Life Extension of Tanks for High Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessels.
Abstract not provided.
Ronevich, Joseph Allen↗
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Nickel hydrogen capacity loss
The results of tests to assess capacity loss in nickel hydrogen cells are presented in outline form. The effects of long storage (greater than 1 month), high hydrogen pressure storage, high cobalt content, and recovery actions are addressed.
Goualard, Jacques↗
Effects of high-pressure hydrogen on storage vessel materials.
Tensile tests in high pressure hydrogen on various steels, discussing strength and ductility of notched and unnotched specimens
Chandler, W. T.↗
Superstoichiometric Alloying of H and Close‐Packed Fe‐Ni Metal Under High Pressures: Implications for Hydrogen Storage in Planetary Core
Although high pressure enables alloying between hydrogen and iron, hydrogen-to-iron molar ratio (H/Fe) so far found in experiments is mostly limited to 1 in the close-packed iron metal under high pressure. We report a H/(Fe + Ni) ratio of 1.8 ± 0.1 from (Fe,Ni)H x (or x ≥ 1.8) quenched from liquid, exceeding the amounts so far reported for densely packed Fe alloys. From the metastable behavior of the frozen (Fe,Ni)Hx liquid during decompression, we infer that the amount is a lower bound and therefore even a greater amount of H can be dissolved in the liquid part of Fe-rich cores of planets. The significant H storage capacity of liquid Fe-Ni alloy is important to consider for potential storage of H in the interiors of low-density planets as well as rocky planets.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
A Review on Advanced Manufacturing for Hydrogen Storage Applications
Hydrogen is a notoriously difficult substance to store yet has endless energy applications. Thus, the study of long-term hydrogen storage, and high-pressure bulk hydrogen storage have been the subject of much research in the last several years. To create a research path forward, it is important to know what research has already been done, and what is already known about hydrogen storage. In this review, several approaches to hydrogen storage are addressed, including high-pressure storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and metal hydride absorption. Challenges and advantages are offered based on reported research findings. Since the project looks closely at advanced manufacturing, techniques for the same are outlined as well. There are seven main categories into which most rapid prototyping styles fall. Each is briefly explained and illustrated as well as some generally accepted advantages and drawbacks to each style. An overview of hydrogen adsorption on metal hydrides, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes are presented. The hydrogen storage capacities of these materials are discussed as well as the differing conditions in which the adsorption was performed under. Concepts regarding storage shape and materials accompanied by smaller-scale advanced manufacturing options for hydrogen storage are also presented.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Effects of high-pressure hydrogen on storage vessel materials
Tensile tests on welded plates of three grades of steel indicate an appreciable decrease of tensile strength and ductility of notched specimens and a decrease in ductility of unnotched samples. Surface cracking, evident in unnotched specimens, is conducive to breakdown in tensile strength and ductility.
Chandler, W. T.↗
Hydrogen Generator
Another spinoff from spacecraft fuel cell technology is the portable hydrogen generator shown. Developed by General Electric Company, it is an aid to safer operation of systems that use hydrogen-for example, gas chromatographs, used in laboratory analysis of gases. or flame ionization detectors used as $ollution monitors. The generator eliminates the need for high-pressure hydrogen storage bottles, which can be a safety hazard, in laboratories, hospitals and industrial plants. The unit supplies high-purity hydrogen by means of an electrochemical process which separates the hydrogen and oxygen in distilled water. The oxygen is vented away and the hydrogen gas is stored within the unit for use as needed. GE's Aircraft Equipment Division is producing about 1,000 of the generators annually.
Source record↗
Economically Viable Intermediate to Long Duration Hydrogen Energy Storage Solutions for Fossil Fueled Assets
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of U.S. Department of Energy under Funding Opportunity Announcement Number DE-FOA-0002332 “Energy Storage for Fossil Power Generation”. The work aimed to explore and advance an innovative hydrogen energy storage system – the synergistically integrated hydrogen energy storage system (SIHES) – that has the following characteristics: • Compatible with existing or new coal and gas fuel electricity generation units, • best suited for intermediate to long duration energy storage, from 12 hours to weeks even months, and • capable of storing energy at the utility scale – hundreds of MWh to GWh energy storage with power output level in tens to hundreds of MW. Preliminary front-end engineering design (Pre-FEED) studies was carried out to develop and refine a site-specific SIHES as peaking power generation units (so named as HyPeaker) as the first market entry point, to demonstrate both the technical feasibility and the economic viability to integrate the HyPeaker “within the fence” of a fossil power plant. This specific site was TVA’s Johnsonville Combustion Turbine Plant. The HyPeaker was designed and engineered to integrate with a 60MW aeroderivative gas turbine unit already available at TVA’s Johnsonville site. This site-specific HyPeaker consists of an alkaline electrolyzer to produce hydrogen from CO 2 free electricity sources, an innovative low-cost high-pressure hydrogen storage system (Big-Ton) and the aero gas turbine to generate electricity using blend of hydrogen and natural gas. A holistic system level technoeconomic analysis tool specific to HyPeaker was developed to optimize the engineering design of the Johnsonville site-specific HyPeaker for cost and performance. The optimal design and specification of the Johnsonville site-specific HyPeaker are the following: • Alkaline electrolyzer: 3MW • Big-Ton storage vessel: 11,000kg H 2 at 3000psi. • 4-stage diaphragm hydrogen compressor: 55kg-H 2 /hr from 150psi to 3000psi. The HyPeaker is designed to provide sufficient hydrogen for 90% continuous operation of the HyPeaker. All major components have design life of 30 years. The capex of HyPeaker is estimated at $\$$7.1M. This included $\$$1.5M for the electrolyzer, $\$$5.6M for the storage vessel and compressor. The cost of aero gas turbine was included as it is already available at the site. Key findings are: • HyPeaker can be designed, manufactured, installed and integrated with the fossil power plants, with sub-systems and components commercially available on the market today, even when it is scaled up to an order of magnitude larger than the one at the Johnsonville site. HyPeaker is a technologically viable solution to cover a wide range of energy storage duration needs, from daily peaking operation to seasonal shifting for fossil fueled assets. • The cost advantage of SCCV based Big-Ton H 2 storage vessel made it possible to “oversize” the H 2 storage subsystem to achieve overall system level cost optimization. The benefits are two-fold. First, it allows to significantly reduce the capacity and cost of electrolyzer by spreading H 2 production over a much longer period of time when the fuel cost for electricity production is low. Second, it allows to balance the hydrogen production and usage shift over weeks to months to meet the peak demands. As such, the capital cost of HyPeaker system using the Big-Ton was less than half of the cost of a system with today’s steel tube based H 2 storage system. The HyPeaker has even better cost advantage Li-ion battery based energy storage system. The estimated capital cost of Li-Ion battery system would be at $\$$38M, under the same projected 20-year electricity generation profile of the Johnsonville site. This is over 5 times more expensive than the HyPeaker system. • Since industry scale energy storage systems do not have 100% energy conversion and storage efficiency, energy storage systems using fossil fuel generated electricity would increase the CO 2 emission. This is particularly the case for HyPeaker due to its low round trip efficiency. Therefore, a more sensible solution would be to the excessive or curtailed electricity from CO 2 emission free sources such as solar farms, wind farms or nuclear power plants, to produce hydrogen, and integrate them with the HyPeaker. Electricity from TVA’s nuclear power plants was used for the Johnsonville HyPeaker. • The economic viability of HyPeaker is expected to be further improved when global supply chains are taken into consideration. For the same Johnsonville site specific HyPeaker, the capex would be reduced to ~$\$$3.6M from ~$\$$7.1M, and the added LCOE is reduced to ~$\$$85/MWh. With the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the cost of domestically produced HyPeaker sub-systems would be at the level of today’s global suppliers. Since the peaking units generally operate at peak usage period, thereby demanding higher price, the projected $\$$85/MWh LCOE would be within the realm of financial viability for utility operators.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Evaluating methods to reduce duration of near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate measurements for low-alloy steels in hydrogen gas
Measurement of the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) vs. stress-intensity factor range (∆K) relationship in hydrogen gas is essential for maximizing the calculated design fatigue life of high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels. However, such measurements are rarely performed, since the low cyclic loading frequencies applied in standard practice lead to prohibitively protracted test durations. The objective of this study was to demonstrate two means for reducing test durations when measuring near-threshold da/dN vs. ΔK relationships under decreasing ΔK for low-alloy pressure vessel steels in hydrogen gas: 1) imposing steeper K-gradients relative to the recommended limits in standards such as ASTM E647, and 2) increasing cyclic loading frequency relative to typical values applied during fatigue crack growth testing of low-alloy steels in hydrogen gas. Recognizing that steeper K-gradients could amplify loading-history effects, test methods employing this approach were designed to mitigate such effects by either maintaining constant K max or gradually increasing the K-gradient as the threshold was approached. Although the varying K-gradient method was vulnerable to loading-history effects in the form of plasticity-induced crack closure, particularly at lower stress ratio (R) and higher starting K max values, these effects could be compensated by applying the adjusted compliance ratio (ACR) method. Here, it was demonstrated that steeper K-gradients in concert with increased cyclic loading frequency reduced the duration of near-threshold fatigue crack growth tests in hydrogen gas by more than 99% relative to standard practices.
Fatigue threshold↗
Hydrogen effects on the deformation and slip localization in a single crystal austenitic stainless steel
Hydrogen is known to embrittle austenitic stainless steels, which are widely used in high-pressure hydrogen storage and delivery systems, but the mechanisms that lead to such material degradation are still being elucidated. The current work investigates the deformation behavior of single crystal austenitic stainless steel 316L through combined uniaxial tensile testing, characterization and atomistic simulations. Thermally precharged hydrogen is shown to increase the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) without previously reported deviations from Schmid’s law. Molecular dynamics simulations further expose the statistical nature of the hydrogen and vacancy contributions to the CRSS in the presence of alloying. Slip distribution quantification over large in-plane distances (> 1 mm), achieved via atomic force microscopy (AFM), highlights the role of hydrogen increasing the degree of slip localization in both single and multiple slip configurations. The most active slip bands accumulate significantly more deformation in hydrogen precharged specimens, with potential implications for damage nucleation. For $\langle$110$\rangle$ tensile loading, slip localization further enhances the activity of secondary slip, increases the density of geometrically necessary dislocations and leads to a distinct lattice rotation behavior compared to hydrogen-free specimens, as evidenced by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps. Finally, the results of this study provide a more comprehensive picture of the deformation aspect of hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic stainless steels.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Cyclic-load crack growth in ASME SA-105 grade II steel in high-pressure hydrogen at ambient temperature
ASME SA-105 Grade II steel, which is used in high-pressure hydrogen compressor systems, is similar to steels used or considered for use in high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels and pipelines. This paper summarizes the results of a program conducted to provide cyclic-load crack growth rate (da/dN) data for a fracture mechanics analysis of a 15,000 psi hydrogen compressor facility which contains pulse quieter and after-cooler separator vessels constructed of the ASME SA-105 Grade II steel. Included in the program were tests performed to assist in establishing operating procedures that could minimize the effect of hydrogen on crack growth rates during operation.
Walter, R. J.↗
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak Detectors
At NASA, hydrogen safety is a key concern for space shuttle processing. Leaks of any level must be quickly recognized and addressed due to hydrogen s lower explosion limit. Chemo - chromic devices have been developed to detect hydrogen gas in several embodiments. Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy- generating systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel. The device incorporates a chemo - chromic pigment into a base polymer. The article can reversibly or irreversibly change color upon exposure to hydrogen. The irreversible pigment changes color from a light beige to a dark gray. The sensitivity of the pigment can be tailored to its application by altering its exposure to gas through the incorporation of one or more additives or polymer matrix. Furthermore, through the incorporation of insulating additives, the chemochromic sensor can operate at cryogenic temperatures as low as 78 K. A chemochromic detector of this type can be manufactured into any feasible polymer part including injection molded plastic parts, fiber-spun textiles, or extruded tapes. The detectors are simple, inexpensive, portable, and do not require an external power source. The chemochromic detectors were installed and removed easily at the KSC launch pad without need for special expertise. These detectors may require an external monitor such as the human eye, camera, or electronic detector; however, they could be left in place, unmonitored, and examined later for color change to determine whether there had been exposure to hydrogen. In one type of envisioned application, chemochromic detectors would be fabricated as outer layers (e.g., casings or coatings) on high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks and other components of hydrogen-handling systems to provide visible indications of hydrogen leaks caused by fatigue failures or other failures in those systems. In another type of envisioned application, chemochromic detectors of this type could be optoelectronically instrumented for monitoring to provide measured digital indications of color changes indicative of the presence of hydrogen.
Roberson, Luke↗
Thermodynamic modeling of hydrogen fueling process from high-pressure storage tank to vehicle tank
This study develops a hydrogen fueling station (HFS) thermodynamic model that simulates the actual fueling process in which hydrogen is supplied from a high-pressure (HP) storage tank into a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) tank. To make the model as accurate as possible, we use the same components and specifications as in actual HFSs, such as a pressure control valve, a pre-cooling system, and an FCEV tank. After the components and their specifications are set, pressure and temperature profiles are set as the HP tank supply conditions. Based on the pressure and temperature profiles, the model solves for the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of hydrogen at each downstream position, including the inside of the vehicle tank. The values predicted by the model are compared with experimental data, and we show that the developed model makes it possible to accurately simulate those values at any position during the fueling process.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Gaseous hydrogen storage system with cryogenic supply
A gaseous hydrogen storage and distribution system with a cryogenic supply and a method for the cryogenic conversion of liquid hydrogen into high-pressure gaseous hydrogen are provided. The gaseous hydrogen storage and distribution system includes pressuring liquid hydrogen from a cryogenic tank using a low pressure liquid pump before vaporization within a relatively small vaporizer. The resulting high pressure gaseous hydrogen is transferred to a plurality of storage tanks at ambient temperature according to a desired fill sequence. The high pressure hydrogen gas is subsequently distributed from the storage tanks through a hydrogen fueling dispenser according to a desired dispensing sequence. The present system and method provide improvements in operational safety, eliminates the use of high pressure gas compressor, and minimizes boiling off and ventilation losses at a reduced cost when compared to existing thermal compression storage systems.
Feng, Zhili↗
Operation of the 25kW NASA Lewis Research Center Solar Regenerative Fuel Cell Tested Facility
Assembly of the NASA Lewis Research Center(LeRC)Solar Regenerative Fuel Cell (RFC) Testbed Facility has been completed and system testing has proceeded. This facility includes the integration of two 25kW photovoltaic solar cell arrays, a 25kW proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis unit, four 5kW PEM fuel cells, high pressure hydrogen and oxygen storage vessels, high purity water storage containers, and computer monitoring, control and data acquisition.
Solar Regenerative Fuel Cell electrolyzer↗
Abrasion and fracture testing in a high-pressure hydrogen environment
Two devices are necessary for abrasion and fracture testing of materials evaluated for storage of hydrogen at high pressure for long periods. The first device abrades tensile specimens. The second device tests for fracture toughness of metals. Both devices permit testing in both yield and failure modes in high pressure hydrogen.
Sneesby, G. V.↗
Reversible hydrogen storage in multilayer graphane: Lattice dynamics, compressibility, and heat capacity studies
Multilayer graphane (hydride of graphite) is a crystalline hydrocarbon of composition CH, which can be synthesized from graphite and molecular hydrogen at pressures above 2GPa [V.E. Antonov et al. Carbon 100 (2016) 465]. Using X-ray diffraction, this compound was tentatively identified as the “graphane II” phase of 3D-graphane predicted by ab initio calculations [X.-D. Wen et al. PNAS 108 (2011) 6833] and consisting of layers of 2D-graphane in the “chair” conformation. When heated in a vacuum, the compound does not form any intermediate hydrocarbons and reversibly decomposes back into graphite and hydrogen at 770–920 K. In the present work, almost single-phase samples of graphite hydride and deuteride were synthesized at 7.4 GPa and 870 K. Their investigation by inelastic neutron scattering supplemented by ab initio calculations gave spectra g(E) of the phonon density of states with a gap of about 15 meV at approx. 100 meV, which is a unique identifier for the chair form of graphane. The equation of state V(P) of the hydride was studied at room temperature and hydrogen pressures up to 53 GPa by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. Further, the graphane II phase did not react with the surrounding hydrogen and did not undergo any phase transformations upon the compression and after heating to 1500 K at 53GPa. The high thermal and pressure stability of this exotic phase makes it an important part of the C–H system. The obtained g(E) spectra of graphite hydride and deuteride were used to calculate temperature dependences of their heat capacity. Measurements of the heat capacity at temperatures 120–673 K confirmed the good accuracy of these calculations.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Neutron scattering study of tantalum monohydride and monodeuteride
Powder samples of TaH 0.89 and TaD0.96 are synthesized under a hydrogen (deuterium) pressure of 2.8 GPa and a temperature of 250 °C, then quenched to the liquid nitrogen temperature, recovered to ambient pressure and studied by neutron diffraction (ND) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The ND study shows that both hydrogen and deuterium atoms occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites in a distorted body centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure of metal atoms, while the ordering scenarios in TaH 0.89 and TaD 0.96 are different. Hydrogen and deuterium atoms are ordered in a layered fashion, forming long period superstructures with space groups P$\bar{4}$ and P222, respectively, so that the unit cells of the crystal structures of TaH 0.89 and TaD 0.96 are $\sqrt{2}$ × $\sqrt{2}$ × 7 and $\sqrt{2}$ × $\sqrt{2}$ × 8 supercells of the initial cubic unit cell. The INS study demonstrates a pronounced “soft” (trumpet-like) anharmonicity of the potential well for H and D atoms.
08 HYDROGEN↗