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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Faraday rotators of terbium oxyhydroxide

Terbium-based Faraday rotators, optical isolators incorporating the Faraday rotators, and methods for forming the Faraday rotators are described. Formation methods include hydrothermal growth methods for forming monolithic single crystals of TbO(OH) as Faraday rotator materials. TbO(OH) can also be used as a starting material in a hydrothermal growth method to form monolithic single crystals of Tb x Yb 2-x O 3 , in which x is between about 0.05 and about 1 or terbium aluminum garnet TAG for use as a Faraday rotator in an optical isolator.

Kolis, Joseph William↗
DOE OSTI2019

Limits on magnetically induced Faraday rotation from polarized He 3 atoms

Faraday rotation has become a powerful tool in a large variety of physics applications. Most prominently, Faraday rotation can be used in precision magnetometry. Here we report measurements of gyromagnetic Faraday rotation on a dense, hyperpolarized 3 He gas target. Here, theoretical calculations predict the rotations of linearly polarized light due to the magnetization of spin-1/2 particles on the scale of 10 –7 radians. To maximize the signal, a 3 He target designed to use with a multipass cavity is combined with a sensitive apparatus for polarimetry that can detect optical rotations on the order of 10 –8 radians. Although the expected results are well above the sensitivity for the given experimental conditions, no nuclear-spin-induced rotation was observed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Revision of Faraday rotation measure constraints on the primordial magnetic field using the IllustrisTNG simulation

ABSTRACT Previously derived Faraday rotation constraints on the volume-filling intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) have used analytical models that made a range of simplifying assumptions about magnetic field evolution in the intergalactic medium and did not consider the effect of baryonic feedback on large-scale structures. In this work, we revise existing Faraday rotation constraints on the IGMF using a numerical model of the intergalactic medium from the IllustrisTNG cosmological simulation that includes a sophisticated model of the baryonic feedback. We use the IllustrisTNG model to calculate the rotation measure and compare the resulting mean and median of the absolute value of the rotation measure with data from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). The numerical model of the intergalactic medium includes a full magnetohydrodynamic model of the compressed primordial magnetic field as well as a model of the regions where the magnetic field is not primordial, but is rather produced by the process of baryonic feedback. Separating these two types of regions, we are able to assess the influence of the primordial magnetic field on the Faraday rotation signal. We find that by correcting for regions of compressed primordial field and accounting for the fact that part of the intergalactic medium is occupied by magnetic fields spread by baryonic feedback processes rather than by the primordial field relaxes the Faraday rotation bound by a factor of ≃3. This results in B0 < 1.8 × 10−9 G for large correlation length IGMFs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Faraday rotation study of plasma bubbles in GeV wakefield accelerators

We visualize plasma bubbles driven by 0.67 PW laser pulses in a plasma of density ne≈5×1017cm−3 by imaging Faraday rotation patterns imprinted on linearly polarized probe pulses of wavelength λpr=1.05 μm and duration τpr=2 or 1 ps that cross the bubble's path at right angles. When the bubble captures and accelerates tens to hundreds of pC of electron charges, we observe two parallel streaks of length cτpr straddling the drive pulse propagation axis, separated by ∼45 μm, in which probe polarization rotates by 0.3° to more than 5° in opposite directions. Accompanying simulations show that they result from Faraday rotation within portions of dense bubble side walls that are pervaded by the azimuthal magnetic field of accelerating electrons during the probe transit across the bubble. Analysis of the width of the streaks shows that quasi-monoenergetic high-energy electrons and trailing lower energy electrons inside the bubble contribute distinguishable portions of the observed signals, and relativistic flow of sheath electrons suppresses Faraday rotation from the rear of the bubble. The results demonstrate favorable scaling of Faraday rotation diagnostics to 40× lower plasma density than previously demonstrated.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Theoretical investigations on Kerr and Faraday rotations in topological multi-Weyl Semimetals

Motivated by the recent proposal of giant Kerr rotation in WSMs, we investigate the Kerr and Faraday rotations in time-reversal broken multi-Weyl semimetals (mWSMs) in the absence of an external magnetic field. Using the framework of Kubo response theory, we find that both the longitudinal and transverse components of the optical conductivity in mWSMs are modified by the topological charge ( n n ). Engendered by the optical Hall conductivity, we show in the thin film limit that, while the giant Kerr rotation and corresponding ellipticity are independent of n n , the Faraday rotation and its ellipticity angle scale as n n and n^2 n 2 , respectively. In contrast, the polarization rotation in semi-infinite mWSMs is dominated by the axion field showing n n dependence. In particular, the magnitude of Kerr (Faraday) angle decreases (increases) with increasing n n in Faraday geometry, whereas in Voigt geometry, it depicts different n n -dependencies in different frequency regimes. The obtained results on the behavior of polarization rotations in mWSMs could be used in experiments as a probe to distinguish single, double, and triple WSMs, as well as discriminate the surfaces of mWSMs with and without hosting Fermi arcs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Faraday Rotation Measurements in High-Energy-Density Plasmas Using Shaped Laser Beams

Magnetic fields play an important role in plasma dynamics, yet it is a quantity difficult to measure accurately with physical probes, whose presence disturbs the very field they measure. The Faraday rotation of a polarized beam of light provides a mechanism to measure the magnetic field without disturbing the dynamics, and has been used with great success in astrophysics and high energy density plasma science, where physical probes cannot be used. Furthermore, the rotation is typically small, which degrades the accuracy of the measurement. Since polarization cannot be measured directly, detectors rely on a polarizer to measure a small change in beam intensity instead. In this work, we show how beam shaping can improve Faraday rotation measurements using an optical derivative setup. Since the rotation measurement is now strictly proportional to the beam shape and intensity, the system allows to improve the measurement accuracy simply by increasing the laser beam power.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of a multi-kW, large-aperture gas-cooled Faraday rotator

We characterize a large-aperture gas-cooled Faraday rotator (FR) designed to mitigate stress-induced depolarization in high-energy, high-power laser systems. The rotator, based on ceramic TGG, was tested using a 150 mW probe beam at 1047 nm and a pump beam at 1070 nm. Compensating for the birefringence induced by the surrogate depolarization plate at 3.3 kW of effective pump power, the rotator reduces the spatially in-homogeneous depolarized light containing linear, circular, and elliptical polarization states to nearly linear with approximately 0.8% (or −21 dB) of residual depolarized energy. The FR demonstrated effective depolarization compensation across its 58×58 mm 2 aperture.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Gas cooled faraday rotator and method

To enable several orders of magnitude increases in average power and energy handling capability of Faraday rotators, the technology utilizes high speed gas cooling to efficiently remove thermal loading from the Faraday optic faces while minimizing the thermal wavefront and thermal birefringence by creating a longitudinal thermal gradient. A recirculating gas cooling manifold accelerates the gas over the surface of the slab to create a turbulent flow condition which maximizes the surface cooling rate. The technology further provides a spatially uniform thermal profile on the Faraday slabs.

Bayramian, Andrew J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Kinetic study of reaction C 2 H 5 + HO 2 in a photolysis reactor with time-resolved Faraday rotation spectroscopy

The rate constant and branching ratios of ethyl reaction with hydroperoxyl radical, C 2 H 5 + HO 2 (1), a key radical-radical reaction for intermediate temperature combustion chemistry, were measured in situ for the first time in a photolysis Herriott cell by using mid-IR Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) and UV-IR direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS). The microsecond time-resolved diagnostic technique in this work enabled the direct rate measurements of the target reaction at 40 and 80 mbar and reduced the experimental uncertainty considerably. C 2 H 5 and HO 2 radicals were generated by the photolysis of (COCl) 2 /C 2 H 5 I/CH 3 OH/O 2 /He mixture at 266 nm. By direct measurements of the transient profiles of C 2 H 5 , HO 2 and OH concentrations, the overall rate constant for this reaction at 297 K was determined as k 1 (40 mbar) = (3.8 ± 0.8) × 10 –11 cm 3 molecule –1 s –1 and k 1 (80 mbar) = (4.1 ± 1.0) × 10 –11 cm 3 molecule –1 s –1 . As a result, the direct observation of hydroxyl radical (OH) indicated that OH formation channel was the major channel with a branching ratio of 0.8 ± 0.1.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Implementation of a Faraday rotation diagnostic at the OMEGA laser facility

Magnetic field measurements in turbulent plasmas are often difficult to perform. Here we show that for ${\geqslant}$ kG magnetic fields, a time-resolved Faraday rotation measurement can be made at the OMEGA laser facility. This diagnostic has been implemented using the Thomson scattering probe beam and the resultant path-integrated magnetic field has been compared with that of proton radiography. As a result, accurate measurement of magnetic fields is essential for satisfying the scientific goals of many current laser–plasma experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Study of laser-driven magnetic fields with a continuous wave Faraday rotation diagnostic

Magnetic fields driven by a laser in coil targets were studied for laser energies of ~25 J and two pulse durations of 2.8 ns and 70 ps. Axial magnetic fields in the coils were measured by continuous wave Faraday rotation diagnostics. The diagnostics indicated magnetic fields of 6–14 T in the coil and currents of 10–20 kA. Magnetic fields were compared for similar laser targets, focusing conditions, and laser energies. A 30-times increase in the intensity of the laser beam by reducing the pulse duration resulted in an increase in the magnetic field and current by a factor of 2. The relaxation time of the magnetic pulse was on the sub-microsecond scale.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

The contribution of magnetized galactic outflows to extragalactic Faraday rotation

ABSTRACT Galactic outflows driven by star formation and active galactic nuclei blow bubbles into their local environments, causing galactic magnetic fields to be carried into intergalactic space. We explore the redshift-dependent effect of these magnetized bubbles on the Faraday rotation measure (RM) of extragalactic radio sources. Using the IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations, we separate the contribution from magnetic bubbles from that of the volume-filling magnetic component expected to be due to the seed field originating in the early universe. We use this separation to extract the redshift dependence of each component and to compare IllustrisTNG model predictions with observation measurements of the NRAO VLA sky survey (NVSS). We find that magnetized bubbles provide a sizeable contribution to the extragalactic RM, with redshift-independent 〈|RM|〉 ≃ 13 rad/m2 for sources at redshifts z ≥ 2. This is close to the mean residual RM of 16 rad/m2 found from NVSS data in this redshift range. Using the IllustrisTNG simulations, we also evaluate a simple model for the contribution to residual RM from individual host galaxies and show that this contribution is negligible at high-redshift. While the contribution from magnetic bubbles in the IllustrisTNG model is currently compatible with observational measurements of residual RM, the next-generation RM sky surveys, which will be free from the wrapping uncertainty, have larger statistics and better sensitivity should be able to observe predicted flat contribution from magnetic bubbles at large redshifts. This should allow to experimentally probe magnetic bubbles and check models of galaxy feedback in cosmological simulations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

First-Principles Investigation of Magnetic Properties and Faraday Rotation of Co Doping CdTe

In this paper, we aimed to study the effect of doping of the compound CdTe with the cobalt impurity (Co), as well as the vacancy defects in Cd sites. On one hand, this leads to the investigation of the magnetic properties and the Faraday rotation effect for the studied alloy, doped with different concentrations of cobalt (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25). On the other hand, we have created 0.01 of vacancy defects in Cd sites. Then, we raised the vacancy defect concentration to 0.05, keeping the same concentrations of cobalt. As a result, we have investigated that there is a magnetism appearing with the cobalt doping, while the vacancy defects in Cd sites affect the stability of the magnetic states. In general, it improves the ferromagnetic state that will be well explained in the discussion. Our calculations were performed using the KKR-CPA method within the spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) with the local density approximation (LDA). The curves of the density of states (DOS) illustrate the results of this study which has been discussed, analyzed, and explained below. In addition, the energy of each case was calculated and given in the tables below for both the DLM (half of the cobalt spins are up while the other half are down) and the ferromagnetic state in order to confirm which one of them is stable.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

THz-range Faraday rotation in the Weyl semimetal candidate Co 2 TiGe

The Co 2 family of ferromagnetic Heusler alloys has attracted interest due to their fully spin-polarized nature, making them ideal for applications in spintronic devices. More recently, the existence of room temperature time-reversal-breaking Weyl nodes near the Fermi level was predicted and confirmed in these systems. As a result of the presence of these Weyl nodes, these systems possess a non-zero momentum space Berry curvature that can dramatically influence transport properties such as the anomalous Hall effect. One of these candidate compounds is Co 2 TiGe. Recently, high-quality molecular beam epitaxy-grown thin films of Co 2 TiGe have become available. In this work, we present a THz-range measurement of MBE-grown Co 2 TiGe films. We measure the THz-range Faraday rotation, which can be understood as a measure of the anomalous Hall effect. We supplement this work with electronic band-structure calculations showing that the principal contribution to the anomalous Hall effect in this material stems from the Berry curvature of the material. Overall, our work shows that this class of Heusler materials shows promise for Weyl semimetal based spintronics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-magnification Faraday rotation imaging and analysis of X-pinch implosion dynamics

An X-pinch load driven by an intense current pulse (>100 kA in ~100 ns) can result in the formation of a small radius, runaway compressional micro-pinch. A micro-pinch is characterized by a hot (>1 keV), current-driven (>100 kA), high-density plasma column (near solid density) with a small neck diameter (1–10 µm), a short axial extent (<1 mm), and a short duration (≲1 ns). With material pressures often well into the multi-Mbar regime, a micro-pinch plasma often radiates an intense, sub-ns burst of sub-keV to multi-keV x rays. A low-density coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense plasma neck could potentially shunt current away from the neck and thus reduce the magnetic drive pressure applied to the neck. Here, to study the current distribution in the coronal plasma, a Faraday rotation imaging diagnostic (1064 nm) capable of producing simultaneous high-magnification polarimetric and interferometric images has been developed for the MAIZE facility at the University of Michigan. Designed with a variable magnification (1–10×), this diagnostic achieves a spatial resolution of ~35 µm, which is useful for resolving the ~100-μm-scale coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense core. This system has now been used on a reduced-output MAIZE (100–200 kA, 150 ns) to assess the radial distribution of drive current immediately surrounding the dense micro-pinch neck. The total current enclosed was found to increase as a function of radius, r, from a value of ≈ 50 ± 25 kA at r ≈ 140 µm (at the edge of the dense neck) to a maximal value of ≈150 ± 75 kA for r ≥ 225 µm. This corresponds to a peak magnetic drive pressure of ≈75 ± 50 kbar at r ≈ 225 µm. The limitations of these measurements are discussed in the paper.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Magnification Faraday Rotation Imaging and Analysis of X-pinch Implosion Dynamics

An X-pinch load driven by an intense current pulse (>100 kA in ~100 ns) can result in the formation of a small radius, runaway compressional micro-pinch. A micro-pinch is characterized by a hot (>1 keV), current-driven (>100 kA), high-density plasma column (near solid density) with a small neck diameter (1–10 μm), a short axial extent (<1 mm), and a short duration (.1 ns). With material pressures often well into the multi-Mbar regime, a micro-pinch plasma often radiates an intense, sub-ns burst of sub-keV to multi-keV x-rays. A low-density coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense plasma neck could potentially shunt current away from the neck and thus reduce the magnetic drive pressure applied to the neck. To study the current distribution in the coronal plasma throughout the implosion process, a Faraday rotation imaging diagnostic (1064 nm) capable of producing simultaneous high-magnification polarimetric and interferometric images has been developed for the 1-MA, 100-ns MAIZE facility at the University of Michigan. Designed with a variable magnification (1–10&times;), this diagnostic achieves a spatial resolution of approximately 35 μm, which is useful for resolving the ~100-μm-scale coronal plasma region immediately surrounding the dense core. Combined with the corresponding interferogram, which provides the radial density distribution in the low-density coronal plasma, the measured rotation can be used to diagnose the delivery of the driver current, and thus the magnetic drive pressure, to the micro-pinch plasma as it approaches minimal radius. Using this technique on MAIZE, we have measured

Dowhan, G. V.↗