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Results for “GRAIN ORIENTATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records

An analysis of (the lack of) slip transfer between near-cube oriented grains in pure Al

Slip transfer across grain boundaries was studied in annealed polycrystalline Al foils deformed in uniaxial tension by means of the analysis of the slip traces on the specimen surface. Grain orientations and selected grain boundary misorientations were measured on both surfaces of the sample using electron back-scattered diffraction mapping. Most of the grains were within 15° of a cube orientation and approximately half of the grains percolated through the specimen thickness. The Luster-Morris m ' parameter (that can be computed from the surface grain orientation) was used to assess the likelihood of slip transfer across boundaries. It was found that transfer across grain boundaries was rare in near-cube oriented grains, and consistently convincing evidence was only found when m ' > 0.97, which corresponds to low-angle boundaries with <15° misorientation. This behaviour was explained by the presence of many active slip slips in near-cube oriented grains that favor self-accommodation of the grain shape to the evolving boundary conditions imposed by neighboring grains instead of promoting slip transfer across the boundary. Finally, these results indicate that the alignment between slip planes and slip directions across the boundary is not the only important metric to determine the threshold for slip transfer, as the particular details of deformation in each grain (such as the number of available slip systems) also must be considered.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

6.5% Silicon Steel Core Material (Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Steel) (Rev.01)

6.5% (Non-Grain-Oriented) Silicon Steel is a soft magnetic material that is best used in electrical rotating machinery, such as motors and generators. It has a high silicon content up to 6.5 mass %, which reduces the alloy magnetostriction to nearly zero, but causes brittleness and other associated manufacturing challenges. Due to its more random texture compared to 3% (grain-oriented) silicon steel, 6.5% (non-grain-oriented) silicon steel is used for primarily for rotating applications, i.e. motors and generators. Typical operating frequencies of 6.5% Silicon Steel is 400 Hz (hertz). A variety of forms can be manufactured, including lamination, toroidal and C-cores, as well as glued block cores of various shapes by cutting or pressing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

3% Silicon Steel Core Material (Grain Oriented Electrical Steel) (Rev.01)

3% (Grain-Oriented) Silicon Steel is a soft magnetic material that is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors. It has a silicon content up to 3.2 mass %, which increases the electrical resistivity and reduces eddy current losses. The magnetic properties can be enhanced during a cold rolling stage (along the length) to produce textured sheets, known as grain-oriented electrical steel. Due to its preferred crystallographic orientation, it is used primarily for non-rotating applications, i.e. transformers and inductors. Typical operating frequency of 3% Silicon Steel is 50-60 Hz (hertz). A variety of forms can be manufactured, including lamination, toroidal and C-cores, as well as glued block cores of various shapes by cutting or pressing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Tungsten Blister Formation Kinetic as a Function of Fluence, Ion Energy and Grain Orientation Dependence Under Hydrogen Plasma Environment

This work deals with the formation kinetic of tungsten (W) blisters under smooth plasma conditions, i.e. low hydrogen flux and energy in order to analyze the first stages of their formation. In addition, we focus on determining the W grain orientation where blisters grow preferentially. For this purpose, mirror-polished polycrystalline tungsten samples were exposed to hydrogen plasma under fixed hydrogen flux of 2.2 × 10{sup 20} m{sup −2} s{sup −1}, with a fluence in the range of ~ 10{sup 24} m{sup −2}, ion energy of ~ 20, 120 and 220 eV, and sample surface temperature of ~ 500 K. The formation of blisters at the surface was investigated using SEM, AFM and EBSD to determine the size, the distribution and the orientation of grain where blisters are formed, respectively. The critical fluence for initiating blisters was established around 2.3 × 10{sup 24} m{sup −2}. The evolution of blister size distribution and density is discussed as function of fluence and ion energy. At lower ion energy, i.e. 20 eV, only nanoblisters (less than 150 nm) are observed whatever the fluence value (1.5 and 2.3 × 10{sup 24} m{sup −2}). At higher ion energy i.e. 120 and 220 eV, micrometric (~ few to tens of µm) blisters are observed and their density highly depends on fluence. We show that blisters can also be formed on (001) oriented grains contrarily to previous results from the literature where the (111) orientation seemed more favorable. Such information is of importance for tungsten based fusion tokamak operation and design.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Improved quantitation of SIMS depth profile measurements of niobium via sample holder design improvements and characterization of grain orientation effects

The importance of SIMS analyses for “N-doped” impurity alloyed niobium and other surface-alloyed materials continues to increase. A major hurdle is the uncertainty of instrument calibration due to changes in sample height either from sample surface topography or from the sample holder itself. The CAMECA sample holder design allows for many types of samples to be analyzed. However, a drawback is that the holder faceplate can bend, contributing an uncertainty in the relative sensitivity factor (RSF) used to quantify the SIMS results. Here, we describe an improved sample holder having a reinforced faceplate, which prevents deflection and reduces uncertainty. Simulations show that the new design significantly reduces deflection from 10 μm to 5 nm. Sample measurements show a reduction of RSF uncertainty from this source from 4.1% to 0.95%. Grain orientation has long been suspected to affect RSF measurement as well. A bicrystal implant standard, consisting of randomly oriented and [001] grains, was successively rotated 15° between analyses. It was observed that 20% of the analyses performed on the randomly oriented grain exhibited anomalously high RSF values as well as slow sputter rates. These features were associated with the changing grain normal orientation with respect to the primary Cs + beam. The grain orientation associated with the rise in RSF was simulated and determined to be the [101] crystallographic plane, thus indicating that ion channeling was responsible for the significantly increased RSF. Focused ion beam analysis confirmed slower sputter rates for the cardinal crystallographic orientations, indicating that ion channeling occurred for each.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Shear wave generation by mode conversion in picosecond ultrasonics: Impact of grain orientation and material properties

Abstract Picosecond ultrasonics has seen wide application in the investigation of interfaces in semiconductors and 3D imaging in biological systems. Shear ultrasonic waves are important for elastic constant and grain orientation measurement in ceramic materials. In this study, we investigate the impact of grain orientation and material's elastic properties on the generation efficiency of shear waves by mode conversion at a transducer thin film/substrate interface. The solution of acoustic wave equations suggests that crystal grain orientation has a strong impact on the generated shear wave amplitude. This dependence is found to be closely related to the magnitude of longitudinal component of wave displacements. The applicability of analytical model is validated by the experimental results from time‐domain Brillouin scattering. Moreover, material properties determine acoustic wave amplitudes based on the acoustic mismatch model and, particularly, large elastic anisotropy defined by Zener ratio favors strong shear waves. In the light of this analysis, several recommendations on suitable grain orientations and film materials are made to facilitate shear wave detection.

Wang, Yuzhou↗

Abnormal grain growth induced by grain boundary segregation of yttrium in grain-oriented Fe-3%Si steel

Highlights: • The abnormal grain growth in Fe-3%Si was induced without precipitates by alloying of yttrium. • Grains grew abnormally to sizes exceeding 10 mm after secondary recrystallization. • Observations by the Laue diffraction method confirmed that the abnormally grown grains had the Goss orientation. The possibility of abnormal grain growth in grain-oriented Fe-3%Si steel by grain boundary segregation was investigated. Yttrium was selected to inhibit normal grain growth because its segregation at grain boundaries would efficiently reduce the grain boundary energy of iron, decreasing the driving force for grain growth. After secondary recrystallization, abnormal grain growth was successfully achieved without any precipitates. Observations by the Laue diffraction method confirmed that the abnormally grown grains had the Goss orientation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Secondary recrystallization behavior in strip-cast grain-oriented silicon steel processed by isothermal secondary annealing

Highlights: • Abnormal grain growth was successfully developed after annealing at 1025 °C for 15 min. • The formation mechanism of the Goss and {110}<227> secondary grains was elucidated. • Retention of matrix grain colonies in the interior or at the grain boundaries of secondary grains was explained. - Abstract: The primary annealed sheets of strip-cast grain-oriented silicon steel were isothermally secondary annealed for 15 min under 100% H{sub 2} atmosphere. The microstructure and crystallographic orientation at different annealing temperatures were characterized and the secondary recrystallization behavior was elucidated. It was observed that relatively complete abnormal grain growth occurred at 1025 °C. Incomplete abnormal grain growth developed when the temperature was lower than 1025 °C, and normal grain growth occurred when the temperature was higher than 1025 °C. During the abnormal grain growth, both of the Goss and {110}<227> grains developed because of the rapid decrease of the inhibiting force and the limited annealing time. Considering the high energy boundary (HE), coincidence site lattice boundary (CSL) and solid-state wetting (SSW) models for abnormal grain growth, the first one explained the development of the Goss and {110}<227> grains. Another result was that several matrix grain colonies were observed in the interior or at the boundaries of secondary grains after abnormal grain growth. The grains at the periphery of these colonies showed a large fraction of high energy boundaries (20–45° misorientation) with the surrounding secondary grain and similar grain size with the unconsumed matrix grains. Therefore, these colonies were expected to be consumed by prolonging the annealing time and thus the limited annealing time was responsible for their occurrence. A possible explanation for the dominated high energy boundaries instead of low energy boundaries at the periphery of these colonies was proposed. All of these behaviors promoted the understanding of abnormal grain growth.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Electric component including custom metal grain orientation

An electrical device includes an electromagnetic component configured to generate a magnetic flux. The electromagnetic component includes a soft magnetically-conductive material configured to pass magnetic flux therethrough along a flux path. The soft magnetically-conductive material includes at least one grain oriented portion having metal grains that are oriented parallel with respect to the magnetic flux.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Electric component including custom metal grain orientation

An electrical device includes an electromagnetic component configured to generate a magnetic flux. The electromagnetic component includes a soft magnetically-conductive material configured to pass magnetic flux therethrough along a flux path. The soft magnetically-conductive material includes at least one grain oriented portion having metal grains that are oriented parallel with respect to the magnetic flux.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Effects of Laser-Cutting and Spark Erosion Techniques and Heat Treatment on the Magnetic Properties of Grain-Oriented Transformer Steels

Spark erosion and laser-cutting processes were examined in terms of their effects on the magnetic properties of grain-oriented electrical steels at working frequencies. The maximum permeability value in each case was considered a reference to determine the quantitative effect of cutting and eroding methods as well as the effects of heat treatment. To minimize the deterioration that appears after the piercing process is implemented, the specimens were subjected to heat treatment at the most appropriate temperature. The influence of stress-relief annealing could be observed throughout the domain refinement on the surface by using magneto-optical Kerr microscopy. Additionally, it was clearly seen that the domain contrast at the cut edge of the spark-eroded sample was more uniform than that provided by laser cutting upon applying a high AC-field amplitude.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Controlling Preferred Grain Orientation in Vapor-Deposited Metal-Halide Perovskite Thin Films

Metal-halide perovskites are promising semiconductor materials for light-absorber layers in solar cells due to their optimized band gap, defect tolerance, and relative ease of synthesis. In this work, we demonstrate the viability of vapor transport deposition (VTD), a solvent-free processing method, to realize polycrystalline films of both lead iodide (PbI 2 ) and methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) perovskites showing preferential crystallographic orientation. Notable is the difference in perovskite film texturing observed for sequentially and co-deposited VTD films of MAPbI 3 , as well as the lack of strong preferential orientation in solution-processed MAPbI 3 films. While sequential deposition of the perovskite precursors PbI 2 and methylammonium iodide (MAI) leads to a MAPbI 3 film with a limited preferential grain orientation, co-deposited MAPbI 3 films mirror the orientation of excess PbI 2 present in the film. The latter is confirmed by the similar dependence of preferential orientation for PbI 2 and co-deposited MAPbI 3 on underlayer roughness, as well as the emergence of preferential orientation in MAPbI 3 only when excess PbI 2 is present. Both MAPbI 3 and PbI 2 films show a strong preferred lattice orientation on smooth substrates, while on rougher substrates, this orientation is disrupted. Furthermore, these results are interpreted as excess PbI 2 frustrating the diffusion of MAI in the film, which would otherwise disrupt the preferred orientation, pointing to a notable difference in lattice orientation arising from processing technique and conditions.

Deposition↗

Loss Breakdown of a Dual Conical Rotor Permanent Magnet Motor Using Grain Oriented Electrical Steel and Soft Magnetic Composites

This paper provides a loss breakdown of the NovaMAX® 215 frame, 1800 rpm motor at 5 kW. Mechanical losses, copper loss, and various types of electromagnetic losses are identified through experiment and simulation. The motor is able to achieve a very high efficiency, up to 96% at some operating points. A comparison with another highly efficient permanent magnet motor illustrates the benefits of the dual rotor axial flux topology, the use of grain oriented electrical steel, and the conical air gap and rotor flux focusing topology together with ferrite magnets. Additionally, a motor with a variable air gap was tested at different air gaps, and its losses are shown. At low speed and high torque, the losses are minimized with relatively small air gaps. However, at higher speeds and lower torques, the optimal air gaps are larger.

Gardner, Matthew C.↗

Energy-resolved neutron imaging and diffraction including grain orientation mapping using event camera technology

Time-of-flight neutron diffraction and energy-resolved imaging each provide unique perspectives into material properties. Neutron diffraction is useful for assessing microstructural parameters such as phase composition, texture, and dislocation densities, though it typically provides averaged data over the sampled volume. Energy-resolved imaging, on the other hand, offers both spatial and spectral information by detecting Bragg edges and neutron absorption resonances, which enables detailed mapping of microstructure and isotopic composition. When combined, these techniques have the potential to enrich our understanding of material behavior across different scales, enhancing our understanding of complex materials. Traditionally, these modalities are conducted on separate instruments, which is time-consuming and poses challenges for data integration. Here, we report the integration of the LumaCam, an event-mode energy-resolved neutron imaging camera with the HIPPO time-of-flight diffractometer at LANSCE. This integration enables simultaneous diffraction and imaging across the full spectrum, with analysis optimized for diffraction and Bragg-edge imaging in the thermal range (0.45–10 Å) and resonance imaging in the epithermal range (0.5–3000 eV), facilitating comprehensive multi-modal analysis. We demonstrate its capabilities through case studies, including spatial mapping of grain orientations in a steel sample and accurate thickness estimations for irregular samples including a depleted uranium cylinder and a natural silver-containing mineral specimen. The combined setup enhances real-time sample alignment and provides comprehensive data for crystal structure, texture, and isotopic composition analysis. This approach opens new possibilities for advanced applications in nuclear engineering, archaeology, and materials science.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effect of neighboring grain orientation on strain localization in slip bands in HCP materials

Particularly in plastically anisotropic crystals, such as hexagonal close packed (HCP) materials, plastic deformation is realized by slip acting in the small volumes within individual crystals. Here we extend a full field fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based elasto-viscoplastic formulation to simulate the development of a single slip band on either prismatic or basal planes spanning a crystal. Calculations of the strain and stress fields induced locally within the band and parent crystal, and ahead of the band/grain boundary junction in the neighboring crystal are analyzed as the slip band intensifies under increasing applied strain. We report a substantial influence of the crystallographic orientation of the nearest neighboring grain on the rate of slip band localization. Performing the analysis on two materials, CP-Ti and Mg, indicates that the strength of the material affects the rate of localization, with stronger materials tending to localize more easily. A slip band tip stress-based criterion is proposed for identifying the nearest neighbor orientations in which slip band transmission is possible and the likely slip system for which it occurs. This indicator is validated against experimental studies on commercially pure Ti, an Mg–Y alloy, and Ti–6Al–4V. Finally, we show that for low GB misorientations, the slip band is likely to transmit into another slip band of the same type in the neighbor grain, while for high GB misorientations, it is likely to transmit into one of a different type or to not transmit at all.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The Effect of Temper, Grain Orientation, and Composition on the Fatigue Properties of Forged Aluminum-Lithium 2195 Alloy

The AA2195 alloy was designed for aerospace applications. Fatigue failures are among the major causes of aircraft failures. However, there exist limited studies on fatigue behavior of forged AA2195 alloy. Samples of AA2195 alloys were taken from an aircraft wheel and an open-die hand-forged billet. A total of 44 aircraft wheel samples and 67 hand-forged samples were tested. Aircraft wheel samples taken from the hub and tubewell were prepared in two tempers: T6 (peak aged) and T8 (cold worked and aged). The hand-forged samples were prepared in three temper conditions (T6, T8-4% strain, and T8-8% strain) and cut in the transverse (T) direction, short-transverse (S) direction and 45° between these directions (ST45). The study revealed that T8 temper, while providing higher strength, showed longer fatigue life compared to T6 temper. The anisotropic behavior of AA2195 hand forgings showed the trend N{sub T} > N{sub S} > N{sub ST45}. The forged aircraft wheels at different locations and tempers showed similar fatigue life at high stresses. At low stresses, different locations showed significant differences in fatigue lives. The reason may be related to the variance of manufacturing and thermomechanical processes experienced by different locations on a complex-shaped wheel. The AA2195 aircraft wheel samples were also compared with samples taken from a similar aircraft wheel but made of AA2014 alloy. The results revealed that the addition of lithium significantly improved fatigue life.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Comminution process to produce engineered wood particles of uniform size and shape from cross-grain oriented wood chips

Comminution process of wood chips to produce wood particles, by feeding wood chips in a direction of travel substantially normal to grain through a counter rotating pair of intermeshing arrays of cutting discs arrayed axially perpendicular to the direction of wood chip travel, wherein the cutting discs have a uniform thickness (Td), to produce wood particles characterized by a length dimension (L) substantially equal to the Td and aligned substantially parallel to grain, a width dimension (W) normal to L and aligned cross grain, and a height dimension (H) aligned normal to W and L, wherein the W.times.H dimensions define a pair of substantially parallel end surfaces with crosscut fibers.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗