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At least 19 records

Influence of Thermally-Grown Oxide (TGO) Layer on the Driving Forces Associated with Failure in Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Systems

Environmental barrier coatings (EBC) is an enabling technology for the successful application of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in air-breathing gas turbine engines. Spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC) induced by thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer is a key EBC failure mode. The TGO layer, resulting from steam oxidation, grows either from a silicon bond coat layer (if present) or from the silicon carbide (SiC) based substrate itself. Critical thickness of the TGO layer for failure is in the range of 20-30 microns but it can vary due to exposure temperature, microstructure etc. Current work at NASA Glenn Research Center, under the Revolutionary Tools and Methods (RTM) project is aimed at addressing associated failure modes in EBC systems and developing robust analysis tools to aid in the design/analysis of these systems. The objective of the current work is to conduct a sensitivity study to examine the influence of uniformly and non-uniformly grown oxide layers with or without damage on the associated driving forces leading to spallation of the EBC when subjected to isothermal loading. Initial results indicate that the presence of damage (vertical cracks caused by in-plane stresses) enhances the stresses that are present due to non-uniformity. However, the presence of non-uniformity itself is still the main factor influencing the magnitude of peel and shear stresses in the TGO layer.

Mital, Subodh K.↗

Mechanical Properties of Air Plasma Sprayed Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Materials

Development work in Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs) for Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) has focused considerably on the identification of materials systems and coating architectures to meet application needs. The evolution of these systems has occurred so quickly that modeling efforts and requisite data for modeling lag considerably behind development. Materials property data exists for many systems in the bulk form, but the effects of deposition on the critical properties of strength and fracture behavior are not well studied. We have plasma sprayed bulk samples of baseline EBC materials (silicon, ytterbium disilicate) and tested the mechanical properties of these materials to elicit differences in strength and toughness. We have also endeavored to assess the mixed-mode fracture resistance, Gc, of silicon in a baseline EBC applied to SiCSiC CMC via four point bend test. These results are compared to previously determined properties of the comparable bulk material.

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC's)↗

Phase-Field Modeling of Damage Evolution in Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) and Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC)

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) protected by environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) present a promising materials solution for next generation gas turbines. Developments of more robust and efficient EBCs and mechanically tougher CMCs are thus of significant technological importance. Here we develop a phase-field modeling framework that incorporates the thermally grown oxide (TGO), recognized as a critical factor for degradation and failure of EBCs. We simulate crack growth in the TGO and the potential extension into the bond coat / CMC substrate. The model efficiently takes account of the large inelastic deformation induced by the severe volume expansion of TGO, thanks to our recently developed, so-called incremental realization of inelastic deformation (IRID) algorithm. A phase-field model is built for damage evolution in CMCs including crack growth and interfacial sliding. The effects of fiber layout and interfacial sliding on the macroscopic toughness of CMCs are revealed by large-scale simulations and compared to experiments.

advanced energy systems and materials↗

Degradation Of Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBC) Due To Chemical and Thermal Expansion Incompatibility

Current environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) consist of multiple layers, with each layer having unique properties to meet the various requirements for successful EBCs. As a result, chemical and thermal expansion compatibility between layers becomes an important issue to maintaining durability. Key constituents in current EBCs are mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2), BSAS (BaO(1-x)-SrO(x)-Al2O3-2SiO2), and YSZ (ZrO2-8 wt.% Y2O3). The mullite-BSAS combination appears benign although significant diffusion occurs. Mullite-YSZ and BSAS-YSZ combinations do not react up to 1500 C. Thermally grown SiO2- BSAS and mullite-BSAS-YSZ combinations are most detrimental, forming low melting glasses. Thermal expansion mismatch between YSZ and mullite or BSAS causes severe cracking and delamination.

Lee, Kang N.↗

Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBC) for Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Materials

The upper use temperature of current Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBC's) based on mullite and BSAS (EPM EBC's) is limited to -255 F due to silica volatility, chemical reactions, and high thermal conductivity. Therefore, new EBC s having low CTE, good chemical compatibility, and high melting point (greater than 2700 F ) are being investigated. Sinter-resistant, low thermal conductivity EBC s are strongly desired to achieve the UEET EBC goal of 270 F EBC surface temperature and 30 F AT over long exposures (greater than 1000 hr). Key areas affecting the upper temperature limit of current EBC s as well as the ongoing efforts to develop next generation EBC s in the UEET Program will be discussed.

Lee,Kang↗

Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability Modeling; An Overview and Preliminary Analysis

A study outlining a fracture mechanics based model that is being developed to investigate crack growth and spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC) under thermal cycling conditions is presented. A description of the current plan and a model to estimate thermal residual stresses in the coating and preliminary fracture mechanics concepts for studying crack growth in the coating are also discussed. A road map for modeling life and durability of the EBC and the results of FEA model(s) developed for predicting thermal residual stresses and the cracking behavior of the coating are generated and described. Further initial assessment and preliminary results showed that developing a comprehensive EBC life prediction model incorporating EBC cracking, degradation and spalling mechanism under stress and temperature gradients typically seen in turbine components is difficult. This is basically due to mismatch in thermal expansion difference between sub-layers of EBC as well as between EBC and substrate, diffusion of moisture and oxygen though the coating, and densification of the coating during operating conditions as well as due to foreign object damage, the EBC can also crack and spall from the substrate causing oxidation and recession and reducing the design life of the EBC coated substrate.

Abdul-Aziz, A.↗

Impact damage of narrow silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with and without environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) by various foreign object debris (FOD) simulants

The leading and trailing edges of turbine airfoils are highly susceptible to impact by foreign object debris (FOD) entrained in the gas stream of turbine engines. In this study, a narrow specimen geometry is implemented to study the FOD impact behavior of low curvature airfoil edges. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic specimens with and without an environmental barrier coating (EBC) are used as target materials. The EBC consists of an air plasma sprayed mullite topcoat (~ 166 µm) and silicon bond coat (~ 58 µm). Spherical (∅ 1.5 mm) FOD simulants of silicon nitride (Si3N4), partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), and steel are used as impactors. Additionally, a modified gas gun is used to generate impact damage at normal incidence and velocities ranging between 300 to 400 m/s. In situ phase contrast X-ray radiographs, which render 2D representations of the internal transient damage, are captured during the impact experiments. Impactor hardness and toughness are found to primarily influence damage in the coating. Relative to wide specimens, the narrow specimens experience a greater level of cracking and this is postulated to result from reduced self-confinement. Irrespective of specimen geometry and impactor material type, limited cracking (i.e. enhanced shielding) is observed for the coated condition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effects of CMAS Application on the Isothermal and Gradient Thermal Cycling Behavior of a Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 EBC

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are critical to the continued advancement of gas turbine hot section materials technology. EBCs are required to protect Si-based ceramics such as silicon carbide fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) from oxidation and corrosion in the combustion environment. One of the current challenges concerning EBC lifetime is the thermochemical reactions between calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) deposits and the EBC that leads to changes in both composition and stress state. These changes can severely reduce the integrity of the EBC leading to crack formation, delamination, and spallation. Current techniques for evaluating CMAS in the laboratory rely on the pre-application of CMAS. Two commonly used application methods to deposit CMAS on EBC materials are tape-casting and air spray. In both methods, the CMAS is applied to the EBC surface at ambient temperature, and then subject to a heat treatment process for binder burnout. The purpose of this study is to compare the tape-cast and air spray methods on the CMAS corrosion of an ytterbium disilicate (Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 ) EBC subject to isothermal, and gradient thermal cycling. The results highlight if any differences exist in the CMAS infiltration kinetics between the two application methods.

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs)↗

Thermochemical/Thermomechanical Synergies in High-Temperature Solid Particle Erosion of CMAS-Exposed EBCs

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an enabling technology for the use of SiC-based ceramic matrix composites in next generation gas turbine engines. In the extreme engine environment, EBCs must be able to withstand a variety of individual damage mechanisms and their interactions with each other. Ingested particulates/debris can cause both thermochemical and thermomechanical degradation of EBCs. Siliceous debris primarily based on calcium magnesium aluminosilicates (CMAS) can melt and infiltrate and/or react with EBCs above 1200°C. Similarly, ingested debris can lead to mechanical damage and recession of coatings due to particulate erosion. Both modes of degradation can occur simultaneously during engine operation, and it is crucial to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of coating failure due to high-temperature particulate interactions. This study assesses the erosion durability of Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 -based EBCs exposed to CMAS of various loads in NASA Glenn’s Erosion Burner Rig Facility. CMAS exposures and erosion testing were carried out at 1316°C. The effects of CMAS loading and exposure time on EBC erosion durability were evaluated using Al 2 O 3 as an erodent material.

CMAS↗

Thermochemical/Thermomechanical Synergies in High Temperature Solid Particle Erosion of CMAS-Exposed EBCs

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an enabling technology for the use of SiC-based ceramic matrix composites in next generation gas turbine engines. In the extreme engine environment, EBCs must be able to withstand a variety of individual damage mechanisms and their interactions with each other. Ingested particulates/debris can cause both thermochemical and thermomechanical degradation of EBCs. Siliceous debris primarily based on calcium magnesium aluminosilicates (CMAS) can melt and infiltrate and/or react with EBCs above >1200°C. Similarly, ingested debris can lead to mechanical damage and recession of coatings due to particulate erosion. Both modes of degradation can occur simultaneously during engine operation, and it is crucial to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of coating failure due to high-temperature particulate interactions. This study assesses the erosion durability of Yb2Si2O7-based EBCs exposed to CMAS of various loads in NASA Glenn’s Erosion Burner Rig Facility. CMAS exposures and erosion testing were carried out at 1316°C. The effects of CMAS loading and exposure time on EBC erosion durability were evaluated using Al2O3 as an erodent material.

EBC↗

Thermochemical/Thermomechanical Synergies in High Temperature Solid Particle Erosion of CMAS Exposed EBCs

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an enabling technology for the use of SiC-based ceramic matrix composites in next generation gas turbine engines. In the extreme engine environment, EBCs must be able to withstand a variety of individual damage mechanisms and their interactions with each other. Ingested particulates/debris can cause both thermochemical and thermomechanical degradation of EBCs. Siliceous debris primarily based on calcium magnesium aluminosilicates (CMAS) can melt and infiltrate and/or react with EBCs above >1200°C. Similarly, ingested debris can lead to mechanical damage and recession of coatings due to particulate erosion. Both modes of degradation can occur simultaneously during engine operation, and it is crucial to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of coating failure due to high-temperature particulate interactions. This study assesses the erosion durability of Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 -based EBCs exposed to CMAS of various loads in NASA Glenn’s Erosion Burner Rig Facility. CMAS exposures and erosion testing were carried out at 1316°C. The effects of CMAS loading and exposure time on EBC erosion durability were evaluated using Al2O3 as an erodent material.

EBC↗

Composite Materials Handbook 17 (CMH-17) Volume 5—Ceramic Matrix Composites

The Composite Materials Handbook‐17 (CMH‐17) Volume 5 for Ceramic Matrix Composites (formerly MIL-HANDBOOK-17) provides the information and guidance necessary to design, fabricate, and implement ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components in aviation applications. This presentation provides an overview of the handbook content, and covers the objectives and activities of the Working Groups that are preparing new content and revising existing text for the next revision. The five Working Groups are: 1) Data Review, 2) Testing, 3) Materials & Processes, 4) Design & Analysis, and 5) Engine Applications. The goal is to release Revision B in 2023. While the handbook is focused on the application of SiC/SiC and Ox/Ox CMCs and EBCs (environmental barrier coatings), the methodologies (testing, data analysis, characterization, etc.) are also applicable to other CMC systems, and the intent is to start incorporating information for Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites.

Environmental barrier coating (EBC)↗

Coupled Thermomechanical Micromechanics Modeling of the Influence of Thermally Grown Oxide Layer in an Environmental Barrier Coating System

Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs) have emerged as a promising means of protecting critical components for high temperature applications (e.g., aircraft engines). EBCs are often used to protect an underlying material (substrate) from extreme thermal/chemical environments. However, systems that utilize EBCs are susceptible to a number of failure modes including oxidation/delamination. Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs) have emerged as a promising means of protecting silicon based ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components for high temperature applications (e.g., aircraft engines). EBCs are often used to protect an underlying material (substrate) such as silicon carbide from extreme thermal/chemical environments. In a typical CMC/EBC system, an EBC may or may not be adhered to an underlying substrate with a bond coat (e.g., silicon). Irrespective, systems that utilize EBCs are susceptible to a number of failure modes including oxidation/delamination, recession, chemical attack and dissolution, thermo-mechanical degradation, erosion, and foreign object damage. Current work at NASA Glenn Research Center is aimed at addressing these failure modes in EBC systems and developing robust analysis tools to aid in the design process. The Higher-Order Theory for Functionally Graded Materials (HOTFGM), a precursor to the High-Fidelity Generalized Method of Cells micromechanics approach, was developed to investigate the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded composites and will be used herein to assess the development and growth of a low-stiffness thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer in EBC/CMC systems without a silicon bond coat. To accomplish this a sensitivity study is conducted to examine the influence of uniformly and non-uniformly grown oxide layer on the associated driving forces leading to mechanical failure (spallation) of EBC layer when subjected to isothermal loading, recession, chemical attack and dissolution, thermomechanical degradation, erosion, and foreign object damage. Current work at NASA Glenn Research Center is aimed at addressing these failure modes in EBC systems and developing robust analysis tools to aid in the design process. The Higher-Order Theory for Functionally Graded Materials (HOTFGM), a precursor to the High-Fidelity Generalized Method of Cells micromechanics approach, was developed to investigate the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded composites (Aboudi et al., 1999, Composites B). For example, HOTFGM was previously used (Arnold et al, 1995, NASA CP 10178, paper 34), to assess interlaminar stresses (including free edge effects) in a substrate with a thermal barrier coating (TBC). In this study, HOTFGM micromechanics analyses will be used to assess the development and growth of a low-stiffness thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer between a silicon carbide substrate and a ytterbium disilicate EBC. In order to realistically simulate TGO growth, an evolution law will be incorporated into HOTFGM. In addition, the effect of TGO roughness will be explored consistent with previous TBC work (Pindera et al., 2000. Material Science and Engineering, A284, pp. 158-175). This model represents a first step in developing a robust analysis tool that can ultimately be used to design durable EBC systems. Additional failure modes will be considered as part of a future work.

environmental barrier coating↗

Water Vapor Corrosion in EBC Constituent Materials

Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) materials are sought after to protect ceramic matrix composites (CMC) in high temperature turbine engines. CMCs are particularly susceptible to degradation from oxidation, Ca-Al-Mg-Silicate (CMAS), and water vapor during high temperature operation which necessitates the use of EBCs. However, the work presented here focuses on water vapor induced recession in EBC constituent materials. For example, in the presence of water vapor, silica will react to form Si(OH)4 (g) which will eventually corrode the material away. To investigate the recession rate in EBC constituent materials under high temperature water vapor conditions, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is employed. The degradation process can then be modeled through a simple boundary layer expression. Ultimately, comparisons are made between various single- and poly-crystalline materials (e.g. TiO2, SiO2) against those found in literature.

coating↗

Solid Particle Erosion of a Plasma Spray – Physical Vapor Deposition Environmental Barrier Coating in a Combustion Environment

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) were developed to reduce the susceptibility of SiC-based composites to the rapid volatilization and surface recession that occurs in the presence of water vapor. Extensive research and development has been performed on EBCs, and their corresponding failure mechanisms under different environmental conditions. However, one key failure mechanism, solid particle erosion (SPE), has not been thoroughly investigated. As a result, the present work investigates the SPE behavior of a ytterbium disilicate (Yb2Si2O7) environmental barrier coating (EBC) deposited via plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). Erosion testing was performed at elevated temperature (1,200 °C) in a simulated combustion environment at the NASA Glenn Research Center Erosion Burner Rig Facility. Alumina (Al2O3) particles were used as the eroding media. A range of particle kinetic energies and impingement angles were investigated along with the effect of coating surface roughness. The post-erosion damage morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SPE behavior of the PS-PVD EBC was shown to be comparable to other EBC systems reported in the literature.

Solid particle erosion; environmental barrier coat↗

Modeling of the Influence of Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) Layers on the Driving Forces in Environmental Barrier Coating Systems

Environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are an enabling technology for the successful application of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in air-breathing gas turbine engines. EBCs are susceptible to several failure modes including oxidation/delamination, recession, chemical attack and dissolution, thermomechanical degradation, erosion, and foreign object impact damage in a combustion environment. Spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC), induced by a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, is a key EBC failure mode. The TGO layer, resulting from steam oxidation, grows either from a silicon bond coat layer (if present) or from a silicon carbide (SiC) based substrate itself. The TGO layer evolves (i.e., thickness increases with time) as water vapor and oxygen gradually diffuse through the EBC, and the EBC spalls off once the TGO layer reaches some critical thickness. The critical thickness of the TGO layer for failure is in the range of 20-30 microns, with the actual value depending upon exposure temperature, microstructure, etc. Current work at NASA Glenn Research Center, under the Transformative Tools and Technology (TTT) subproject is aimed at addressing associated failure modes in EBC systems and developing robust analysis tools to aid in the design/analysis of these systems. The objective of the current work is to conduct a sensitivity study to examine the influence of uniformly and non-uniformly grown oxide layers on the associated driving forces leading to spallation of the EBC when subjected to isothermal loading. The effect of damage in the TGO layer on the resulting stress states is also assessed both in uniform and non-uniform TGO layers.

Coatings↗

Modeling of the Influence of a Damaged Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) Layer in an Environmental Barrier Coating System

Environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are an enabling technology for the successful application of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in air-breathing gas turbine engines. EBCs are susceptible to a number of failure modes including oxidation/delamination, recessions, chemical attack and dissolution, thermomechanical degradation, erosion, and foreign object impact damage in a combustion environment. Spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC), induced by a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, is a key EBC failure mode. The TGO layer, resulting from steam oxidation, grows either from a silicon bond coat layer (if present) or from a silicon carbide (SiC) based substrate itself. The TGO layer evolves (i.e., thickness increases with time) as water vapor and oxygen gradually diffuse through the EBC, and the EBC spalls off once the TGO layer reaches some critical thickness. The critical thickness of the TGO layer for failure is in the range of 20-30 microns, but it can vary due to exposure temperature, microstructure etc. Current work at NASA Glenn Research Center, under the Revolutionary Tools and Methods (RTM) subproject is aimed at addressing associated failure modes in EBC systems and developing robust analysis tools to aid in the design/analysis of these systems. The objective of the current work is to conduct a sensitivity study to examine the influence of uniformly and non-uniformly grown oxide layers on the associated driving forces leading to spallation of the EBC when subjected to isothermal loading. The effect of damage in the TGO layer on the resulting stress states is also assessed both in uniform and non-uniform TGO layers.

Mital, Subodh K.↗

Development of Advanced Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiC/SiC Composites at NASA GRC: Prime-Reliant Design and Durability Perspectives

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are considered technologically important because of the critical needs and their ability to effectively protect the turbine hot-section SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components in harsh engine combustion environments. The development of NASA's advanced environmental barrier coatings have been aimed at significantly improved the coating system temperature capability, stability, erosion-impact, and CMAS resistance for SiC/SiC turbine airfoil and combustors component applications. The NASA environmental barrier coating developments have also emphasized thermo-mechanical creep and fatigue resistance in simulated engine heat flux and environments. Experimental results and models for advanced EBC systems will be presented to help establishing advanced EBC composition design methodologies, performance modeling and life predictions, for achieving prime-reliant, durable environmental coating systems for 2700-3000 F engine component applications. Major technical barriers in developing environmental barrier coating systems and the coating integration with next generation composites having further improved temperature capability, environmental stability, EBC-CMC fatigue-environment system durability will be discussed.

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs)↗