaction in various configurations where the role of neutron-neutron interactions is important. In view of this, it seems necessary both to develop theoretical approaches and to obtain new experimental data. For this purpose, a setup for studying the neutron-deuteron breakup reaction was created at the Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the neutron beam in the RADEX channel and deuterium targets. This facility makes it possible to perform experiments over a broad region of primary-neutron energies (10-60 MeV) and in various (final-state interaction, quasifree scattering, and spatial-star) configurations. Preliminary results of the respective experiment were obtained for configurations of final-state neutron-neutron interaction and quasifree neutron-neutron scattering.
Two stacks of thin Zr foils were irradiated with 30 and 50 MeV deuterons, respectively, using the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 88-Inch Cyclotron, and 19 excitation functions for nat Zr(d,x) reactions were measured over a beam energy range of 6.3–47.64 MeV, where the independent cross sections for nat Zr(d,x) 88 Nb and nat Zr(d,x) 86m,g Y were measured for the first time. The well-characterized nat Fe(d,x) 56 Co, nat Ni(d,x) 56 Co, nat Ni(d,x) 58 Co, nat Ni(d,x) 61 Cu, nat Ti(d,x) 46 Sc and nat Ti(d,x) 48 V monitor reactions were used to determine the deuteron beam current throughout the stacks. All cross sections were determined using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector γ-ray spectroscopy. A variance minimization technique was employed to simultaneously constrain the deuteron beam currents with multiple monitor reactions, thus reducing systematic uncertainties. An additional 16 channels are reported for reactions on the nickel, titanium, and iron monitor foils, leading to a total of 35 excitation functions, with seven reaction channels reported for the first time in this work. The measured excitation functions are compared to calculations provided by the reaction modeling codes TALYS – 2.0, ALICE – 2020, CoH – 3.5.3 and EMPIRE – 3.2.3, as well as the TENDL – 2023 data library. The degree of agreement between theory and experiments is discussed. The possible production of the important PET radionuclide 86g Y via the nat Zr(d,x) route was critically examined. The physical yields for nat Zr(d,x) 86 Y and other yttrium isotopes produced were calculated and compared to other production pathways. Due to high-level of associated radionuclide impurities, this route cannot deliver 86g Y suitable for medical applications.