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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Stopping characteristics of boron and indium ions in silicon

The mean range and its standard deviation are calculated for boron ions implanted into silicon with energies below 10 keV. Similar characteristics are calculated for indium ions with energies below 200 keV. The obtained results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. These results may help in the assessment of conditions of production of integrated circuits with nanometer-sized elements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Observation of indium ion migration-induced resistive switching in Al/Mg{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}TiO{sub 3}/ITO

Understanding switching mechanisms is very important for resistive random access memory (RRAM) applications. This letter reports an investigation of Al/Mg{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}TiO{sub 3} (MCTO)/ITO RRAM, which exhibits bipolar resistive switching behavior. The filaments that connect Al electrodes with indium tin oxide electrodes across the MCTO layer at a low-resistance state are identified. The filaments composed of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} crystals are observed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, nanobeam diffraction, and comparisons of Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) cards. Finally, a switching mechanism resulting from an electrical field induced by In{sup 3+} ion migration is proposed. In{sup 3+} ion migration forms/ruptures the conductive filaments and sets/resets the RRAM device.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS2001

Indium Single-Ion Frequency Standard

A single laser-cooled indium ion is a promising candidate for an ultimate resolution optical time or frequency standard. It can be shown that single ions from group IIIA of the periodic table (indium, thallium, etc.) can have extremely small systematic errors. In addition to being free from Doppler, transit-time and collisional shifts, these ions are also quite insensitive to perturbations from ambient magnetic and electric fields (mainly due to the use of a J=0-0 transition for spectroscopy). Of all group IIIA ions, indium seems to be the most practical, since it is heavy enough to have a tolerable intercombination cooling transition rate and (unlike thallium) has transitions which are easily accessible with frequency multiplied continuous-wave lasers. A single indium ion standard has a potential inaccuracy of one part in 10(exp 18) for integration times of 10(exp 6) seconds. We have made substantial progress during the grant period in constructing a frequency standard based upon a single indium ion. At the beginning of the grant period, single indium ions were being successfully trapped, but the lasers and optical systems were inadequate to achieve the desired goal. We have considerably improved the stability of the dye laser used to cool the ions and locked it to a molecular resonance line, making it possible to observe stable cooling-line fluorescence from a single indium ion for reasonable periods of time, as required by the demands of precision spectroscopy. We have substantially improved the single-ion fluorescence signal with significant benefits for the detection efficiency of forbidden transitions using the 'shelving' technique. Finally, we have constructed a compact, efficient UV 'clock' laser and observed 'clock' transitions in single indium ions using this laser system. We will elaborate on these accomplishments.

Nagourney, Warren↗
DOE OSTI2015

High Affinity Binding of Indium and Ruthenium Ions by Gastrins

The peptide hormone gastrin binds two ferric ions with high affinity, and iron binding is essential for the biological activity of non-amidated forms of the hormone. Since gastrins act as growth factors in gastrointestinal cancers, and as peptides labelled with Ga and In isotopes are increasingly used for cancer diagnosis, the ability of gastrins to bind other metal ions was investigated systematically by absorption spectroscopy. The coordination structures of the complexes were characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Changes in the absorption of gastrin in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ga 3+ were fitted by a 2 site model with dissociation constants (K d ) of 3.3 x 10 -7 and 1.1 x 10 -6 M. Although the absorption of gastrin did not change upon the addition of In 3+ ions, the changes in absorbance on Fe 3+ ion binding in the presence of indium ions were fitted by a 2 site model with Kd values for In 3+ of 6.5 x 10 -15 and 1.7 x 10 -7 M. Similar results were obtained with Ru 3+ ions, although the K d values for Ru 3+ of 2.6 x 10 -13 and 1.2 x 10 -5 M were slightly larger than observed for In 3+ . The structures determined by EXAFS all had metal:gastrin stoichiometries of 2:1 but, while the metal ions in the Fe, Ga and In complexes were bridged by a carboxylate and an oxygen with a metal-metal separation of 3.0–3.3 Å, the Ru complex clearly demonstrated a short range Ru—Ru separation, which was significantly shorter, at 2.4 Å, indicative of a metal-metal bond. We conclude that gastrin selectively binds two In 3+ or Ru 3+ ions, and that the affinity of the first site for In 3+ or Ru 3+ ions is higher than for ferric ions. Some of the metal ion-gastrin complexes may be useful for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Influence of In doping on the structural, photo-luminescence and alcohol response characteristics of the SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles

Graphical abstract: When the sample is exposed to air, the atmospheric oxygen O{sub 2} adsorbs on the sample surface in the form of ionic species O{sup −} by capturing electrons from the conduction band. The adsorbed ionic species O{sup −} react with the test alcohol molecules and are responsible for sensing mechanism. - Highlights: • In-doped SnO{sub 2} samples show smaller crystallinity with crystallite size: ∼7–9 nm. • EDX analyses confirm the incorporation of indium ions in the SnO{sub 2} lattice. • Raman spectra are consistent with the results of XRD and SAED pattern. • Alcohol response has been found to increase with the indium dopant concentration. • 3 at% In-doped sample exhibits maximum response (96.5%) to propan-2-ol at 250 °C. - Abstract: Undoped and In-doped SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Upon In doping, the samples exhibit reduced crystallinity as compared to the undoped SnO{sub 2}. The Raman spectra of the undoped samples exhibit three fundamental peaks at 467.3, 633.4 and 774.6 cm{sup −1} corresponding to E{sub g}, A{sub 1g} and B{sub 2g} vibration modes, respectively. The PL spectra show two strong emission bands at the wavelengths 417 nm and 479 nm, along with five weak emission peaks in the visible region. Alcohol response characteristics of the In-doped SnO{sub 2} samples were investigated for various concentrations (10–50 ppm) at different operating temperatures (150–250 °C). Among all the samples examined, the 3 at% In-doped SnO{sub 2} sample shows maximum response (96.5%) to propan-2-ol, followed by ethanol (92%) and methanol (90%) at the operating temperature of 250 °C for 50 ppm concentration. For each test alcohol, the response has been found to increase with the In dopant concentration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1988

Active spacecraft potential control: An ion emitter experiment

The cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters for charge neutralization. The emitters produce indium ions at 6 keV. The ion current is adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential. The system is based on the evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The design of the active spacecraft potential control instruments, and the ion emitters is presented.

Riedler, W.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis and crystal structure characterization of InGaZnO{sub 4} with a new defect structure

Single crystals of InGaZnO{sub 4} were synthesized in a sealed Pt-tube at elevated temperatures under normal pressure without flux. InGaZnO{sub 4} has a trigonal crystal system (R3{sup ¯}m; No. 166) deduced from convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). Single crystal structure refinement from XRD data at −150 °C (a=3.275(1) Å; c=25.99(1) Å; Z=3) revealed an alternate stacking of InO{sub 6/3}{sup −} and (Ga,Zn)O{sub 4/4}{sup +} layers, iso-structural to YbFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. The cell parameters at room temperature were refined from powder X-ray diffraction data (a=3.284(3) Å and c=26.037(3) Å). The transparent crystals have a gray-bluish color and exhibit an excess of Ga expressed by the cation ratio of In:Ga:Zn=30.2(9):39(1):31(1) determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). While the isovalent substitution of In{sup 3+} by Ga{sup 3+} is known, an additional aliovalent substitution of Zn{sup 2+} by Ga{sup 3+} is observed. This results in the formula (In{sub 0.9}Ga{sub 0.1})Ga{sub 1.06}Zn{sub 0.91}□{sub 0.03}O{sub 4} where 3% of the cations in 4+1 coordination are vacant due to aliovalent substitution. Further evidence of that defect structure is found in the lattice parameter a which is substantially smaller than in stoichiometric InGaZnO{sub 4}, as well as in the strong absorption in the near-IR from transitions correlated with the defect structure. The bluish color of the crystals is due to an enhanced absorption in the red of the visible spectrum. For the first time, we achieved to image InGaZnO{sub 4} at atomic resolution in the electron microscope proving a perfect periodic stacking of atomic layers. - Graphical abstract: Single crystals of InGaZnO{sub 4} have been synthesized at ambient pressure and analyzed with X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical absorption. Optical band gap and optical transmission have been determined. - Highlights: • Preparation of single crystals of InGaO{sub 3}(ZnO){sub 1} at ambient pressure for the first time. • Non-stoichiometric compound (In{sub 0.9}Ga{sub 0.1})Ga{sub 1.06}Zn{sub 0.91}□{sub 0.03}O{sub 4} with defect structure, excess of Ga, depletion of Zn. • Real structure of InGaO{sub 3}(ZnO){sub 1} imaged by high resolution TEM for the first time. • Optical band gap and transmission of InGaO{sub 3}(ZnO){sub 1} single crystal.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electrodeposition Process and Performance of CuIn(Se{sub x}S{sub 1−x}){sub 2} Film for Absorption Layer of Thin-Film Solar Cells

CuIn(Se{sub x}S{sub 1−x}){sub 2} thin film is prepared by the electrodeposition method for the absorption layer of the solar cell. The CuIn(Se{sub x}S{sub 1−x}){sub 2} films are characterized by cyclic voltammetry measurement for the reduction of copper, indium, selenium and sulfur in selenium and sulfur in aqueous solutions with sodium citrate and without sodium citrate. In the four cases, the defined reduction process for every single element is obtained and it is observed that sodium citrate changes the reduction potentials. A linear relationship between the current density of the reduction peak and (scan rate v){sup 1/2} for copper and indium is achieved, indicating that the process is diffusion controlled. The diffusion coefficients of copper and indium ions are calculated. The diffusional coefficient D value of copper is higher than that of indium, and this is the reason why the deposition rate of copper is higher. When four elements are co-deposited in the aqueous solution with sodium citrate, the quaternary compound of CuIn(Se{sub x}S{sub 1−x}){sub 2} is deposited together with Cu{sub 3}Se{sub 2} impure phases after annealing, as found by XRD spectra. Morphology is observed by SEM and AFM. The chemical state of the films components is analyzed by XPS. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer and electrochemistry workstation are employed to measure the photoelectric properties. The results show that the smooth, uniform and compact CuIn(Se{sub x}S{sub 1−x}){sub 2} film is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.49 eV and a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 0.45%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2003

A Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer for Remote Surface Composition Analysis of the Galilean Moons

Galileo in-situ dust measurements have shown that the Galilean moons are surrounded by tenuous dust clouds formed by collisional ejecta from their icy surfaces, kicked up by impacts of interplanetary micrometeoroids. The majority of the ejecta dust particles have been sensed at altitudes below five between 0.5 and 1 micron, just above the detector threshold, indicating a size distribution decreasing towards bigger particles. their parent bodies. They carry information about the properties of the surface from which they have been kicked up. In particular, these grains may carry organic compounds and other chemicals of biological relevance if they exist on the icy Galilean moons. In-situ analysis of the grain composition with a sophisticated dust analyzer instrument flying on a Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter can provide important information about geochemical and geophysical processes during the evolutionary histories of these moons which are not accessible with other techniques from an orbiter spacecraft. Thus, spacecraft-based in-situ dust measurements can be used as a diagnostic tool for the analysis of the surface composition of the moons. This way, the in-situ measurements turn into a remote sensing technique by using the dust instrument like a telescope for surface investigation. An instrument capable of very high resolution composition analysis of dust particles is the Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA). The instrument was originally developed for the Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission and has now been built for ESA'S comet orbiter Rosetta. Dust particles are collected on a target and are later located by an optical microscope camera. A pulsed primary indium ion gun partially ionizes the dust grains. The generated secondary ions are accelerated in an electric field and travel through a reflectron-type time-of-flight ion mass spectrometer.

Krueger, H.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Memsensing by surface ion migration within Debye length

Integration between electronics and biology is often facilitated by iontronics, where ion migration in aqueous media governs sensing and memory. However, the Debye screening effect limits electric fields to the Debye length, the distance over which mobile ions screen electrostatic interactions, necessitating external voltages that constrain the operation speed and device design. Here we report a high-speed in-memory sensor based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) that operates without an external voltage by leveraging built-in electric fields within the Debye length. When VO2 contacts a low-work-function metal (for example, indium) in a salt solution, electrochemical reactions generate indium ions that migrate into the VO2 surface under the native electric field, inducing a surface insulator-to-metal phase transition of VO2. The VO2 conductance increase rate reflects the salt concentration, enabling in-memory sensing, or memsensing of the solution. The memsensor mimics Caenorhabditis elegans chemosensory plasticity to guide a miniature boat for adaptive chemotaxis, illustrating low-power aquatic neurorobotics with fewer memory units.

Guo, Ruihan↗
DOE OSTI2012

Transparent conductive indium zinc oxide films prepared by pulsed plasma deposition

Transparent conductive indium zinc oxide films were prepared by pulsed plasma deposition from a ceramic target (90 wt. % In{sub 2}O{sub 3} and 10 wt. % ZnO). The dependences of film properties upon the substrate temperature was investigated using characterization methods including x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope, Hall measurement, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The films grown at room temperature had a rather smooth surface due to the amorphous structure, with a root mean square roughness of less than 1 nm. The atomic ratio of Zn/(Zn + In) in these films is 15.3 at. %, which is close to that in the target, and the chemical states of indium and zinc atoms were In{sup 3+} and Zn{sup 2+}, respectively. The films deposited on a substrate with a temperature of 200 Degree-Sign C exhibited polycrystalline structure and a preferred growth orientation along the (222) plane. Here the electrical properties were improved due to the better crystallinity, with the films exhibiting a minimum resistivity value of 4.2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4}{Omega} cm, a maximum carrier mobility of 45 cm{sup 2} V{sup -1} s{sup -1}, and an optical transmittance over 80% in the visible region.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Bivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues: Synthesis, properties and application

Trivalent metal-based MIL-53 (Al{sup 3+}, Cr{sup 3+}, Fe{sup 3+}, In{sup 3+}) compounds are interesting metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with breathing effect and are promising gas sorption materials. Replacing bridging μ{sub 2}-OH group by neutral ligands such as pyridine N-oxide and its derivatives (PNOs), the trivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogous structures could be extended to bivalent metal systems. The introduction of PNOs and bivalent metal elements endows the frameworks with new structural features and physical and chemical properties. This minireview summarizes the recent development of bivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues (Mn{sup 2+}, Co{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}), typically, focusing on the synthetic strategies and potential applications based on our own works and literatures. We present the synthetic strategy to achieve structures evolution from single-ligand-walled to double-ligand-walled channel. Properties and application of these new materials in a wide range of potential areas are discussed including thermal stability, gas adsorption, magnetism and liquid-phase separation. Promising directions of this research field are also highlighted. - Graphical abstract: The recent development of bivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues (Mn{sup 2+}, Co{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}) on their synthetic strategies, properties and potential applications was reviewed. - Highlights: • Structure features of bivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues are illustrated. • Important properties and application are presented. • Host–guest interactions are main impetus for liquid-phase separation. • Promising directions of bivalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues are highlighted.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis and photoluminescence of (Y{sub 0.9−x}La{sub x})Eu{sub 0.1}VO{sub 4} nano-crystal phosphors using a sol–gel method

Graphical abstract: Emission spectra and CIE chromaticity diagram of the (Y{sub 0.9−x}La{sub x})Eu{sub 0.1}VO{sub 4} phosphor. - Highlights: • The CIE chromaticity of (Y{sub 0.75}La{sub 0.15})Eu{sub 0.1}VO{sub 4} phosphor is (0.66, 0.34). • The D{sub 0} → {sup 7}F{sub 2} transition intensity increases about five times for the 15 mol% of La{sup 3+} ion doping. • The (Y{sub 0.75}La{sub 0.15})Eu{sub 0.1}VO{sub 4} may be suitable for use as a UV-LED converted phosphor. - Abstract: The (La, Eu) co-doped YVO{sub 4} with nano-crystal phosphors were prepared using a sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction profiles show that all of the peaks are attributed to the YVO{sub 4} phase when co-doped with the (La{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 3+}) ions. The intensities of the diffraction peaks decreases when the La{sup 3+} ion concentrations increase. In addition, under an excitation of 318 nm, the {sup 5}D{sub 0} → {sup 7}F{sub 2} transition intensity increased with increasing the La{sup 3+} ion concentration, and increased about five with the 15 mol% of La{sup 3+} ion doping. This is caused by the large difference in ion radius between the La{sup 3+} and Y{sup 3+} ions, which leads to a distorted lattice and a local nonuniform strain in the vicinity of the Eu{sup 3+} ions when La{sup 3+} ions substitute Y{sup 3+} ions in the (Y{sub 0.9−x}La{sub x})Eu{sub 0.1}VO{sub 4} system. The bright red emission of the (Y{sub 0.9}Eu{sub 0.1})VO{sub 4} phosphor has the CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.66, 0.34) with 15 mol% La{sup 3+} ion doping, which is very close to the NTSC system standard red chromaticity coordinates of (0.67, 0.33)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Structural and optical properties of ZnO and ZnO:Fe nanoparticles under dense electronic excitations

We report on the changes in structural, morphological, and optical properties of sol-gel derived ZnO and ZnO:Fe nanoparticles due to dense electronic excitations produced by heavy ion irradiations using 200 MeV Ag{sup +15} ion beams. X-ray diffraction studies with Rietveld refinement show that the samples are single phase and tensile strain has been developed in the ion-irradiated samples. The Raman spectroscopy measurements show that ion-irradiation results in microscopic structural disorders and breaking of translational symmetry giving rise to local distortions in the lattice. Atomic force microscopy studies show that roughness of the pellets increases strongly for pure ZnO as compared with Fe-doped ZnO due to ion-irradiation. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirms tetrahedral coordination of O ions surrounding the Zn-ions and surface modification of the nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements show that the band gap increases on Fe doping which may be due to 4s–3d and 2p–3d interactions and the Burstein-Moss band filling effect. The band gap decreases after irradiation which can be interpreted on the basis of creation of some new localized energy states above the valence band. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity is enhanced and two new emission bands viz. a blue band at ∼480 nm (related to surface defects) and a green band at ∼525 nm (related to O vacancies) are observed in ion-irradiated nanoparticles. The enhancement of PL-intensity in irradiated samples is attributed to the increase of different defect states and Zn−O bonds on the surfaces of the irradiated nanoparticles arising from surface modification.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Bi-O covalency in PbTiO{sub 3}-BiInO{sub 3} with enhanced ferroelectric properties: Synchrotron radiation diffraction and first-principles study

High-T{sub C} ferroelectric (1 − x)PbTiO{sub 3}-xBiInO{sub 3} shows a sustainable spontaneous polarization in tetragonal phase by amount of BiInO{sub 3} augmented. It is rare and interesting that weak ferroelectric In{sup 3+} substitution does not reduce ferroelectricity as most of BiMeO{sub 3} materials. To understand this abnormality behavior, the structure and the cation displacements are studied by means of synchrotron radiation diffraction. The cation displacements of A-site atoms and B-site atoms exhibit a coupling property. Their sustainedly increasing trend is quantitatively associated with spontaneous polarization. Moreover, the structure, the valence electron density distributions, electron localization function, and Bader analysis have been researched on the chemical bond in (1 − x)PbTiO{sub 3}-xBiInO{sub 3} through first-principles calculations here. Although In atoms substitution reduces the covalency degree, this loss is offset by enhanced covalency between Bi-O bonds. The crucial role of Bi atom substitution not only contributes to enhance the covalency but also promotes the polarization.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2016

Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Attitude Dynamics: Observations from Flight Data

Extensive flight data is being collected throughout the MMS mission that includes quantities that are of interest for attitude dynamics studies such as spin rate, spin axis orientation nutation rate, etc. One example of such data is the long-term evolution of the spin rates of the four spacecraft. Spikes in these rates are observed that are separated by the MMS orbital period (just under 24 hr) and occur around perigee due to gravity-gradient torque. Periodic discontinuities in spin rate are caused by the controller resetting the spin rate approximately to the nominal 3.1 RPM value at the time of each maneuver. In between, a slow decay in spin rate can be seen to occur. The paper will discuss various disturbance torque mechanisms that could potentially be responsible for this behavior: these include magnetic hysteresis, eddy currents, solar radiation pressure, and a possible interaction between gravity-gradient and wire boom flexibility effects. One additional disturbance mechanism is produced by the Active Spacecraft Potential Control (ASPOC) devices: these emit positive indium ions to keep the MMS spacecraft electrically neutral, so as not to corrupt the electric field observations that are made by some of the on-board instruments. The spin rate decays that could be produced by these various mechanisms will be quantified in the paper, and their signatures described. Comparing these with the observations from flight data then allow the most likely candidate to be determined.

DYNAMICS↗