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The Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Toolbox offers resources for estimating charging infrastructure needs and associated electrical demands based on user-defined electric vehicle adoption scenarios. For more information and additional resources, see the full EVI-X modeling suite of electric vehicle charging infrastructure analysis tools.
The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program (NEVI program) is a funding opportunity for all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, established by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). The NEVI program instructs states to “strategically deploy electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and to establish an interconnected network to facilitate data collection, access, and reliability.” The NEVI program allocates more than $\$$5 billion to states from Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 to 2026 on a formula basis. NEVI funds are available to private entities, including utilities, to build EV Supply Equipment (EVSE)1 and associated EV grid infrastructure.
The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program provides nearly $5 billion over 5 years to help states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (hereafter referred to as “states”) create a network of fast EV charging stations along designated Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Alternative Fuel Corridors (AFCs), with emphasis along the Interstate Highway System. The first-year deployment plans were submitted to and reviewed by the Joint Office and FHWA and certified by FHWA in September 2022. To support the rollout of the NEVI Formula Program, the Joint Office has been providing technical assistance to the states since February 2022 and has developed DriveElectric.gov to serve as the front door for federal efforts to build out a national charging network. This report summarizes the key activities of the Joint Office in relation to the NEVI program and provides an individual and collective overview of the first-year deployment plans. The Joint Office will utilize the summary of these plans to inform program improvement and future technical assistance activities to support the states as they begin to implement their EV charging infrastructure.
Consequence-driven Cybersecurity Analysis for Extreme Fast Charging Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Electric vehicle (EV) development and associated charging infrastructure are expected to advance rapidly. Thirty percent of all global vehicle sales may be EVs and hybrid EVs by 2025, and they will rely on increasingly sophisticated strategies for grid integration. Next-generation EV charging infrastructure is expected to include interconnected renewable resources, such as photovoltaic (PV) arrays and battery storage systems, along with grid-edge devices. Although distributed energy resources (DERs) are useful in several ways, such as peak shaving at high demand times and backup supply for added resilience, the integration of vehicle charging and DERs could create more avenues for cyberattack. Physical and/or remote access to EV charging station components, including charge ports, power electronics, controllers, and local generation (e.g., PV and energy storage) could be paths to cause power fluctuations, leading to altered operations at the charging station, escalated privileges to administrative systems, exfiltration of financial information (including personally identifiable information), and reduced grid stability. One compromised EV supply equipment component can open the door to a variety of exploitable vulnerabilities. Cloud computing and mobile application control have the potential to expand the threat surface to non-repudiation and firmware integrity challenges. Vendor clouds have access to hundreds of chargers, and if compromised, can scale the attack surface exponentially. The high power and voltage levels of xFC infrastructure (e.g., 400 kW at 1000- V DC) increase the hazards and ability to impact the grid and vehicles more than lower-power charging systems. Legacy communications systems and protocols could also put EV infrastructure at risk of cyberattacks requiring a robust patch management process. Communications networks link EVs and chargers to several stakeholders - including charging station operators, grid operators, vendors/manufacturers, and aggregators - who have both physical and network access to share information for control, monitoring, and analytics. Information in these networks that is vulnerable to compromise includes the state of charge, charging duration, payment information, electricity price, and load control. Analyzing and prioritizing these interconnections risks could help address cybersecurity related to data leakage and manipulation.
This presentation includes results from the second California installment of EVI-Pro. Pursuant to California Assembly Bill 2127, evolving market and technology conditions warrant updating this statewide infrastructure assessment at least every two years. EVI-Pro has been updated to consider California's 2030 goal to have 5 million zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) on the road by 2030. CEC and NREL with the support of UC Davis and other state agencies, have set out to refine EVI-Pro to reflect increasing PEV market share, evolving vehicle and charging technology, and observed charging behavior.
With consumers’ growing interest in electric vehicles, extreme fast charging stations are poised to provide high-power charging to rapidly recharge light-duty passenger vehicles. High-power charging requires high-level communication between vehicle and charger to govern the charging process. The coupling of power and communication increases the potential scale of cyberattacks. Using a full Western Electricity Coordinating Council planning model, load manipulation from high-power charging infrastructure is investigated. Two cases of load manipulation are studied: (i) a discrete, widespread system event and (ii) loads modulated near the Western Interconnect’s resonant frequency. In (i) some generation trips and in (ii) oscillations are observed on the California Oregon Intertie. Neither scenario results in significant adverse effects to the grid.
The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), invests $\$$7.5 billion to build out a national electric vehicle (EV) charging network and created the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation (Joint Office) to “study, plan, coordinate, and implement issues of joint concern between the two agencies.” The BIL represents a historic effort to electrify the U.S. transportation system, which has significant potential to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and help tackle the climate crisis. The U.S. transportation sector accounts for one-third of the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions—the largest share of all primary sectors, including electricity production, industry, commercial and residential, and agriculture. The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program, one of the BIL funding programs, was launched in February 2022, providing nearly $\$$5 billion over 5 years to help states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (hereafter referred to as “states”) create a network of EV charging stations beginning with designated Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Alternative Fuel Corridors (AFCs), with an emphasis on the Interstate Highway System. The funding is made available to the states in allocations each year pending FHWA certification of the state’s annual deployment plan. The NEVI program is in its third year, so there's a lot to celebrate. As of July 2024, 39 states have released solicitations for their NEVI programs and eight states have opened their first NEVI-funded stations (61 ports in total), which have already powered thousands of charging sessions for EV drivers across America. Additional stations are in the pipeline with more than 2,500 additional ports having been awarded or conditionally awarded by the states. All states released their Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 deployment plan updates to reflect the new minimum requirements and guidance, and several states added newly designated EV AFCs in their FY 2024 deployment plan updates, bringing the total AFC network of EV corridors to more than 81,000 miles.
In order to support the California state goals to reduce the carbon and pollution emissions (AB2127), The goal of this project (HEVI-Pro) is to project the charging infrastructure needs by future medium- and heavy- duty electric vehicles, and assess optimal deployment the infrastructure in California and provide grid impacts analysis. The MHDV projections will also consider transportation system and electric system interaction with light duty vehicles. The project consists of 2 approaches in general: top-down approach that takes aggregated MHDV adoptions as the inputs and provide the county-level projections of charging load profile and infrastructure need, and the bottom-up approach that that incorporates more granular (temporal, spatial and duty-cycle-specific) behaviors of a variety of MHDVs into activity simulations/optimizations for further analysis.
The EVI-RoadTrip™ tool offers high-resolution refueling network design and analysis to inform electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure development for road trips or long-distance travels. EVI-RoadTrip helps infrastructure planners, analysts, and decision makers evaluate EV energy consumption and corresponding charging demands along the routes-between origin and destination. It considers the projected location and characteristics of charging stations, potential electric grid impacts, and required infrastructure improvements. Strategically located charging stations for long-distance travel are critical to enabling the widespread adoption of EVs by allowing them to travel further beyond city or town boundaries. Sophisticated analysis and planning can identify the points (e.g., corridors) that may require increased availability of EV charging stations to support electrified road trips.
While electric vehicle powertrains have inherent efficiencies over their conventional counterparts, recharge time remains a significant concern. High power charging (HPC) alleviates the concerns by delivering greater power to speed charging. HPC requires communication among the vehicle, charging infrastructure, and electric supply to facilitate charging. Consequently, the transformation extends the reach and heightens the risks posed by cyberattacks, as an incident may threaten both the power grid and transportation systems. In this paper, a novel consequence-centric methodology is used to formulate an HPC infrastructure threat model. By linking threats to electricity and transportation impacts, a broad understanding of consequences is acquired.
Public streetlight charging, whether on streets in central business districts or residential areas, provides easy charging access for apartment residents and homeowners alike. While most electric vehicle (EV) drivers charge at home, they do so in garages or on driveways they own. For renters and residents of multifamily housing (MFH), however, this may not be an option. EVs have a lower cost of ownership compared to conventional vehicles, and a used EV may be an affordable option for a lower-income household. But without easy access to charging, even a low-cost used EV may not be an option for a prospective buyer. An affordable curbside charging network has the potential to expand EV adoption into neighborhoods that have to date seen minimal interest and uptake of the technology and associated charging infrastructure. Streetlight charging networks can provide an economical, scalable, and effective approach to providing equitable and convenient charging. Metropolitan Energy Center (MEC) is dedicated to the mission of creating resource efficiency, environmental health, and economic vitality in the Kansas City region and beyond. Since 1983, MEC has provided resources, outreach, and training to make alternative fuels and energy efficiency commonplace. MEC led a streetlight charging pilot project that installed limited EV charging infrastructure on the streetlight system in Kansas City, Missouri, to demonstrate and test the benefits of curbside charging for EVs at existing on-street parking locations. The project aimed to cost-effectively expand the charging network in Kansas City to support residential charging and provide infrastructure in one or more charging deserts throughout the city. This pilot evaluates the impact and overall success of streetlight charging based on community feedback, utilization of charging infrastructure, technical feasibility, and cost. The project has pursued a data- and community-driven site selection process designed to identify sites with high demand and high opportunity for EV charging. This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and awarded to MEC through a competitive proposal process. The novelty and complexity of this project required an organization that could facilitate collaboration across levels of government, community members, and industry partners. For the past 25 years, through Kansas City Regional Clean Cities, MEC has worked with numerous public and private fleets on a variety of projects to improve the environmental performance and efficiency of the regional vehicle fleet. To advance affordable, efficient, and clean transportation efforts, DOE Clean Cities and Communities coalitions create local networks of public and private sector stakeholders and engage communities. Rooted within their local communities, the coalitions serve as experts and ambassadors, bringing to bear the collective knowledge, experience, and practical know-how of the entire network from within DOE, its national laboratories, and diverse stakeholders in the field. MEC and its project partners made in-kind contributions to leverage federal dollars for the benefit of the Kansas City community. Findings from this project will help determine the best applications for streetlight charging technologies to maximize funding impact and serve community needs. The team evaluated locations based on expected charging demand, technical feasibility, safety considerations, and enhanced charging network siting needs. Throughout the project, the team gathered feedback and evaluated ways to make public charging for EVs available to all community members. The insights will help Kansas City and other communities streamline future efforts to support EV drivers through public charging in the city right-of-way. Furthermore, this project will inform citywide guidance for future installations. MEC is committed to a transparent and publicly accessible approach that encourages the collaborative evaluation of streetlight charging. The project has engaged the community to proactively identify and evaluate the benefits and impacts of streetlight charging. It was a priority for the project to ensure the benefits of this pilot are distributed equitably to all members of the Kansas City community and that new charging opportunities and associated resources are available in diverse neighborhoods across the city. The charging infrastructure supports an affordable curbside charging network that will enable more drivers to choose EVs and provide easy charging access for all community members interested in driving an EV. The community feedback received through this project informed future resources and opportunities to make EVs more accessible to all members of the Kansas City community. MEC worked with several community partners on this project, including Missouri University of Science and Technology (MST), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); the city of Kansas City, Missouri; Evergy; Black and McDonald (B&M); LilyPad EV; EVNoire; and Westside Housing Organization (WHO). Project partners contributed to the cost match required for DOE grants through capital expenditures, personnel, and other in-kind contributions. Detailed descriptions of project team organizations can be found in Appendix A. Project Partners. Analysts at NREL and MST/PennState developed site maps based on demand and equity considerations. MEC conducted outreach to community members to garner input on project design and site selection, and received approval from the Missouri Public Service Commission (PSC) for Evergy’s EV charging station ownership. MEC worked with all partners to gather additional siting criteria and developed a site selection evaluation checklist, and partners conducted site visits to proposed installation sites. Next, B&M, Evergy, and the city executed all site agreements, conducted site-specific engineering design, acquired associated permits, and issued notices to proceed site by site or in small batches. Finally, from January to April 2023, the project team installed 23 EV charging stations built on Kansas City’s streetlight system in six council districts. Evergy will own, operate, and monitor the stations for 10 years, sharing charging data with MEC for at least 1 year.
EVI-EnSitePy is a comprehensive agent-based tool designed for the analysis and design of high-power charging sites, encompassing a wide array of site agents including Electric Vehicles (EVs), chargers, energy storage units (ESS), renewable energy resources (DER), and loads. This versatile tool offers diverse functionalities and a modular modeling approach, allowing detailed configuration of agents based on power ratings, port numbers, energy capacities, demand requirements, charger interfaces, and flexibility to customize the tool for project specific goals. By simulating agent interactions and employing various metrics, EVI-EnSitePy enables the assessment of site performance, exploration of energy management systems (EMS), and implementation of innovative EV charging policies. Utilizing EV charge schedules and arrival states, the tool performs thorough charging site simulations, with outputs consisting of agent and site-level power profiles and statistical metrics. Employing a tree graph structure, EVI-EnSitePy supports nested site structures and power distribution modeling. The tool's ability to generate charging schedules deterministically or via stochastic analysis further enhances its versatility. Through its features and capabilities, EVI-EnSitePy offers a powerful platform for informed decision-making in the realm of high-power charging site design and operation.
EV charging station site design and cost estimation tool, developed for users to input information on where they would like to install EV charging stations in relation to existing electrical and surface infrastructure. The tool calculates electrical upgrade requirements, estimates costs, and provides a project design.
This presentation, part of the ESTCP Symposium in November 2022, discusses the EVI-LOCATE tool.
As Electric Vehicle (EV) electric charging demand increases so to does the corresponding load requirements for charging the vehicles. The expansion of power distribution assets is therefore a critical issue to address on whether rural service transformers can handle the increase in EV load demand. Large-scale EV deployment is likely to cause problems in the localized distributions systems bringing challenges such as increased load demand, increased system losses, and additional voltage drops. This paper investigates how rural service transformer resiliency plays an important role in these challenges. EV charging can create new load peaks exceeding the service transformer's rated capacity, thereby accelerating equipment aging. EV charging can also both positively and negatively affect transformer aging. The core purpose of this paper is to investigate that change in service life of rural service transformers.
The electric utility is a crucial partner for electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure projects. Tribes should engage with the utility early and often for successful charging projects. This fact sheet outlines key information a Tribe needs for engagement.
Cybersecurity of high-power charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) is critical to the safety, reliability, and consumer confidence in this publicly accessible technology. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in high-power EV charging infrastructure may also present risks to broader transportation and energy-infrastructure systems. Here, this paper details a methodology used to analyze and prioritize high-consequence events that could result from cybersecurity sabotage to high-power charging infrastructure. The highest prioritized events are evaluated under laboratory conditions for the severity of impact and the complexity of cybersecurity manipulation. Mitigation solutions and strategies are presented to secure the vulnerabilities that potentially lead to high-consequence events. These mitigations can be immediately implemented by industry or executed during the design stage.
The Biden Administration's issuance of Executive Orders directly addressing and accelerating Federal fleet electrification places an onus on both fleet and facility managers. This panel will help fleet and facility personnel understand how to select EVSE infrastructure in terms of implementation, energy management, and costs of procurement, installation/deployment, and electricity. The panel will cover technology aspects to include managed EVSE, bi-directional charging, implications on local electrical systems and storage needs in certain cases to buffer power demand. Discussion will include various considerations relevant to ensuring adequate EVSE, balancing infrastructure needs, and upgrades with fleet needs. The panelists will discuss how to provide sufficient infrastructure support, including which stakeholders to involve, procurement impediments, easement locations, and requirements that arise during the design and implementation process.