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Results for “GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

HYPERCRITICAL ACCRETION, INDUCED GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE, AND BINARY-DRIVEN HYPERNOVAE

The induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm has been successfully applied to the explanation of the concomitance of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with supernovae (SNe) Ic. The progenitor is a tight binary system composed of a carbon-oxygen (CO) core and a neutron star (NS) companion. The explosion of the SN leads to hypercritical accretion onto the NS companion, which reaches the critical mass, hence inducing its gravitational collapse to a black hole (BH) with consequent emission of the GRB. The first estimates of this process were based on a simplified model of the binary parameters and the Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion rate. We present here the first full numerical simulations of the IGC phenomenon. We simulate the core-collapse and SN explosion of CO stars to obtain the density and ejection velocity of the SN ejecta. We follow the hydrodynamic evolution of the accreting material falling into the Bondi-Hoyle surface of the NS all the way up to its incorporation in the NS surface. The simulations go up to BH formation when the NS reaches the critical mass. For appropriate binary parameters, the IGC occurs in short timescales ∼10{sup 2}-10{sup 3} s owing to the combined effective action of the photon trapping and the neutrino cooling near the NS surface. We also show that the IGC scenario leads to a natural explanation for why GRBs are associated only with SNe Ic with totally absent or very little helium.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

On the induced gravitational collapse scenario of gamma-ray bursts associated with supernovae

Following the induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with type Ib/c supernovae, we present numerical simulations of the explosion of a carbon–oxygen (CO) core in a binary system with a neutron-star (NS) companion. The supernova ejecta trigger a hypercritical accretion process onto the NS thanks to a copious neutrino emission and the trapping of photons within the accretion flow. We show that temperatures of 1–10 MeV develop near the NS surface, hence electron–positron annihilation into neutrinos becomes the main cooling channel leading to accretion rates of 10{sup −9}–10{sup −1} M{sub ⊙} s{sup −1} and neutrino luminosities of 10{sup 43}–10{sup 52} erg s{sup −1} (the shorter the orbital period the higher the accretion rate). We estimate the maximum orbital period, P{sub max}, as a function of the NS initial mass, up to which the NS companion can reach by hypercritical accretion the critical mass for gravitational collapse leading to black hole formation. We then estimate the effects of the accreting and orbiting NS companion onto a novel geometry of the supernova ejecta density profile. We present the results of a 1.4×10{sup 7} particle simulation which show that the NS induces accentuated asymmetries in the ejecta density around the orbital plane. We elaborate on the observables associated with the above features of the IGC process. We apply this framework to specific GRBs: we find that X-ray flashes (XRFs) and binary-driven hypernovae are produced in binaries with P>P{sub max} and P<P{sub max}, respectively. We analyze in detail the case of XRF 060218.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Gravitational collapse of dissipative fluid as a source of gravitational waves

Gravitational collapse of cylindrical anisotropic fluid has been considered in analogy with the work of Misner and Sharp. Using Darmois matching conditions, the interior cylindrical dissipative fluid (in the form of shear viscosity and heat flux) is matched to an exterior vacuum Einstein–Rosen space–time. It is found that on the bounding 3-surface the radial pressure of the anisotropic perfect fluid is linearly related to the shear viscosity and the heat flux of the dissipative fluid on the boundary. This non-zero radial pressure on the bounding surface may be considered as the source of gravitational waves outside the collapsing matter distribution.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Gravitational collapse of dark energy field configurations and supermassive black hole formation

Dark energy is the dominant component of the total energy density of our Universe. The primary interaction of dark energy with the rest of the Universe is gravitational. It is therefore important to understand the gravitational dynamics of dark energy. Since dark energy is a low-energy phenomenon from the perspective of particle physics and field theory, a fundamental approach based on fields in curved space should be sufficient to understand the current dynamics of dark energy. Here, we take a field theory approach to dark energy. We discuss the evolution equations for a generic dark energy field in curved space-time and then discuss the gravitational collapse for dark energy field configurations. We describe the 3 + 1 BSSN formalism to study the gravitational collapse of fields for any general potential for the fields and apply this formalism to models of dark energy motivated by particle physics considerations. We solve the resulting equations for the time evolution of field configurations and the dynamics of space-time. Our results show that gravitational collapse of dark energy field configurations occurs and must be considered in any complete picture of our Universe. We also demonstrate the black hole formation as a result of the gravitational collapse of the dark energy field configurations. The black holes produced by the collapse of dark energy fields are in the supermassive black hole category with the masses of these black holes being comparable to the masses of black holes at the centers of galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Preheating of the Intergalactic Medium by Gravitational Collapse and Ultraviolet Background

The preheating of the intergalactic medium by structure collapse and ultraviolet background (UVB) is investigated in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. When gravitational collapse is the sole heating mechanism, we find that (1) 60% and 45% of the IGM are heated up to S > 8 and 17 keV cm{sup 2}, respectively, at z = 0, but the fractions drop rapidly to a few percent at z = 2; (2) the entropy of the circumhalo gas S{sub cir} is higher than the virial entropy for more than 75% of the halos with masses M<10{sup 11.5} M{sub ⊙} since z = 2, but the fraction higher than the entropy, S{sub pr}, required in the preventive model of galaxy formation is only 15%–20% for halos with M<10{sup 10.5} M{sub ⊙} at z = 0, and decreases as redshift increases; (3) assuming a metallicity of Z⩽0.03 Z{sub ⊙}, the fraction of halos whose circumhalo gas has a cooling time longer than the Hubble time t{sub cool,cir}>t{sub H} is merely 5%–10% at z≲0.5, and even less at z⩾1 for halos with M<10{sup 10.5} M{sub ⊙}; and (4) gas in the filaments undergoes the strongest preheating. Furthermore, we show that the UVB cannot enhance the fraction of the IGM with S>17 keV cm{sup 2}, but can increase the fraction of low-mass halos (<10{sup 10.5} M{sub ⊙}) having S{sub cir}>S{sub pr} to ∼70% at z = 0 and that having t{sub cool,cir}>t{sub H} to 15%–30% at z≲0.5. Our results indicate that preheating due to gravitational collapse and UVB is inadequate to fulfill the needs of the preventative model, especially for halos with 10{sup 10.5} M{sub ⊙}<M<10{sup 11.5} M{sub ⊙}. Nevertheless, these two mechanisms might cause large-scale galactic conformity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

SPH Simulations of the Induced Gravitational Collapse Scenario of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts Associated with Supernovae

We present the first three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of the induced gravitational collapse scenario of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with supernovae (SNe). We simulate the SN explosion of a carbon–oxygen core (CO core ) forming a binary system with a neutron star (NS) companion. We follow the evolution of the SN ejecta, including their morphological structure, subject to the gravitational field of both the new NS (νNS) formed at the center of the SN and the one of the NS companion. We compute the accretion rate of the SN ejecta onto the NS companion, as well as onto the νNS from SN matter fallback. We determine the fate of the binary system for a wide parameter space including different CO core and NS companion masses, orbital periods, and SN explosion geometry and energies. We identify, for selected NS nuclear equations of state, the binary parameters leading the NS companion, by hypercritical accretion, either to the mass-shedding limit or to the secular axisymmetric instability for gravitational collapse to a black hole (BH), or to a more massive, fast-rotating, stable NS. We also assess whether the binary remains gravitationally bound after the SN explosion, hence exploring the space of binary and SN explosion parameters leading to νNS–NS and νNS–BH binaries. As a result, the consequences of our results for the modeling of long GRBs, i.e., X-ray flashes and binary-driven hypernovae, are discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

GRB 130427A AND SN 2013cq: A MULTI-WAVELENGTH ANALYSIS OF AN INDUCED GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE EVENT

We performed a data analysis of the observations by the Swift, NuStar, and Fermi satellites in order to probe the induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with supernovae (SNe) in the terra incognita of GRB 130427A. We compare our data analysis with those in the literature. We have verified that GRB 130427A conforms to the IGC paradigm by examining the power law behavior of the luminosity in the early 10{sup 4} s of the XRT observations. This has led to the identification of the four different episodes of the binary driven hypernovae (BdHNe) and to the prediction, on 2013 May 2, of the occurrence of SN 2013cq, which was also observed in the optical band on 2013 May 13. The exceptional quality of the data has allowed the identification of novel features in Episode 3 including: (1) the confirmation and the extension of the existence of the recently discovered nested structure in the late X-ray luminosity in GRB 130427A, as well as the identification of a spiky structure at 10{sup 2} s in the cosmological rest-frame of the source; (2) a power law emission of the GeV luminosity light curve and its onset at the end of Episode 2; and (3) different Lorentz Γ factors for the emitting regions of the X-ray and GeV emissions in this Episode 3. These results make it possible to test the details of the physical and astrophysical regimes at work in the BdHNe: (1) a newly born neutron star and the supernova ejecta, originating in Episode 1; (2) a newly formed black hole originating in Episode 2; and (3) the possible interaction among these components, observable in the standard features of Episode 3.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Radiative gravitational collapse to spherical, toroidal and higher genus black holes

We derive the matching conditions between FLRW and generalised Vaidya spacetimes with spherical, planar or hyperbolic symmetry, across timelike hypersurfaces. We then construct new models of gravitational collapse of FLRW spacetimes with a negative cosmological constant having electromagnetic radiation in the exterior. The final state of the collapse are asymptotically AdS black holes with spherical, toroidal or higher genus topologies. We analyse the collapse dynamics including trapped surface formation, for various examples.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The spherically symmetric gravitational collapse of a clump of solids in a gas

In the subject of planetesimal formation, several mechanisms have been identified that create dense particle clumps in the solar nebula. The present work is concerned with the gravitational collapse of such clumps, idealized as being spherically symmetric. Fully nonlinear simulations using the two-fluid model are carried out (almost) up to the time when a central density singularity forms. We refer to this as the collapse time. The end result of the study is a parametrization of the collapse time, in order that it may be compared with timescales for various disruptive effects to which clumps may be subject in a particular situation. An important effect that determines the collapse time is that as the clump compresses, it also compresses the gas due to drag. This increases gas pressure, which retards particle collapse and can lead to oscillation in the size and density of the clump. In the limit of particles perfectly coupled to the gas, the characteristic ratio of gravitational force to gas pressure becomes relevant and defines a two-phase Jeans parameter, J{sub t}, which is the classical Jeans parameter with the speed of sound replaced by an effective wave speed in the coupled two-fluid medium. The parameter J{sub t} remains useful even away from the perfect coupling limit because it makes the simulation results insensitive to the initial density ratio of particles to gas (Φ{sub 0}) as a separate parameter. A simple ordinary differential equation model is developed. It takes the form of two coupled non-linear oscillators and reproduces key features of the simulations. Finally, a parametric study of the time to collapse is performed and a formula (fit to the simulations) is developed. In the incompressible limit J{sub t}→0, collapse time equals the self-sedimentation time, which is inversely proportional to the Stokes number. As J{sub t} increases, the collapse time decreases with J{sub t} and eventually becomes approximately equal to the dynamical time. Values of collapse time versus clump size are given for a minimum-mass solar nebula. Finally, the timescale of clump erosion due to turbulent strain is estimated.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cosmological simulations of early black hole formation: halo mergers, tidal disruption, and the conditions for direct collapse

Gravitational collapse of a massive primordial gas cloud is thought to be a promising path for the formation of supermassive black holes in the early universe. We study conditions for the so-called direct collapse (DC) black hole formation in a fully cosmological context. We combine a semianalytic model of early galaxy formation with halo merger trees constructed from dark matter N-body simulations. We locate a total of 68 possible DC sites in a volume of 20 h{sup −1} Mpc on a side. We then perform hydrodynamics simulations for 42 selected halos to study in detail the evolution of the massive clouds within them. We find only two successful cases where the gas clouds rapidly collapse to form stars. In the other cases, gravitational collapse is prevented by the tidal force exerted by a nearby massive halo, which otherwise should serve as a radiation source necessary for DC. Ram pressure stripping disturbs the cloud approaching the source. In many cases, a DC halo and its nearby light source halo merge before the onset of cloud collapse. When the DC halo is assembled through major mergers, the gas density increases rapidly to trigger gravitational instability. Based on our cosmological simulations, we conclude that the event rate of DC is an order of magnitude smaller than reported in previous studies, although the absolute rate is still poorly constrained. It is necessary to follow the dynamical evolution of a DC cloud and its nearby halo(s) in order to determine the critical radiation flux for DC.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Occurrence of Gravitational Collapse in the Accreting Neutron Stars of Binary-driven Hypernovae

The binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) model proposes long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate in binaries composed of a carbon–oxygen (CO) star and a neutron star (NS) companion. The CO core collapse generates a newborn NS and a supernova that triggers the GRB by accreting onto the NSs, rapidly transferring mass and angular momentum to them. This article aims to determine the conditions under which a black hole (BH) forms from NS collapse induced by the accretion and the impact on the GRB's observational properties and taxonomy. We perform three-dimensional, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of BdHNe using up-to-date NS nuclear equations of state, with and without hyperons, and calculate the structure evolution in full general relativity. We assess the binary parameters leading either NS in the binary to the critical mass for gravitational collapse into a BH and its occurrence time, t col . We include a nonzero angular momentum of the NSs and find that t col ranges from a few tens of seconds to hours for decreasing NS initial angular momentum values. BdHNe I are the most compact (about 5 minute orbital period), promptly form a BH, and release ≳10 52 erg of energy. They form NS–BH binaries with tens of kiloyears merger timescales by gravitational-wave emission. BdHNe II and III do not form BHs, and release ~10 50 –10 52 erg and ≲10 50 erg of energy, respectively. They form NS–NS binaries with a range of merger timescales larger than for NS–BH binaries. In some compact BdHNe II, either NS can become supramassive, i.e., above the critical mass of a nonrotating NS. Magnetic braking by a 10 13 G field can delay BH formation, leading to BH–BH or NS–BH with tens of kiloyears merger timescales.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stability of rigidly rotating supermassive stars against gravitational collapse

We revisit secular stability against quasi-radial collapse for rigidly rotating supermassive stars (SMSs) in general relativity. We suppose that the SMSs are in a nuclear-burning phase and can be modeled by polytropic equations of state with the polytropic index n{sub p} slightly smaller than 3. The stability is determined in terms of the turning point method. We find a fitting formula of the stability condition for the plausible range of n{sub p} (2.95≲n{sub p}≲3) for SMSs. This condition reconfirms that while non-rotating SMSs with a mass of ∼10{sup 5}M{sub ⊙}–10{sup 6}M{sub ⊙} may undergo a general relativistically induced quasi-radial collapse, rigidly rotating SMSs with a ratio of rotational to gravitational potential energy (β) of ∼10{sup −2} are likely to be stable against collapse unless they are able to accrete ∼5 times more mass during the (relatively brief) hydrogen-burning phase of their evolution. We discuss the implications of our results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

A new multi-energy neutrino radiation-hydrodynamics code in full general relativity and its application to the gravitational collapse of massive stars

We present a new multi-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code for massive stellar core-collapse in full general relativity (GR). Employing an M1 analytical closure scheme, we solve spectral neutrino transport of the radiation energy and momentum based on a truncated moment formalism. Regarding neutrino opacities, we take into account a baseline set in state-of-the-art simulations, in which inelastic neutrino–electron scattering, thermal neutrino production via pair annihilation, and nucleon–nucleon bremsstrahlung are included. While the Einstein field equations and the spatial advection terms in the radiation-hydrodynamics equations are evolved explicitly, the source terms due to neutrino–matter interactions and energy shift in the radiation moment equations are integrated implicitly by an iteration method. To verify our code, we first perform a series of standard radiation tests with analytical solutions that include the check of gravitational redshift and Doppler shift. A good agreement in these tests supports the reliability of the GR multi-energy neutrino transport scheme. We then conduct several test simulations of core-collapse, bounce, and shock stall of a 15M{sub ⊙} star in the Cartesian coordinates and make a detailed comparison with published results. Our code performs quite well to reproduce the results of full Boltzmann neutrino transport especially before bounce. In the postbounce phase, our code basically performs well, however, there are several differences that are most likely to come from the insufficient spatial resolution in our current 3D-GR models. For clarifying the resolution dependence and extending the code comparison in the late postbounce phase, we discuss that next-generation Exaflops class supercomputers are needed at least.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗