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FeCl3 is Bismuth triodide structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three FeCl3 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Fe3+ is bonded to six equivalent Cl1- atoms to form edge-sharing FeCl6 octahedra. All Fe–Cl bond lengths are 2.27 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Fe3+ atoms.
FeCl3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of one FeCl3 ribbon oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to five Cl1- atoms to form corner-sharing FeCl5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Fe–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.30 Å. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.21 Å. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Fe3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Fe3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Fe3+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Fe3+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Fe3+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Fe3+ atoms.
FeCl3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two FeCl3 ribbons oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. Fe3+ is bonded to four Cl1- atoms to form corner-sharing FeCl4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.36 Å. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Fe3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Fe3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Fe3+ atom.
(FeCl3)2N2 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two ammonia molecules and one FeCl3 ribbon oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the FeCl3 ribbon, Fe2+ is bonded to six equivalent Cl1- atoms to form face-sharing FeCl6 octahedra. All Fe–Cl bond lengths are 2.25 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Fe2+ atoms.
Biobased foams have the potential to serve as eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-based foams, provided they achieve comparable thermomechanical and physical properties. We propose a facile approach to fabricate eco-friendly cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-reinforced thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fiber-based foams via an oven-drying process with thermal conductivity as low as 0.036 W/(m·K) at a 34.4 kg/m3 density. Acrodur®, iron chloride (FeCl3), and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) were used to improve the foam properties. Acrodur® did not have any significant effect on the foamability and density of the foams. Mechanical, thermal, cushioning, and water absorption properties of the foams were dependent on the density and interactions of the additives with the fibers. Due to their high density, foams with CPAM and FeCl3 at a 1% additive dosage had significantly higher compressive properties at the expense of slightly higher thermal conductivity. There was slight increase in compressive properties with the addition of Acrodur®. All additives improved the water stability of the foams, rendering them stable even after 24 h of water absorption.
Fe-modified biochars (FeBC) are effective antimony (Sb) removal materials; however, the removal mechanisms require further investigation. In this study, aqueous Sb(III) and Sb(V) removal by FeBC (300, 600, and 900 °C) was evaluated, with the adsorption mechanisms investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Screening results (based on removal efficiencies) using different types of FeBC indicated the 900 °C FeCl3- modified biochar (FeCl3BC900) achieved the best Sb(III/V) removal performance. The kinetics of the Sb(III/V) removal process were best fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. Additionally, the isothermal results were described by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models. Aqueous analysis and X-ray absorption near-edge structure data fitting indicated Sb(III) was oxidized to Sb(V) in the Sb(III)-spiked system, and the oxidation extent increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The oxidation process rapidly occurred in both the solution and biochar. No Sb(V) was reduced to Sb(III) in the Sb(V)-spiked system. The XAS results of the isothermal experiment indicated the oxidation capacity of FeCl3BC900 was limited for high initial Sb(III) concentrations. The SbFe1 and Sb-Fe2 bonding distances were 3.05–3.10 and 3.47–3.54 Å, respectively, indicating inner-sphere complexes were formed during the Sb(III/V) removal processes. The Sb(III/V) removal mechanisms included electrostatic adsorption, inner-sphere complexes, and coprecipitation. Oxidation was also involved in Sb(III) removal.
Low-cost and efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunctional electrocatalysts are vital for the applications of rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZABs). Given the high catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts (SACs), preparing SACs on a large scale for ZABs is desirable but remains challenging. Herein, in situ formation of single-atom Fe-N-C catalysts on plate wood-based porous carbon is achieved via a facile Lewis acid pretreatment and carbonization process. Lewis acid FeCl3 pretreatment on the cell wall of wood not only produces abundant microchannels but also successfully introduces atomically dispersed Fe-N active species into the hierarchical structure. Such uniformly dispersive SACs on the hierarchical structure enhance the ORR/OER performance and durability. A ZAB using the catalyst in the cathode shows a high power density (70.2 mW cm -2 , at quasi solid state) and long-term stability. This work provides a new path for the large-scale preparation of high-performance SACs.
Spiral spin liquids are correlated paramagnetic states with degenerate propagation vectors forming a continuous ring or surface in reciprocal space. On the honeycomb lattice, spiral spin liquids present a novel route to realize emergent fracton excitations, quantum spin liquids, and topological spin textures, yet experimental realizations remain elusive. Here, using neutron scattering, we show that a spiral spin liquid is realized in the van der Waals honeycomb magnet FeCl3. A continuous ring of scattering is directly observed, which indicates the emergence of an approximate U(1) symmetry in momentum space. Our work demonstrates that spiral spin liquids can be achieved in two-dimensional systems and provides a promising platform to study the fracton physics in spiral spin liquids.
The present invention provides for a method to depolymerize a lignin comprising: (a) mixing a lignin, a chelator, and FeCl3 to produce a first solution, (b) optionally incubating the solution for a first suitable period of time, (c) introducing an oxidizing agent to the first solution to produce a second solution, and (d) optionally incubating the solution for a second suitable period of time; such that at least one aromatic ring of one lignin polymer is opened.