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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Application of Quantum Machine Learning to High Energy Physics Analysis at LHC using IBM Quantum Computer Simulators and IBM Quantum Computer Hardware

Our group pioneers the use of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) on High Energy Physics analysis at LHC. We have successfully employed several QML classification algorithms in the ttH (Higgs production in association with a top quark pair) and Higgs to two muons (Higgs coupling to second generation fermions), two recent LHC flagship physics analysis, on gate-model quantum computer simulators and hardware. The simulation studies have been performed with the IBM Quantum Framework, Google Tensorflow Quantum Framework, and Amazon Braket Framework, and we have achieved good classification performance that is similar to the performances of the classical machine learning methods currently used in LHC physics analyses, classical SVM, classical BDT, and classical deep neural network for example. We have also performed our studies using IBM superconducting quantum computer hardware and the performance is promising and is approaching the performance from IBM quantum simulators. Moreover, we extend our studies to other QML areas such as quantum anomaly detection and quantum generative adversarial, and some preliminary results have been obtained. Also, we have overcome the challenges of intensive computing resources in the cases of large qubits (25 qubits or more) and large numbers of events using NVIDIA cuQuantum with NERSC Perlmutter HPC. Our studies give an example that Quantum Machine Learning performs as well as its classical counterpart for realistic High Energy Physics analysis datasets. Furthermore, our result on noisy quantum hardware provides important validation for the result on noiseless quantum simulators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Application of Quantum Machine Learning to High Energy Physics Analysis at LHC using IBM Quantum Computer Simulators and IBM Quantum Computer Hardware

One of the major objectives of the experimental programs at the LHC is the discovery of new physics. This requires the identification of rare signals in immense backgrounds. Using machine learning algorithms greatly enhances our ability to achieve this objective. With the progress of quantum technologies, quantum machine learning could become a powerful tool for data analysis in high energy physics. In this study, using IBM gate-model quantum computing systems, we employ the quantum variational classifier method and the quantum kernel estimator method in two recent LHC flagship physics analyses: $t\bar{t}H$ (Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair) and $H\rightarrow\mu\mu$ (Higgs boson decays to two muons). We have obtained early results with 10 qubits on the IBM quantum simulator and the IBM quantum hardware. On the quantum simulator, the quantum machine learning methods perform similarly to classical algorithms such as SVM (support vector machine) and BDT (boosted decision tree), which are often employed in LHC physics analyses. On the quantum hardware, the quantum machine learning methods have shown promising discrimination power, comparable to that on the quantum simulator. This study demonstrates that quantum machine learning has the ability to differentiate between signal and background in realistic physics datasets.

Chan, Jay↗
NASA NTRS1994

Applications Performance Under MPL and MPI on NAS IBM SP2

On July 5, 1994, an IBM Scalable POWER parallel System (IBM SP2) with 64 nodes, was installed at the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Facility Each node of NAS IBM SP2 is a "wide node" consisting of a RISC 6000/590 workstation module with a clock of 66.5 MHz which can perform four floating point operations per clock with a peak performance of 266 Mflop/s. By the end of 1994, 64 nodes of IBM SP2 will be upgraded to 160 nodes with a peak performance of 42.5 Gflop/s. An overview of the IBM SP2 hardware is presented. The basic understanding of architectural details of RS 6000/590 will help application scientists the porting, optimizing, and tuning of codes from other machines such as the CRAY C90 and the Paragon to the NAS SP2. Optimization techniques such as quad-word loading, effective utilization of two floating point units, and data cache optimization of RS 6000/590 is illustrated, with examples giving performance gains at each optimization step. The conversion of codes using Intel's message passing library NX to codes using native Message Passing Library (MPL) and the Message Passing Interface (NMI) library available on the IBM SP2 is illustrated. In particular, we will present the performance of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) kernel from NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) under MPL and MPI. We have also optimized some of Fortran BLAS 2 and BLAS 3 routines, e.g., the optimized Fortran DAXPY runs at 175 Mflop/s and optimized Fortran DGEMM runs at 230 Mflop/s per node. The performance of the NPB (Class B) on the IBM SP2 is compared with the CRAY C90, Intel Paragon, TMC CM-5E, and the CRAY T3D.

Saini, Subhash↗
DOE OSTI2021

IBM Open Science Price - SWAP Gate Challenge

On November 30, 2020, IBM announced an open science price competition aimed at improving the fidelity of a SWAP gate on their 7 qubit Quantum system named ”Casablanca”. The details of the SWAP gate problem was outlined in a Jupyter notebook, which utilizes the IBM developed open source package Qiskit. The participants were allowed to work in teams with up to five people and restricted to only use open source software in solving the problem. Their results were due on April 16, 2021. Our approach to solving the SWAP gate challenge is based on the quantum optimal control techniques implemented in our open source packages Juqbox.jl and Quandary. The results from the optimal control approach is only as good as the accuracy in the description of the quantum system dynamics, characterized by a Hamiltonian model that was provided by IBM. Based on the calibrated control pulses IBM provide for the standard gate set, we developed a reverse engineering approach to calibrate our computational model. Techniques were developed to translate between Qiskit’s pulse representation and the B-spline formulation used in Juqbox and Quandary. The fidelity of the optimized pulse sequences were estimated using Qiskit’s randomized bench marking techniques.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Validating Greater Sage-Grouse Individual-based Model (IBM) Tool (Final Report)

The project focused on validating the previously developed Greater Sage-Grouse Individual-based Model (GrSG IBM; LaGory et al. 2012, 2021). The objective was to transform this predictive, spatially and temporally explicit model into a portable resource to assist siting/resource managers in proactively assessing the cumulative impacts of wind energy development on the greater sage-grouse. Utilizing a bottom-up, individual-based approach, the GrSG IBM accounts for landscape context and species behavior, aiming to reduce uncertainty in estimating development impacts and support ecologically mindful land-based wind energy development. The validation effort covered approximately 6,540 km 2 near the Seven Mile Hill Wind Project in Wyoming. The GrSG IBM tool, built on the NetLogo platform (Tisue and Wilensky 2004), was executed over a 50-year period, with the analysis focusing on years following a 10-year initialization phase. Key results demonstrated the tool’s biological soundness across five key biological metrics: non-chick age class distribution (older than 10 weeks), adult sex ratio, life expectancy, population size, and overall population growth. For instance, the tool estimated that 58.6% of the non-chick population was reproductively immature, while the reference ranges from 51.4% to 57.8% (Patterson 1952, Rogers 1964). Experts confirmed the tool’s estimate was within a reasonable range for the species. The tool estimated average life expectancy of 1.43 years, while the reference ranges from 0.9 years to 1.1 years (Ammann 1957, Hamerstrom 1949). Experts also supported the model’s life-expectancy estimate as ecologically sound for the species in the study area. In terms of population change, the model estimated an annual shift between a 0.6% decline and a 1.0% increase over 50 years. While the reference suggests 2.9% annual decline in range-wide populations (Cortes et al. 2023), that includes many at-risk populations in South Dakota and Washington, for example. Our study area—in the northeastern part of Carbon County and western-edge of Albany County, Wyoming—is one of the remaining greater sage-grouse habitats supporting some of the most stable populations. Experts confirmed that the range of the annual population change spanning from a 0.6% decline to a 1.0% increase estimated by the tool was reasonable for our study area for this reason and confirmed that aligned with population estimates from existing studies on the greater sage-grouse and wind energy development in the study area (LeBeau et al. 2017a, Smith et al. 2024). Furthermore, the project showed that temporally explicit biological metrics generated by the GrSG IBM tool can complement the USGS’ Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET; Duchardt et al. 2021) by incorporating habitat restoration strategies into seasonal habitat suitability models to visualize population responses over time.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1988

Aircraft noise prediction program propeller analysis system IBM-PC version user's manual version 2.0

The IBM-PC version of the Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP) Propeller Analysis System (PAS) is a set of computational programs for predicting the aerodynamics, performance, and noise of propellers. The ANOPP-PAS is a subset of a larger version of ANOPP which can be executed on CDC or VAX computers. This manual provides a description of the IBM-PC version of the ANOPP-PAS and its prediction capabilities, and instructions on how to use the system on an IBM-XT or IBM-AT personal computer. Sections within the manual document installation, system design, ANOPP-PAS usage, data entry preprocessors, and ANOPP-PAS functional modules and procedures. Appendices to the manual include a glossary of ANOPP terms and information on error diagnostics and recovery techniques.

Nolan, Sandra K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Enhancements to the IBM version of COSMIC/NASTRAN

Major improvements were made to the IBM version of COSMIC/NASTRAN by RPK Corporation under contract to IBM Corporation. These improvements will become part of COSMIC's IBM version and will be available in the second quarter of 1989. The first improvement is the inclusion of code to take advantage of IBM's new Vector Facility (VF) on its 3090 machines. The remaining improvements are modifications that will benefit all users as a result of the extended addressing capability provided by the MVS/XA operating system. These improvements include the availability of an in-memory data base that potentially eliminates the need for I/O to the PRIxx disk files. Another improvement is the elimination of multiple load modules that have to be loaded for every link switch within NASTRAN. The last improvement allows for NASTRAN to execute above the 16 mega-byte line. This improvement allows for NASTRAN to have access to 2 giga-bytes of memory for open core and the in-memory data base.

Brown, W. Keith↗
NASA NTRS2018

NASA Pilot-Engaged Expert Response Using IBM Watson Technology: Prototype Evaluation of Knowledge Retrieval System

NASA Langley Research Center and IBM have been investigating the use of IBM Watson technology in aerospace research and development. One application of Watson technology is the Pilot-Engaged Expert Response (PEER) use case. The PEER system is envisioned as an in-cockpit advisor that will act as a source of situationally-relevant information for pilots and other flight crew members to assist in decision making about real-time events and situations that arise in the course of aircraft operations. PEER will make available vast stores of knowledge and information quickly and directly, putting important informational resources where they are needed most. IBM has worked with NASA to develop an architecture and articulate a roadmap for the development of the PEER system. That vision is built around Watson Discovery Advisor (WDA) software solution, derived from IBM's Jeopardy!-winning automatic question answering system. PEER makes use of WDA's sophisticated question-answering capabilities as its core, adding important User Interface components and other customizations for the cockpit environment, including communication with flight systems and other external data sources. The development plan for PEER includes four development stages, with the current project constituting the first phase. In this project, a prototype instance of PEER was successfully adapted to the aviation domain, enabling users to ask questions about aviation topics and receive useful and accurate answers to these questions. Major tasks accomplished include the development of procedures for domain adaptation through automatic lexicon extraction from domain glossaries; generation of question-answer training data which was used to train the system; and assessment of the effectiveness of domain adaptation, which showed a dramatic improvement in the ability of the PEER system to answer domain-relevant questions. In addition, the vision for the PEER system was pushed forward by the articulation of a plan for the automatic enhancement of question-answering with contextual information. This initial phase focused on two main goals: 1) the targeted domain adaptation of the underlying WDA system to the aviation domain; and, 2) the design of the software systems needed to leverage flight-contextual data. Domain adaptation of the WDA system proceeds via three main activities: Domain data ingestion, lexical customization and model training. A textual corpus consisting of 1,147 individual documents with more than 7.5 million words of text was ingested into the system and this served as the basis of all further development. A domain lexicon of over 3,500 aviation-domain terms was semi-automatically generated from domain documents and used to train the system. In addition, a set of over 500 question-answer (QA) pairs relevant to the PEER use case was developed; these were used to train and assess the system. These important first steps established the basis for the PEER system. In addition, steps were taken towards the integration of the PEER system into the cockpit environment with the development of a functional design for the Contextual Data Augmentation (CDA) subsystem. This subsystem brings to bear contextual data to improve system responses. It has three main submodules: the Contextual Data Collection module, the Contextual Data Selection module, and the Contextual QA Augmentation module. These modules form a processing pipeline that addresses the problems associated with automatically integrating information from external resources into the knowledge-retrieval mechanism.

Machine learning↗
NASA NTRS1972

Interactive graphics system for IBM 1800 computer

A FORTRAN compatible software system that has been developed to provide an interactive graphics capability for the IBM 1800 computer is described. The interactive graphics hardware consists of a Hewlett-Packard 1300A cathode ray tube, Sanders photopen, digital to analog converters, pulse counter, and necessary interface. The hardware is available from IBM as several related RPQ's. The software developed permits the application programmer to use IBM 1800 FORTRAN to develop a display on the cathode ray tube which consists of one or more independent units called pictures. The software permits a great deal of flexibility in the manipulation of these pictures and allows the programmer to use the photopen to interact with the displayed data and make decisions based on information returned by the photopen.

Carleton, T. P.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Flexstab on the IBM 360

FLEXSTAB, an array of computer programs developed on CDC equipment, has been converted to operate on the IBM 360 computation system. Instructions for installing, validating, and operating FLEXSTAB on the IBM 360 are included. Hardware requirements are itemized and supplemental materials describe JCL sequences, the CDC to IBM conversion, the input output subprograms, and the interprogram data flow.

Pyle, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

IBM PC enhances the world's future

Although the purpose of this research is to illustrate the importance of computers to the public, particularly the IBM PC, present examinations will include computers developed before the IBM PC was brought into use. IBM, as well as other computing facilities, began serving the public years ago, and is continuing to find ways to enhance the existence of man. With new developments in supercomputers like the Cray-2, and the recent advances in artificial intelligence programming, the human race is gaining knowledge at a rapid pace. All have benefited from the development of computers in the world; not only have they brought new assets to life, but have made life more and more of a challenge everyday.

Cox, Jozelle↗
NASA NTRS2008

Initial Performance Results on IBM POWER6

The POWER5+ processor has a faster memory bus than that of the previous generation POWER5 processor (533 MHz vs. 400 MHz), but the measured per-core memory bandwidth of the latter is better than that of the former (5.7 GB/s vs. 4.3 GB/s). The reason for this is that in the POWER5+, the two cores on the chip share the L2 cache, L3 cache and memory bus. The memory controller is also on the chip and is shared by the two cores. This serializes the path to memory. For consistently good performance on a wide range of applications, the performance of the processor, the memory subsystem, and the interconnects (both latency and bandwidth) should be balanced. Recognizing this, IBM has designed the Power6 processor so as to avoid the bottlenecks due to the L2 cache, memory controller and buffer chips of the POWER5+. Unlike the POWER5+, each core in the POWER6 has its own L2 cache (4 MB - double that of the Power5+), memory controller and buffer chips. Each core in the POWER6 runs at 4.7 GHz instead of 1.9 GHz in POWER5+. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a dual-core Power6 based IBM p6-570 system, and we compare its performance with that of a dual-core Power5+ based IBM p575+ system. In this evaluation, we have used the High- Performance Computing Challenge (HPCC) benchmarks, NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB), and four real-world applications--three from computational fluid dynamics and one from climate modeling.

Saini, Subbash↗
NASA NTRS2016

Data Mining and Knowledge Discover - IBM Cognitive Alternatives for NASA KSC

Skillful tools in cognitive computing to transform industries have been found favorable and profitable for different Directorates at NASA KSC. In this study is shown how cognitive computing systems can be useful for NASA when computers are trained in the same way as humans are to gain knowledge over time. Increasing knowledge through senses, learning and a summation of events is how the applications created by the firm IBM empower the artificial intelligence in a cognitive computing system. NASA has explored and applied for the last decades the artificial intelligence approach specifically with cognitive computing in few projects adopting similar models proposed by IBM Watson. However, the usage of semantic technologies by the dedicated business unit developed by IBM leads these cognitive computing applications to outperform the functionality of the inner tools and present outstanding analysis to facilitate the decision making for managers and leads in a management information system.

Cognitive computing↗
DOE OSTI2025

Intermediate-temperature topological Uhlmann phase on IBM quantum computers

A spin-1 system can exhibit an intermediate-temperature topological regime with a quantized Uhlmann phase sandwiched by topologically trivial low- and high-temperature regimes. We present a quantum circuit consisting of system and ancilla qubits plus a probe qubit which prepares an initial state corresponding to the purified state of a spin-1 system at finite temperature, evolves the system according to the Uhlmann process, and measures the Uhlmann phase via expectation values of the probe qubit. Although classical simulations suggest the quantized Uhlmann phase is observable on International Business Machines (IBM’s) noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, an implementation of the circuit without any optimization exceeds the gate count for the error budget and results in unresolved signals. Through a series of optimization with Qiskit and BQSKit, the gate count can be substantially reduced, making the jumps of the Uhlmann phase more visible. A recent hardware upgrade of IBM quantum computers further improves the signals and leads to a clearer demonstration of interesting finite-temperature topological phenomena on NISQ hardware.

Mastandrea, Christopher [Univ. of California, Merc↗
NASA NTRS1973

TIDY, a complete code for renumbering and editing FORTRAN source programs. User's manual for IBM 360/67

TIDY, a computer code which edits and renumerates FORTRAN decks which have become difficult to read because of many patches and revisions, is described. The old program is reorganized so that statement numbers are added sequentially, and extraneous FORTRAN statements are deleted. General instructions for using TIDY on the IBM 360/67 Tymeshare System, and specific instructions for use on the NASA/AMES IBM 360/67 TSS system are included as well as specific instructions on how to run TIDY in conversational and in batch modes. TIDY may be adopted for use on other computers.

Barlow, A. V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Conversion of LARSYS III.1 to an IBM 370 computer

A software system for processing multispectral aircraft or satellite data (LARSYS) was designed and written at the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing at Purdue University. This system, being implemented on an IBM 360/67 computer utilizing the Cambridge Monitor System, is of an interactive nature. TAMU LARSYS maintains the essential capabilities of Purdue's LARSYS. The machine configuration for which it has been converted is an IBM-compatible Amdahl 470V/6 computer utilizing the time sharing option of the currently implemented OS/VS2 Operating System. Due to TSO limitations, the NASA-JSC deliverable TAMU LARSYS is comprised of two parts. Part one is a TSO Control Card Checker for LARSYS control cards, and part two is a batch version of LARSYS. Used together, they afford most of the capabilities of the original LARSYS III.1. Additionally, two programs have been written by TAMU to support LARSYS processing. The first is an ERTS-to-MIST conversion program used to convert ERTS data to the LARSYS input form, the MIST tape. The second is a system runtable code which maintains tape/file location information for the MIST data sets.

Williams, G. N.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Earth Observations Division version of the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing System (EOD-LARSYS) user guide for the IBM 370/148. Volume 2: User reference manual

This document presents instructions for analysts who use the EOD-LARSYS as programmed on the Purdue University IBM 370/148 (recently replaced by the IBM 3031) computer. It presents sample applications, control cards, and error messages for all processors in the system and gives detailed descriptions of the mathematical procedures and information needed to execute the system and obtain the desired output. EOD-LARSYS is the JSC version of an integrated batch system for analysis of multispectral scanner imagery data. The data included is designed for use with the as built documentation (volume 3) and the program listings (volume 4). The system is operational from remote terminals at Johnson Space Center under the virtual machine/conversational monitor system environment.

Aucoin, P. J.↗