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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Distribution Substation Planning Toolkit (dsp-toolkit) v1.0

The Distribution Substation Planning Toolkit (DSP Toolkit) is a software suite designed to streamline the planning and optimization of distribution substations. This toolkit offers a comprehensive set of tools and APIs for data curation, short-term electric load forecasting, and weather-sensitive load adjustment, making it an essential resource for utility companies, engineers, and researchers. Features • Data Preprocessing and Curation: Efficiently manage and preprocess large datasets to ensure high-quality input for analysis. • Short-Term Load Forecasting: Utilize data-driven models to predict short-term electric loads accurately. • Weather-Sensitive Modeling: Automatically adjust load forecasts based on weather data to predict future peak demands more precisely. Uses The DSP Toolkit is ideal for planning and optimizing distribution substations, providing a user-friendly interface and comprehensive documentation. It is suitable for both novice and experienced users, facilitating efficient and accurate planning processes. Advantages • Efficiency: Automates complex planning tasks, reducing manual effort and minimizing errors. • Scalability: Handles large datasets and complex models, making it suitable for large-scale projects. • Community and Support: Open-source with active community contributions, ensuring continuous improvement and support. • Extensibility: Easily extendable with custom modules and plugins, allowing users to tailor the toolkit to their specific needs. The DSP Toolkit stands out by offering a robust, flexible, and user-friendly solution for distribution substation planning. Public Abstract

Li, Han [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LB↗
DOE OSTI2021

DSP Implementation of a Novel Recurrent Neural Network Controller into a TI Solar Microinverter

Single-phase grid-tied inverters are widely used to integrate small-scale renewable energy sources and distributed generations to the utility grid. A novel Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) current controller is introduced to solve the resonant problem associated with LCL based inverters. The well-trained RNN controller was validated through a Texas Instruments (TI) LCL filter based solar microinverter kit that contains a C2000 TI microcontroller. The inverter closed current loop test without the grid connection was conducted in a laboratory setup to verify the RNN contoller functionality. The laboratory waveform results verified that the RNN current controller produced the strong tracking of the measured inverter AC current to its reference value even at a low sampling frequency of 5KHz. The proposed RNN current controller also proved to perform better than the built-in three-pole-three-zero (3P3Z) current controller provided by TI and produce lower values of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

digital signal processor↗
DOE OSTI2026

A mathematical design framework for membrane pre-concentration in energy-efficient recovery of fermentation products

Due to the dilute nature of products manufactured via fermentation and cell-free bioprocessing, dewatering is a common unit operation in downstream processing (DSP) for bioproduct recovery, but it is typically energy intensive. To improve DSP energy efficiency for bio-based small molecules, integrating high-pressure membrane pre-concentration is a promising process option. However, this approach is typically constrained by a tradeoff between concentration factor (CF) and product recovery (PR), namely increasing the CF typically results in greater product loss, and vice versa. Here we developed a model that enables process design guidelines to: (i) identify scenarios in which the additional energy consumption and product loss from membrane pre-concentration are justified for use in DSP, and (ii) determine the optimal CF that minimizes process specific energy consumption. We compared the energy consumption of high-pressure membrane-integrated processes to evaporation-only processes and applied the model to an experimental case study for the separation and purification of butyric acid from Clostridium tyrobutyricum fermentation using an in situ product recovery (ISPR) process. The model estimated that integrating a tangential-flow reverse osmosis (RO) pre-concentration unit could reduce process energy consumption up to 45%. The use of advanced membrane pre-concentration technologies, such as negative rejection membranes and organic solvent reverse osmosis (OSRO), have the potential to further reduce the overall process specific energy consumption up to 96%, projected based on modeling. Overall, membrane pre-concentration, especially when strategically integrated prior to an evaporation step with optimized process conditions, holds significant potential for improving DSP energy efficiency, particularly in applications requiring substantial solvent removal for product recovery from dilute mixtures.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advancing Energy Equity Considerations in Distribution Systems Planning

Current distribution system planning (DSP) processes do not explicitly account for energy equity considerations, such as who is most affected by power system burdens, where those burdens are concentrated, and what investments can be made to improve baseline conditions. This paper proposes an iterative framework for advancing energy equity as an objective of the DSP process, showing how measurement strategies, or metrics (informed by conceptual foundations of energy justice), can be applied to benchmark equity performance at various stages. This methodology is applied for equity-aware distributed energy resource (DER) hosting capacity analysis and outage analysis to provide critical insights on infrastructure upgrade decisions compared to a business-as-usual (BAU) case. The analysis is performed on a taxonomy feeder representing the West Coast urban/semi-urban system with augmentation of electric vehicles (EVs) and rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) generators. The study considers disadvantaged community (DAC) and non-disadvantaged community (NDAC) load regions to enable equity-aware simulations. The results demonstrate how equity-aware planning could reveal the limitations of the traditional DSP process as DAC regions are found to have lower DER hosting capacity and higher outage vulnerability. Overall, this work provides insights on the need to incorporate energy equity as an integral part of the DSP process.

Energy Equity, Distribution System Planning, DER a↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data for 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid Recovery from Fermentation Broth through Novel Downstream Processing: Technoeconomic Analysis

This study develops and validates a simplified, fully solvent-free downstream processing (DSP) strategy for high-purity recovery of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from real fermentation broth containing 62.3 g/L of 3-HP. Optimized activated carbon treatment achieved 98% color removal, while Amberlite IRA-67 was operated at pH 4.5 and 30 °C to minimize product loss. This is the first integrated demonstration of a fully solvent-free DSP enabling recovery of bio-based 3-HP as both a solid sodium salt and a concentrated aqueous solution, supported by techno-economic analysis. At lab scale, the process achieved 77.3% recovery of sodium 3-HP with 83.2% (w/w) purity and produced a 30% (w/v) aqueous solution. Techno-economic analysis yielded minimum selling prices of $0.551/kg for the solution and $0.892/kg for the salt, both below target thresholds for cost-competitive bio-acrylic acid production. Overall, these results demonstrate an efficient, scalable, and economically viable industrial pathway for 3-HP recovery.

Bioproducts↗
DOE OSTI2022

The bamboo delignification saturation point in alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and its association with enzymatic hydrolysis

A delignification saturation point (DSP) was observed for bamboo alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (AHP). Lignin removal was increased from 52.23% to ~70% when increasing H 2 O 2 dosage from 0% to 2% at the optimum pH, but it cannot be further reinforced as increasing the H 2 O 2 . With partial lignin preserved, the glucan hydrolysis yield was found to have a ceiling of ~80%. This work indicated a strong association between enzymatic digestibility and lignin removal. Anatomical analysis by fluorescence microscope and confocal Raman microscope revealed that the undegradable lignin was mainly existing in the cell corner of sclerenchyma fibers, causing the DSP in the bamboo AHP. Finally, the residual lignin in pretreated bamboo was characterized with GPC, HSQC NMR, and 31 P NMR, which revealed the nature of DSP. This study could help to understand the lignin modification during the AHP and further contribute to the establishment of a chemical-saving biorefinery.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Liner implosion experiments driven by a dynamic screw pinch

This paper expands upon recent experimental results [Campbell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 035001 (2020)], where thin-foil liner implosions were driven by a dynamic screw pinch (DSP) and found to have magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability (MRTI) amplitudes up to three times smaller than in implosions driven by a standard z-pinch (SZP). Here, the expanded discussion presented herein includes: (1) a detailed comparison of the MRTI growth measured in the experiment with that calculated from theory; (2) measurements of axial magnetic field injection into the liner interior prior to the implosion, as well as the subsequent compression of this field during the implosion; (3) an in-depth description of how the helical geometry of the DSP can result in earlier implosion and stagnation times relative to the SZP; and (4) particle-in-cell simulations showing different electron drift behavior in the anode–cathode gap of the DSP relative to the SZP, and how this difference may be related to the different current waveforms recorded during the experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Numerical study of implosion instability mitigation in magnetically driven solid liner dynamic screw pinches

Magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on the Z accelerator suffer from magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities (MRTI) that compromise integrity of the imploding cylindrical liner, limiting achievable fusion fuel conditions and ultimately reducing magneto-inertial fusion target performance. Dynamic screw pinches (DSP) provide a method to reduce MRTI in-flight via application of magnetic field line tension to the imploding liner outer surface. In contrast with z-pinches that drive implosions with an azimuthal magnetic field, dynamic screw pinches enforce an additional axial drive magnetic field component, making the overall drive magnetic field helical. As the liner implodes, cumulative MRTI development is reduced by dynamically shifting the orientation of the fastest growing instability modes. Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations show that the DSP mechanism effectively stabilizes initially solid cylindrical liner implosions driven by Z-scale current pulses, indicating that MRTI mitigation increases with the ratio of axial to azimuthal drive magnetic field components (i.e., the drive field ratio). We also performed a spectral analysis of the simulated imploding density distributions, extracting wavelength and pitch angle of the simulated MRTI structures to study their dynamics during the implosion. Simulations of liners initially perturbed with drive-field-aligned sinusoidal structures indicate that MRTI mitigation in DSP implosions decreases with perturbation wavelength, once again suggestive of magnetic field line tension effects.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Integrated simulations of premagnetized and self-magnetizing dynamic screw pinch-driven MagLIF

Magnetically driven implosions such as in magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) on the Z accelerator suffer from magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities (MRTI) that dynamically redistribute liner mass during implosion, limiting fusion fuel compression and confinement, which ultimately degrades performance. Driving the implosion with an initially helical drive field that dynamically shifts the direction of the magnetic field surrounding the liner (i.e., a dynamic screw pinch, DSP) is a method proposed to mitigate MRTI in-flight and improve target performance. In DSPs, the axial drive magnetic field component implodes the liner and diffuses through the shocked, melted liner material into the fuel throughout the implosion. Liners can be designed to enable enough axial magnetic flux to diffuse through the liner material to effectively magnetize the fuel region without the need of an initial axial magnetic field (i.e., from external field coils). We present results from three-dimensional radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of MagLIF implosions employing drive magnetic fields composed of axial and azimuthal components (a helical drive field). These simulated DSP-driven MagLIF targets demonstrate improved fuel conditions and thermonuclear yield compared to a traditional MagLIF target implosion. Synthetic x-ray radiography of the imploding liner material and x-ray emission images of the fuel region at the time of peak neutron yield rate indicate superior implosion morphology for DSP-MagLIF implosions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Assessment of dynamic-screw-pinch-driven, current-scaled MagLIF target implosion performance using 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations

Analytic studies and two-dimensional “clean” radiation-magnetohydrodynamic (rad-MHD) simulations employing dynamical similarity driver-target scaling prescriptions [Ruiz et al., Phys. Plasmas 30, 032708 (2023)] suggest that Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) target implosions can scale to > 10 MJ DT fusion yields when peak drive current is increased beyond 60 MA. We present results from three-dimensional (3D) rad-MHD simulations of similarity-scaled MagLIF target implosions at peak drive currents ranging from 15 to 40 MA. Simulations in this study suggest that magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability (MRTI) growth and feedthrough to the fuel region are more severe at higher drive current scales, which reduces the fusion yield compared to prior analytic and 2D clean simulation predictions. In contrast to standard MagLIF, simulations of current-scaled MagLIF target implosions driven by a dynamic screw pinch (DSP) demonstrate reduced MRTI feedthrough and greater fuel magnetization, resulting in improved thermonuclear performance and enhanced performance scaling with peak drive current. DSP drive enables additional scaling of the liner mass to increase liner radius but maintain implosion time, resulting in higher implosion velocities at the expense of increased susceptibility to MRTI. We present a current- and mass-scaled simulated DSP-MagLIF target implosion at the ∼ 40 MA peak current level that produces ignition scale performance, demonstrating a burn-averaged Lawson ignition parameter above unity and DT fusion yield above 1 MJ.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Simulation of shell pellet injection strategies for ITER-scale tokamaks

Dispersive shell pellet (DSP) injection is considered as an alternative to shattered pellet injection as a disruption mitigation system for ITER, and strategies for penetration of a shell pellet into ITER are modeled with the 3D MHD code NIMROD. Because the high plasma temperatures lead to rapid ablation of the shell, delivery of the dispersive payload to the core of ITER will be very challenging. Two strategies to increase payload delivery depth are modeled: first, multiple staggered pellets are simulated in DIII-D, to assess the ability for one DSP to "piggy-back" on another to reach deeper into the core; second, DSP injection after pre-dilution-cooling with deuterium is simulated in ITER, in order to reduce the plasma temperature before shell pellet arrival. The DIII-D simulations show that a second, slower pellet can penetrate much deeper once the release of the first payload strongly cools the mid-radius region. When the pellets are staggered, deeper penetration of the second pellet leads to higher radiation fraction and larger runaway electron loss fraction, consistent with single pellet results. However, simultaneously released pellets at mid-radius that do not trigger a large n=1 mode produce an even higher radiation fraction. The ITER simulations show that an inside-out TQ can be produced with a payload release just inside of the q=2 surface, which is achieved at a speed of 800 m/s after pre-dilution cooling. Although stochastization of the core leads to a complete thermal quench, the edge flux surfaces are surprisingly robust in the ITER simulations, regardless of payload release location. As a result, runaway electron losses would not be expected.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

3-Hydroxypropionic acid recovery from fermentation broth through novel downstream processing: Technoeconomic analysis

This study develops and validates a simplified, fully solvent-free downstream processing (DSP) strategy for high-purity recovery of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from real fermentation broth containing 62.3 g/L of 3-HP. Optimized activated carbon treatment achieved 98% color removal, while Amberlite IRA-67 was operated at pH 4.5 and 30 °C to minimize product loss. This is the first integrated demonstration of a fully solvent-free DSP enabling recovery of bio-based 3-HP as both a solid sodium salt and a concentrated aqueous solution, supported by techno-economic analysis. At lab scale, the process achieved 77.3% recovery of sodium 3-HP with 83.2% (w/w) purity and produced a 30% (w/v) aqueous solution. Techno-economic analysis yielded minimum selling prices of $0.551/kg for the solution and $0.892/kg for the salt, both below target thresholds for cost-competitive bio-acrylic acid production. Overall, these results demonstrate an efficient, scalable, and economically viable industrial pathway for 3-HP recovery.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Travelling wave‐based fault detection and location in a real low‐voltage DC microgrid

Abstract This paper discusses a device‐level implementation of a travelling wave (TW) protection device (PD) designed for a real low‐voltage DC microgrid. The TWPD fault detection and location algorithm is executed on a commercial digital signal processor (DSP) board, involving signal sampling at 1 MHz via the DSP board's analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC). The analogue input card measures positive pole, negative pole and pole‐to‐pole voltages at the TWPD location. Upon a successful fault detection using a second‐order high‐pass filter, the voltage data is normalised and multi‐resolution analysis (MRA) is performed on a 128‐sample buffer around the TW arrival time. MRA employs the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to capture high‐frequency voltage patterns, and then the Parseval's energy theorem quantifies these TW characteristics by computing the energy of reconstructed wavelet coefficients. These energy values per decomposed frequency band are the basis for training a random forest classifier that predicts fault location and type. The TWPD is fully implemented and connected to a real DC microgrid in Albuquerque, NM, USA, for validation, and results are shown for field tests verifying the performance under faults.

Paruthiyil, Sajay Krishnan [Department of Electric↗
DOE OSTI2023

Open Circuit Switch Fault Management Method of a Multi-Phase Synchronous Buck Converter for EV Charging Application

Multi-phase synchronous buck converter (MSBC) is becoming popular for the electric vehicle (EV) charging application because of its higher efficiency, smaller passive component sizes, bidirectional power flow, and output current ripple reduction through interleaving. This converter also provides higher reliability than the traditional single phase converter since its modular structure enables fault tolerant operation. Fault management in the converter requires the detection of switch fault, shut down of the faulty phase, and reconfiguration of the PWM signals for the healthy phases to avoid circulating current and high output current ripple. In addition, it is desirable that the fault management method can be implemented using the micro-controller unit (MCU) or digital signal processor (DSP), which are widely used to control power converters. This paper presents a fault management method for detecting switch faults and reconfiguring healthy phases using a DSP. The method is validated through simulations and experiments using a commercial off-the-shelf power stack.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Power Electronic Hardware-in-the-Loop (PE-HIL): Testing Individual Controllers in Large-Scale Power Electronics Systems

Large power electronics systems like multi-port autonomous reconfigurable solar power plant (MARS) are increasingly being researched upon to integrate emerging energy sources. MARS connects photovoltaic (PV) systems and energy storage systems (ESSs) to high-voltage direct current (HVdc) links/grids and high-voltage alternating current (ac) transmission grids. As these large power electronics systems incorporate complex hierarchical control systems that are close-by and communicate fast, the control systems require an unique power electronic hardware-in-the-loop (PE-HIL) real-time architecture to evaluate individual controllers. In this paper, a PE-HIL real-time architecture is proposed to evaluate one of the hundreds to thousands of digital signal processors (DSPs) that are a part of the complex hierarchical control system. The DSP connects to a central processing unit (CPU) and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that form a part of the upper levels of the control system. The DSP is part of the lower level of the control system. The proposed PE-HIL architecture is tested and evaluated. Preliminary test results are presented to showcase the concept.

Debnath, Suman↗