Larmor and Helmholtz theorems for relativistic charged fluid flow.
Larmor theorem within relativity for inviscid charged fluid under electromagnetic and gravitational fields, deriving Helmholtz equation
Schmid, L. A.↗
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Relativistic charged fluid flow. II - Generalized Larmor and Helmholtz theorems
Lamor theorem derivation within framework of special relativity for inviscid charged fluid in arbitrary electromagnetic and gravitational field
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD↗
The virtual-casing principle and Helmholtz’s theorem
Not Available
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Domain Optimization for an Acoustic Waveguide Scattering Problem
We consider a domain optimization problem of an unbounded domain, which models scattering of a time-harmonic acoustic wave at the junction of two closed waveguides. Solutions of our problem fulfill the Helmholtz equation with a real wavenumber, a modal radiation condition and homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. We derive an a-priori bound for the solution on a certain class of domains (which is compact in the Hausdorff metric topology) and show that within this class the solution depends H{sup 1}-continuously on the domain. Furthermore, we show some numerical examples to illustrate our results, which were calculated using the domain (or shape) derivative of our problem.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Radiation Conditions and Integral Representations for Clifford Algebra-Valued Null-Solutions of the Helmholtz Operator
The goal of this paper is to develop a unified approach to radiation conditions for the entire class of null-solutions of the Helmholtz operator which are Clifford algebra-valued. The latter is an algebraic context which permits the simultaneous consideration of scalarvalued and vector-valued functions, as well as differential forms of any mixed degree. In such a setting, we provide a multitude of novel radiation conditions which naturally contain the classical Sommerfeld and Silver–Müller radiation conditions in the case of null-solutions for the scalar Helmholtz operator and the Maxwell system respectively, and which also encompass as a particular case the radiation condition introduced by McIntosh and Mitrea for perturbed Dirac operators.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Gauge invariance of the helicity continuity equation
The derivation of the helicity continuity equation in electromagnetic theory is performed without specifying a gauge. In contrast with previous proposals, the form of this equation is shown to be gauge invariant without invoking a Helmholtz decomposition. The helicity and its flow, the latter associated with the spin in quantized fields, involve two sets of a vector and a scalar potential, where each set can independently undergo a gauge transformation. There are alternative definitions of the helicity and flow densities that arise from different grouping of terms in the continuity differential equation. The various definitions acquire an unambiguous meaning, depending on the gauge and the physical context. The helicity density, defined as ϱ{sub A{sub C}{sup (2)}} : =με(A·B-C·E) and flow density J{sub AC}{sup (2)} : =με(E-∇ϕ{sub A})×A+(B-∇ϕ{sub C})×C, include all the rotational content of the free fields regardless of the gauge. In free space, these quantities satisfy a gauge invariant conservation equation without gauge-fixing source terms. A further asset of the present formulation is that charge and current source terms can be readily incorporated. The helicity source terms are of the form μB·∫Jdt-μ∫Bdt·J. A helicity continuity equation in terms solely of transverse fields is derived in the Coulomb gauge.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Stability of a modified Peaceman–Rachford method for the paraxial Helmholtz equation on adaptive grids
This study concerns the asymptotic stability of an eikonal, or ray, transformation based Peaceman–Rachford splitting method for solving the paraxial Helmholtz equation with high wave numbers. Arbitrary nonuniform grids are considered in transverse and beam propagation directions. The differential equation targeted has been used for modeling propagations of high intensity laser pulses over a long distance without diffractions. Self-focusing of high intensity beams may be balanced with the de-focusing effect of created ionized plasma channel in the situation, and applications of grid adaptations are frequently essential. It is shown rigorously that the fully discretized oscillation-free decomposition method on arbitrary adaptive grids is asymptotically stable with a stability index one. Simulation experiments are carried out to illustrate our concern and conclusions.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Application of bi-Helmholtz nonlocal elasticity and molecular simulations to the dynamical response of carbon nanotubes
The nonlocal theory of elasticity is employed for the study of the free vibrations of carbon nanotubes (CNT). For the first time, a bi-Helmholtz operator has been used instead of the standard Helmholtz operator in a nonlocal beam model. Alongside the continuum formulation and its numerical solution, atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted in order to directly evaluate the eigenfrequencies of vibrating CNTs with a minimum of adjustable parameters. Our results show that the bi-Helmholtz operator is the most appropriate one to fit MD simulation results. However, the estimation of vibration eigenfrequencies from molecular simulations still remains an open (albeit well-posed) problem.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Time-Harmonic Gaussian Beams: Exact Solutions of the Helmhotz Equation in Free Space
An exact solution of the Helmholtz equation u{sub xx} + u{sub yy} + u{sub zz} + k{sup 2}u = 0 is presented, which describes propagation of monochromatic waves in the free space. The solution has the form of a superposition of plane waves with a specific weight function dependent on a certain free parameter a. If ka→∞, the solution is localized in the Gaussian manner in a vicinity of a certain straight line and asymptotically coincides with the famous approximate solution known as the fundamental mode of a paraxial Gaussian beam. The asymptotics of the aforementioned exact solution does not include a backward wave.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Reflectometry of X-ray Whispering Gallery Waves Propagating along Liquid Meniscuses
X-ray reflectometry of whispering galleries (WGs), which propagate along meniscuses of deionized water or silica hydrosols (Ludox{sup ®} SM) enriched by Cs{sup +} ions, was analyzed for the first time. The measurements were performed using the diffractometer with a moving tube-detector system. The X-ray beam rotation angle reached a maximum value of 4° on a silica hydrosol sample at CuK{sub α} radiation, while for H{sub 2}O it is only 1°. The intensities of WG modes propagating near the surface of a concave meniscus were found from the rigorous solution of the respective Helmholtz equation and applying the Monte Carlo technique for the random surface. For analysis of intensities of the X-ray scattering we used a hybrid model of the liquid surface with the upper transition layer having sinusoidal ripples in which the concentration of levitating Cs{sup +} ions has a maximum near the surface, derived from the experiment, while the concentration maximum for SiO{sub 2} particles with sizes of ~6–15 nm is positioned at the depth of ~15 nm from the hydrosol’s surface. Our numerical results for reflectances are in a good agreement with the experimental data.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A dual potential formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations
A dual potential formulation for numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations is developed and presented. The velocity field is decomposed using a scalar and vector potential. Vorticity and dilatation are used as the dependent variables in the momentum equations. Test cases in two dimensions verify the capability to solve flows using approximations from potential flow to full Navier-Stokes simulations. A three-dimensional incompressible flow formulation is also described. An interesting feature of this approach to solving the Navier-Stokes equations is the decomposition of the velocity field into a rotational part (vector potential) and an irrotational part (scalar potential). The Helmholtz decomposition theorem allows this splitting of the velocity field. This approach has had only limited use since it increases the number of dependent variables in the solution. However, it has often been used for incompressible flows where the solution scheme is known to be fast and accurate. This research extends the usage of this method to fully compressible Navier-Stokes simulations by using the dilatation variable along with vorticity. A time-accurate, iterative algorithm is used for the uncoupled solution of the governing equations. Several levels of flow approximation are available within the framework of this method. Potential flow, Euler and full Navier-Stokes solutions are possible using the dual potential formulation. Solution efficiency can be enhanced in a straightforward way. For some flows, the vorticity and/or dilatation may be negligible in certain regions (e.g., far from a viscous boundary in an external flow). It is possible to drop the calculation of these variables then and optimize the solution speed. Also, efficient Poisson solvers are available for the potentials. The relative merits of non-primitive variables versus primitive variables for solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are also discussed.
Gegg, S. G.↗
Fast computation of synthetic seismograms within a medium containing remote localized perturbations: a numerical solution to the scattering problem
We derive a fast discrete solution to the scattering problem. This solution allows us to compute accurate synthetic seismograms or waveforms for arbitrary locations of sources and receivers within a medium containing localized perturbations. The key to efficiency is that wave propagation modelling does not need to be carried out in the entire volume that encompasses the sources and the receivers but only within the subvolume containing the perturbations or scatterers. The proposed solution has important applications, for example, it permits the imaging of remote targets located in regions where no sources or receivers are present. Our solution relies on domain decomposition: within a small volume that contains the scatterers, wave propagation is modelled numerically, while in the surrounding volume, where the medium isn't perturbed, the response is obtained through wavefield extrapolation. The originality of this work is the derivation of discrete formulas for representation theorems and Kirchhof–Helmholtz integrals that naturally adapt to the numerical scheme employed for modelling wave propagation. Our solution applies, for example, to finite difference methods or finite/spectral elements methods. The synthetic seismograms obtained with our solution can be considered ‘exact’ as the total numerical error is comparable to that of the method employed for modelling wave propagation. We detail a basic implementation of our solution in the acoustic case using the finite difference method and present numerical examples that demonstrate the accuracy of the method. We show that ignoring some terms accounting for higher order scattering effects in our solution has a limited effect on the computed seismograms and significantly reduces the computational effort. Finally, we show that our solution can be used to compute localized sensitivity kernels and we discuss applications to target oriented imaging. Extension to the elastic case is straightforward and summarized in a dedicated section.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Cylindrical wave functions and certain of their properties
Cylindrical wave functions, solutions to Bessel and Helmholtz equations, and addition theorems
Source record↗
A Simple Kinetic Model for the Phase Transition of the van der Waals Fluid
A simple kinetic model, which is presumably minimum, for the phase transition of the van der Waals fluid is presented. In the model, intermolecular collisions for a dense gas has not been treated faithfully. Instead, the expected interactions as the non-ideal gas effect are confined in a self-consistent force term. Collision term plays just a role of thermal bath. Accordingly, it conserves neither momentum nor energy, even globally. It is demonstrated that (i) by a natural separation of the mean-field self-consistent potential, the potential for the non-ideal gas effect is determined from the equation of state for the van der Waals fluid, with the aid of the balance equation of momentum, (ii) a functional which monotonically decreases in time is identified by the H theorem and is found to have a close relation to the Helmholtz free energy in thermodynamics, and (iii) the Cahn–Hilliard type equation is obtained in the continuum limit of the present kinetic model. Numerical simulations based on the Cahn–Hilliard type equation are also performed.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A Computer Program for the Computation of Running Gear Temperatures Using Green's Function
A new technique has been developed to study two dimensional heat transfer problems in gears. This technique consists of transforming the heat equation into a line integral equation with the use of Green's theorem. The equation is then expressed in terms of eigenfunctions that satisfy the Helmholtz equation, and their corresponding eigenvalues for an arbitrarily shaped region of interest. The eigenfunction are obtalned by solving an intergral equation. Once the eigenfunctions are found, the temperature is expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions with unknown time dependent coefficients that can be solved by using Runge Kutta methods. The time integration is extremely efficient. Therefore, any changes in the time dependent coefficients or source terms in the boundary conditions do not impose a great computational burden on the user. The method is demonstrated by applying it to a sample gear tooth. Temperature histories at representative surface locatons are given.
GREENS FUNCTIONS↗
Residual turbulence from velocity shear stabilized interchange instabilities
The stabilizing effect of velocity shear on the macroscopic, broad bandwidth, ideal interchange instability is studied in linear and nonlinear regimes. A 2D dissipative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code is employed to simulate the system. For a given flow shear, V Prime , linear growth rates are shown to be suppressed to below the shear-free level at both the small and large wavelengths. With increasing V Prime , the unstable band in wavenumber-space shrinks so that the peak growth results for modes that correspond to relatively high wavenumbers, on the scale of the density gradient. In the nonlinear turbulent steady state, a similar turbulent spectrum obtains, and the convection cells are roughly circular. In addition, the density fluctuation level and the degree of flattening of the initial inverted density profile are found to decrease as V Prime increases; in fact, unstable modes are almost completely stabilized and the density profile reverts to laminar when V Prime is a few times the classic interchange growth rate. Moreover, the turbulent particle flux diminishes with increasing velocity shear such that all the flux is carried by the classical diffusive flux in the asymptotic limit. The simulations are compared with measurements of magnetic fluctuations from the Maryland Centrifugal Experiment, MCX, which investigated interchange modes in the presence of velocity shear. The experimental spectral data, taken in the plasma edge, are in general agreement with the numerical data obtained in higher viscosity simulations for which the level of viscosity is chosen consistent with MCX Reynolds numbers at the edge. In particular, the residual turbulence in both cases is dominated by elongated convection cells. Finally, concomitant Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the system are also examined. Complete stability to interchanges is obtained only in the parameter space wherein the generalized Rayleigh inflexion theorem is satisfied.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Volume integrals of ellipsoids associated with the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation
Problems of wave phenomena in the fields of acoustics, electromagnetics and elasticity are often reduced to an integration of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Results are presented for volume integrals associated with the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, for an ellipsoidal region. By using appropriate Taylor series expansions and the multinomial theorem, these volume integrals are obtained in series form for regions r greater than r-prime and r less than r-prime, where r and r-prime are the distances from the origin to the point of observation and the source. Derivatives of these integrals are easily evaluated. When the wavenumber approaches zero the results reduce directly to the potentials of ellipsoids of variable densities.
Fu, L. S.↗
Volume integrals associated with the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Part 1: Ellipsoidal region
Problems of wave phenomena in fields of acoustics, electromagnetics and elasticity are often reduced to an integration of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Results are presented for volume integrals associated with the Helmholtz operator, nabla(2) to alpha(2), for the case of an ellipsoidal region. By using appropriate Taylor series expansions and multinomial theorem, these volume integrals are obtained in series form for regions r 4' and r r', where r and r' are distances from the origin to the point of observation and source, respectively. Derivatives of these integrals are easily evaluated. When the wave number approaches zero, the results reduce directly to the potentials of variable densities.
Fu, L. S.↗