Methods for the control of interfering currents originating at the input of an electrostatic fluxmeter during its operation in a conducting medium
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Imyanitov, I. M.↗
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Study on corrosion behaviors of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets in different environmental conditions
Nd-Fe-B magnets have outstanding magnetic properties, but their corrosion resistance is poor because the rare-earth-rich phases in them are easily oxidized. In this article, we report an investigation of the corrosion behaviors of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with varied compositions in different corrosion conditions. The weight losses of the magnets after corrosion testing were measured after brushing off the corrosion products. The magnetic flux losses of the magnets were measured using a fluxmeter. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray analysis system was employed to observe the corrosion morphology. It was found that the humid-heat resistance of the magnets was obviously improved by partially substituting Dy for Nd and adding minor Co. The corrosion products and morphologies of Nd-Fe-B magnets for the autoclave test were different from those for the constant humid-heat test. The corrosion rates of the magnets for the former were much slower than for the latter; this is probably because the high-pressure steam led to an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, and the liquid film on the surface of the magnet specimens hindered the diffusion of oxygen into the bulk for the autoclave test.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Nuclear heating measurements by in-pile calorimetry: prospective works for a microsensor design
Since 2009 works have been performed in the framework of joint research programs between CEA and Aix-Marseille University. The main aim of these programs is to design and develop in-pile instrumentations, advanced calibration procedure and accurate measurement methods in particular for the new Material Testing Reactor (MTR) under construction in the South of France: Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR). One major sensor is a specific radiometric calorimeter, which was studied out-of-pile from a thermal point of view and in-pile during irradiation campaigns. This sensor type is dedicated to measurements of nuclear heating (energy deposition rate per mass unit induced by interactions between nuclear rays and matter) inside experimental channels of MTRs. This kind of in-pile calorimeter corresponds to heat flux calorimeter exchanging with the external cooling fluid. This thermal running mode allows the establishment of steady thermal conditions inside the sensor to carry out online continuous measurements inside the reactor (core or reflector). Two main types of calorimeters exist. The first type consists of a single cell calorimeter. It is divided into a sample of material to be tested and a jacket instrumented with two thermocouples or a single thermocouple (Gamma Thermometer). The second, called a differential calorimeter, is composed of two superposed twin cells (a measurement cell containing a sample of material, and a reference cell to remove the heating of the cell body) instrumented with four thermocouples and two electrical heaters. Contrary to a single-cell calorimeter, a differential calorimeter allows the compensation of the parasite nuclear heating of the sensor body or jacket. Moreover, it possesses interesting advantages: thanks to the heaters embedded in the cells, three different measurement methods can be applied during irradiations to quantify nuclear heating. The first one is based on the use of out-of-pile calibration curves obtained by generating a heat source by the Joule Effect inside each calorimetric cell. The second one is a zero method consisting in cancelling the difference in cell responses with an additional energy into the reference cell. The last measurement method is based on current additions in the two calorimetric cells. However, one drawback of the existing differential calorimeter is the size of the sensor: a great length equal to 220 mm and a diameter equal to 18 mm. This current size leads to measurement limitations. This paper will begin with a presentation of these measurement limitations from a bibliographic state. Each limitation will be detailed and in particular in the case of a high nuclear heating level expected, for instance, inside the JHR's core at its highest nominal power. The second part of the paper will develop the scientific skills of each partner in heat sciences, micro technology and nuclear physics necessary to design a new calorimetric micro-system: the advantages of studied microelements such as micro-thermocouples, micro- fluxmeters and micro-heaters will be presented. The last part will discuss preliminary designs. (authors)
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
Issues on Reproducibility/Reliability of Magnetic NDE Methods
One of the critical elements related to the practicality of any NDE technique is its reproducibility under nominally the same inspection conditions. The results of certain test methodologies, however, are not always repeatable and understanding the origin of the irreproducibility is often as critical as obtaining reproducible results. One example is the characterization of residual stress in structural ferromagnets using the magnetoacoustic (MAC) method. Although it has not been widely publicized, the test results of this method are known to be time-dependent. Two distinct types of time dependencies have been observed during testing. The first type has a clearly definable relaxation time, while no such trend has been observed for the second. The purpose of the present study is to systematically investigate the time dependence of the second type, to find out the range and, if possible, the origin of the variation in the test results. For this, MAC curves were obtained under various stress levels and the tests were repeated over time. Particular attention was given to whether noise in the measuring device or a change in the laboratory environment could have been a contributing factor. The steel samples used for the study were cut from C- and U-class railroad wheels. The MAC behavior of these samples was reported previously. Each steel sample was first machined to be a cylindrical rod of 3.175 cm (1.25 in) in diameter and 26.67 cm (10.5 in) in length. The center portion of the samples were further machined to form a pair of flat and parallel surfaces for the launch and reflection of the ultrasonic pulses. Data acquisition involved two major elements; magnetic and acoustic measurements. Throughout the experiment the net magnetic induction, B, was measured by integrating the induction pickup coil output using an integrating fluxmeter. The acoustic measurements employed the phase-locked technique which will be described in the following.
Namkung, M.↗
Crystal structure, thermal and magnetic properties of Cr{sub 2}V{sub 4}O{sub 13}
Cr{sub 2}V{sub 4}O{sub 13}, a tetravanadate of Cr{sup 3+} has been prepared by repeated heating of stoichiometric amounts of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and its crystal structure is refined by Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD data. This compound crystallizes in a monoclinic lattice with unit cell parameters: a=8.2651(3), b=9.2997(3), c=14.5215(5) A, {beta}=102.618(3){sup o}, V=1089.21(6) A{sup 3} and Z=4 (Space group: P2{sub 1}/c). The U shaped (V{sub 4}O{sub 13}){sup 6-} formed by corner connected VO{sub 4} tetrahedra links the Cr{sub 2}O{sub 10} (dimers of two edge shared CrO{sub 6} octahedra) forming a three dimensional network structure of Cr{sub 2}V{sub 4}O{sub 13}. This compound is stable up to 635 {sup o}C and peritectically decomposes to orthorhombic CrVO{sub 4} and V{sub 2}O{sub 5} above this temperature. A possible long range antiferromagnetic ordering below 10 K is suggested from the squid magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopic studies of Cr{sub 2}V{sub 4}O{sub 13}. -- Graphical abstract: A tetravanadate of chromium (Cr{sub 2}V{sub 4}O{sub 13}) is prepared characterized in detail. The crystal structure of this compound is formed by the U shaped V{sub 4}O{sub 13} (tetravanadates) and Cr{sub 2}O{sub 10} (dimer) units. Display Omitted
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Structure, bonding, and magnetic response in two complex borides: Zr{sub 2}Fe{sub 1-{delta}}Ru{sub 5+{delta}}B2 and Zr{sub 2}Fe{sub 1-{delta}}(Ru{sub 1-x}Rh{sub x}){sub 5+{delta}}B2
Polycrystalline samples of two complex intermetallic borides Zr{sub 2}Fe{sub 1-{delta}}Ru{sub 5+{delta}}B2 and Zr{sub 2}Fe{sub 1-{delta}}(Ru{sub 1-x}Rh{sub x}){sub 5+{delta}}B2 ({delta}=ca. 0.10; x=0.20) were synthesized by high-temperature methods and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements. Both structures are variants of Sc{sub 2}Fe(Ru{sub 1-x}Rh{sub x}){sub 5}B{sub 2} and crystallize in the space group P4/mbm (no. 127) with the Ti{sub 3}Co{sub 5}B{sub 2}-type structure. These structures contain single-atom, Fe-rich Fe/Ru or Fe/Ru/Rh chains along the c-axis with an interatomic metal-metal distance of 3.078(1) A, a feature which makes them viable for possible low-dimensional temperature-dependent magnetic behavior. Magnetization measurements indicated weak ferrimagnetic ordering with ordering temperatures ca. 230 K for both specimens. Tight-binding electronic structure calculations on a model 'Zr{sub 2}FeRu{sub 5}B{sub 2}' using LDA yielded a narrow peak at the Fermi level assigned to Fe-Fe antibonding interactions along the c-axis, a result that indicates an electronic instability toward ferromagnetic coupling along these chains. Spin-polarized calculations of various magnetic models were examined to identify possible magnetic ordering within and between the single-atom, Fe-rich chains. -- Graphical abstract: Zr{sub 2}FeRu{sub 5-x}Rh{sub x}B{sub 2} (x=0, 1) crystallizes with magnetic atoms forming chains which have been shown to order magnetically depending on the total valence electron count. Magnetic measurements and tight-binding electronic structure calculations are employed to investigate the ordering. Display Omitted
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Phase composition and magnetic properties of niobium-iron codoped TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles synthesized in Ar/O{sub 2} radio-frequency thermal plasma
Nanoparticles of Nb{sup 5+}-Fe{sup 3+} codoped TiO{sub 2} with various Nb{sup 5+} concentrations (Nb/(Ti+Fe+Nb)=0-10.0 at%) and Fe{sup 3+} (Fe/(Ti+Fe+Nb)=0-2.0 at%) were synthesized using Ar/O{sub 2} thermal plasma. Dopant content, chemical valence, phase identification, morphology and magnetic properties were determined using several characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and SQUID commercial instrument. The XRD revealed that all the plasma-synthesized powders were exclusively composed of anatase as major phase and rutile. The rutile weight fraction was increased by the substitution of Fe{sup 3+} for Ti{sup 4+} whereas it was reduced by the Nb{sup 5+} doping. The plasma-synthesized Nb{sup 5+}-Fe{sup 3+} codoped TiO{sub 2} powders had intrinsic magnetic properties of strongly paramagnetic and feebly ferromagnetic at room temperature. The ferromagnetic properties gradually deteriorated as the Fe{sup 3+} concentration was decreased, suggesting that the ferromagnetism was predominated by the phase composition as a carrier-mediated exchange. - Graphical Abstract: Spherical nanoparticles of Nb{sup 5+}-Fe{sup 3+} codoped TiO{sub 2} were synthesized using Ar/O{sub 2} thermal plasma. The plasma-synthesized powders were composed of anatase as major phase and rutile. Rutile weight fraction was increased by Fe{sup 3+} addition but was reduced by Nb{sup 5+} doping. Strongly paramagnetic and feebly ferromagnetic properties are of intrinsic nature. Ferromagnetic properties gradually deteriorated as Fe{sup 3+} concentration was increased. Highlights: > Nanoparticles of Nb{sup 5+}-Fe{sup 3+} codoped TiO{sub 2} were synthesized using Ar/O{sub 2} thermal plasma. > The plasma-synthesized powders were composed of anatase as major phase and rutile. > Rutile weight fraction was increased by Fe{sup 3+} addition but was reduced by Nb{sup 5+} doping. > Strongly paramagnetic and feebly ferromagnetic properties are of intrinsic nature. > Ferromagnetic properties gradually deteriorated as Fe{sup 3+} concentration was increased.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
The Axion Dark-Matter eXperiment (ADMX): Recent Results
The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle whose existence would explain the baffling absence of CP violation in the strong interactions. It's properties in addition make it a good dark-matter candidate. Even though dark-matter axions would make up the overwhelming majority of mass in the universe, they are extraordinarily difficult to detect. We have developed a detector, ADMX, for dark-matter axions that is at heart an exquisitely sensitive detector of electromagnetic radiation. This talk will describe the progress we have made in this experimental search.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
ADMX Phase II : Relocation and Millikelvin Cooling
Low mass axions are an attractive candidate for making up dark matter. While there are several models for how the Axion couples with other matter, were they to be the majority of the local galactic dark matter halo, they would have a number density on the order of 10{sup 14} cm{sup -3}. The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) is a microwave cavity experiment searching for axion Dark Matter via the axion's electromagnetic coupling. While the original ADMX did not see evidence of axions, the experiment is planned to go through two phases of upgrades to expand its sensitivity and provide a definitive search for axion dark matter. The first phase established the use of a SQUID amplifier which can reduce the amplifier noise temperature to the 100 mK range. In the second phase we will first move the experiment from LLNL to CENPA at the University of Washington. Once the experiment has been moved successfully we will install a dilution refrigerator to cool the cavity to the 100 mK range thus increasing the sensititivity to the level required to scan the remainder of the allowed model space.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Pierre Sikivie and the Gift for Simple Ideas
I comment on the status and future prospects of the field of axion searches in the context of the seminal contributions of Pierre Sikivie.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
The influence of microstructure on magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Pt-Nb-B permanent magnet ribbons
A FePt-based hard-magnetic nanocomposite of exchange spring type was prepared by isothermal annealing of melt-spun Fe{sub 52}Pt{sub 28}Nb{sub 2}B{sub 18} (atomic percent) ribbons. The relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties was investigated by qualitative and quantitative structural analysis based on the x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectrometry on one hand and the superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry on the other hand. The microstructure consists of L1{sub 0}-FePt hard-magnetic grains (15-45 nm in diameter) dispersed in a soft magnetic medium composed by A1 FePt, Fe{sub 2}B, and boron-rich (FeB)PtNb remainder phase. The ribbons annealed at 700 deg. C for 1 h exhibit promising hard-magnetic properties at room temperature: M{sub r}/M{sub s}=0.69; H{sub c}=820 kA/m and (BH){sub max}=70 kJ/m{sup 3}. Strong exchange coupling between hard and soft magnetic phases was demonstrated by a smooth demagnetizing curve and positive {delta}M-peak in the Henkel plot. The magnetic properties measured from 5 to 750 K reveals that the hard characteristics remains rather stable up to 550 K, indicating a good prospect for the use of these permanent magnets in a wide temperature range.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Contribution to the Study of Ferrite Nanobeads: Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Horizontal Low Gradient Magnetophoresis Behaviour
In this work we investigate the possibilities of the use of Horizontal Low Gradient Magnetic Field (HLGMF)(<100 T/m) for filtration, control and separation of the synthesized magnetic particles, considering, the characteristics of the suspension, the size and the type of nanoparticles (NPs) and focusing on the process scale up. Reversible aggregation is considered in the different steps of magnetic nanobeads synthesis. For these purpose, we synthesized Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-silica core-shell nanobeads by co-precipitation, monodispersion and silica coating. SQUID, TEM, XRD, and Zeta potential techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanobeads. An extensive magnetophoresis study was performed at different magnetophoretic conditions. Different reversible aggregation times were observed at different HLGMF, at each step of the synthesis route: Several orders of magnitude differences where observed when comparing citric acid (CA) suspension with silicon coated beads. Reversible aggregation times are correlated with the properties of the NPs at different steps of synthesis.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Spin transition in Gd{sub 3}N-C{sub 80}, detected by low-temperature on-chip SQUID technique
We present a magnetic study of the Gd{sub 3}N-C{sub 80} molecule, consisting of a Gd-trimer via a nitrogen atom, encapsulated in a C{sub 80} cage. This molecular system can be an efficient contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. We used a low-temperature technique able to detect small magnetic signals by placing the sample in the vicinity of an on-chip SQUID. The technique implemented at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory has the particularity of being able to operate in high magnetic fields of up to 7 T. The Gd{sub 3}N-C{sub 80} shows a paramagnetic behavior and we find a spin transition of the Gd{sub 3}N structure at 1.2 K. We perform quantum mechanical simulations, which indicate that one of the Gd ions changes from a {sup 8}S{sub 7/2} state (L = 0, S = 7/2) to a {sup 7}F{sub 6} state (L = S = 3, J = 6), likely due to a charge transfer between the C{sub 80} cage and the ion.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Epitaxial integration of ferromagnetic correlated oxide LaCoO{sub 3} with Si (100)
We have grown epitaxial strained LaCoO{sub 3} on (100)-oriented silicon by molecular beam epitaxy using a relaxed epitaxial SrTiO{sub 3} buffer layer. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements show that, unlike the bulk material, the ground state of the strained LaCoO{sub 3} on silicon is ferromagnetic with a T{sub C} of 85 K. First principles calculations suggest that a ferromagnetic ground state can be stabilized in LaCoO{sub 3} by a sufficiently large biaxial tensile strain with the transition accompanied by a partial untilting of the CoO{sub 6} octahedra.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Moessbauer spectroscopy and magnetic characteristics of Zn{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (x = 0-1) nanoparticles
Zn{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (x = 0-1 in a step of 0.2) nanoparticles with different range of particle size including 5-10 nm and 200-250 nm have been prepared by sol-gel process. Moessbauer spectra at room temperature indicated that, with increasing cobalt content, there is a transition from paramagnetic to magnetically ordered-ferrimagnetic state. Magnetic properties were measured at 300 and 10 K using a Quantum Design MPMS-5S SQUID magnetometer. It was found that with an increase in cobalt content the saturation magnetization and coercivity increase.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Magnetization reversal processes of epitaxial Fe{sub 3}Si films on GaAs(001)
We report magneto-optical Kerr microscopy study of the magnetic reversal behavior of Fe{sub 3}Si/GaAs(100) epitaxial thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Results are described in the context of superconducting quantum interference device and Kerr effect vector magnetometry to study the magnetic switching behavior. By tuning the Fe concentration of the samples from 75% to 83%, we found that the ratio of uniaxial to cubic anisotropy constants {gamma} (=|K{sub u}/K{sub 1}|) would tremendously vary from 0.06 to 0.3. When the field was applied along the easy axis of Fe{sub 3}Si samples, a step feature was observed in the M-H loops. This feature has been resolved in the domain image by Kerr microscopy, in which we observed a two-switching behavior at the field where the step feature occurred. These can be qualitatively understood by considering the ratio {gamma}.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Influence of Au capping layer on the magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/GaAs(001) film
The effect of the Au capping layer on the magnetic anisotropies and molecular magnetic moment of ultrathin epitaxial Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} films on GaAs(100) substrate was studied by MO Kerr effect, superconducting quantum interference device, and Ferromagnetic resonance, respectively. The films with and without capping layers show a predominant in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and a minor fourfold anisotropy. The Au capping layer was found to increase significantly the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy related to the magnetoelastic interactions at the Au/Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} interface, and unexpectedly reduce saturation molecular magnetization due to the interfacial diffusion between Au layer and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} layer.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Study on ion-irradiation-induced ferromagnetism in FeRh intermetallic compound by means of magnetic Compton scattering
The magnetic Compton profiles of Fe-50 at. % Rh intermetallic compound were measured to study the ferromagnetism induced by 200 MeV Xe ion irradiation. The magnetic effect at 50 K increases with increasing the ion-fluence. The analysis of the experimental result revealed that the values of spin moment induced by the irradiation were close to the values of magnetization obtained by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, suggesting that the ion irradiation mainly induces the spin magnetic moment. The difference in magnetic Compton profiles between the irradiation-induced ferromagnetism and the intrinsic ferromagnetism in pure Fe is also discussed.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗