A high-frequency dynamic phase metering instrument for ionospheric research.
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Mathews, J. D.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Groundwater-Seepage Meter
Instrument measures seepage of groundwater into inland or coastal body of water. Positioned at depth as great as 40 meters, and measures flow at low rate and low pressure differential. Auxiliary pressure meter provides data for correlation of flow of groundwater with tides and sea states. Seepage meter operates independently for several weeks. Its sampling rate adjusted to suit hydrologic conditions; to measure more frequently when conditions changing rapidly. Used in water-quality management and for biological and geological research. Potential industrial uses include measurement of seepage of caustic and corrosive liquids.
Walthall, Harry G.↗
Development and Sizing of the JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) Metering Structure
The JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) includes a large metering structure (approx. 2m x 2m x 1.5m) that houses the science instruments and guider. Stringent dimensional stability and repeatability requirements combined with mass limitations led to the selection of a composite bonded frame design comprised of biased laminate tubes. Even with the superb material specific stiffness, achieving the required frequency for the given mass allocations in conjunction with severe spatial limitations imposed by the instrument complement has proven challenging. In response to the challenge, the ISIM structure team considered literally over 100 primary structure topology and kinematic mount configurations, and settled on a concept comprised of over 70 m of tubes, over 50 bonded joint assemblies, and a "split bi-pod" kinematic mount configuration. In this paper, we review the evolution of the ISIM primary structure topology and kinematic mount configuration to the current baseline concept.
Johnston, John↗
Leveraging Existing Assets for Long Duration Energy Storage
Increased renewables penetration to electrical grid is necessary to reduce overall emissions from the electrical power generation sector. Nonetheless, its integration creates challenges to grid operators who must match the power being generated by intermittent renewables and other traditional energy sources with the demand from consumers, while ensuring the reliability and power quality for the entire system. Energy storage has been proposed as an alternative to natural gas peaking plants and a form to deliver excess renewable energy generation at times of peak demand. For energy storage to provide benefits to end customers (energy consumers), it must be reliable, efficient, and cost effective. The Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC), one of the surveys that integrate the Prairie Research Institute (PRI), aims to develop a Center for Energy Storage at Existing Assets (CESEA) at UIUC with the participation of Waste Pressure Corp and Ecotek Engineering USA LLC. CESEA will focus on LDES systems that can integrate to existing infrastructure in a manner that reduces the initial capital expenditure and demonstrates the ability to repurpose fossil assets that would otherwise become stranded, to serve the energy transition. CESEA aims to leverage UIUC’s unique facilities to validate LDES systems performance at a relevant operating environment. UIUC’s facilities include a 85-MW combined heat and power (CHP) power plant, two (2) solar PV plants totaling over 18 MWdc of installed capacity, an electrical grid along with a substation at transmission and distribution voltages, a 22-mile gas pipeline network operating at two pressure levels, along with steam and chilled water distribution networks. The new LDES systems will connect to the existing UIUC grid through a new test electrical station, which will have the capacity to accommodate additional connections to test new devices and technologies as part of future CESEA R&D activities. The test electrical station will contain meters, instrumentation, and controls to accurately capture data and allow optimization of control algorithms. CESEA will initially focus on technologies that: i) utilize existing equipment or facilities to perform at least one of the process steps in LDES (charging, storage, or discharging), ii) leverage mature or commercially available components or controls, iii) show potential for cost-leadership in 10+ hour storage at a commercial scale. Initial technologies that were identified to meet these criteria include Compressed Gas Energy Storage (CGES), and TES. CGES stores electricity by raising the pressure of a compressible gas inside a control volume and converting the stored energy to electricity via expansion-generation. CGES is a generalization of CAES that covers any working gas (not just air). A successful CGES demo will help to circumvent many challenges faced by CAES (long development times due to site prospecting, high cost of compression and storage, heat recovery management, etc.) by: 1) utilizing existing infrastructure (compressors, pipelines, underground storage or pressure vessels) used in the transportation and storage of industrial gases for LDES charging and storage; 2) deploying over sites already-developed for industrial applications with minor additional work; 3) leveraging the price structure of commercial industrial gas to cover the costs of electricity used during charging. A previous DOE-sponsored conceptual study (DE-FE-0032018) estimated the levelized cost of energy of a 1.1 MW / 17 MWh CGES system at $0.08/kWh, with a commercial 10x scale system cost estimated at <$0.04/kWh (Giardinella, 2022). The pilot-sized system was estimated to avoid up to 2693 tons of CO2/year.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Dynamics Explorer observations of equatorial spread F - Evidence for drift waves
Recent DE-2 data from the Langmuir probe, vector electric field, and ion drift meter instruments are employed to study equatorial spread F in the frequency regime of the low frequency drift and the lower hybrid drift instabilities. Strong electron density gradients topside equatorial F region correspond to regions of high electric field waves and large ion drift velocities. The electric field waves are seen in two distinct wavelength ranges which correspond to the parameter regimes of the low frequency drift and the lower hybrid drift instabilities. In the smaller of the two wavelength ranges the lower hybrid drift instability is found to be unstable, based on the ion drift velocity and the other plasma parameters measured on DE-2, and using published theory. Thus there is experimental evidence that the lower hybrid drift instability may produce the observed short wavelength waves without invoking a cascading mechanism.
Hoegy, W. R.↗
First Accelerator Test of the Kinematic Lightweight Energy Meter (KLEM) Prototype
The essence of the KLEM (Kinematic Lightweight Energy Meter) instrument is to directly measure the elemental energy spectra of high-energy cosmic rays by determining the angular distribution of secondary particles produced in a target. The first test of the simple KLEM prototype has been performed at the CERN SPS test-beam with 180 GeV pions during 2001. The results of the first test analysis confirm that, using the KLEM method, the energy of 180 GeV pions can be measured with a relative error of about 67%, which is very close to the results of the simulation (65%).
Bashindzhagyan, G.↗
Anomaly Detection in Test Equipment via Sliding Mode Observers
Nonlinear observers were originally developed based on the ideas of variable structure control, and for the purpose of detecting disturbances in complex systems. In this anomaly detection application, these observers were designed for estimating the distributed state of fluid flow in a pipe described by a class of advection equations. The observer algorithm uses collected data in a piping system to estimate the distributed system state (pressure and velocity along a pipe containing liquid gas propellant flow) using only boundary measurements. These estimates are then used to further estimate and localize possible anomalies such as leaks or foreign objects, and instrumentation metering problems such as incorrect flow meter orifice plate size. The observer algorithm has the following parts: a mathematical model of the fluid flow, observer control algorithm, and an anomaly identification algorithm. The main functional operation of the algorithm is in creating the sliding mode in the observer system implemented as software. Once the sliding mode starts in the system, the equivalent value of the discontinuous function in sliding mode can be obtained by filtering out the high-frequency chattering component. In control theory, "observers" are dynamic algorithms for the online estimation of the current state of a dynamic system by measurements of an output of the system. Classical linear observers can provide optimal estimates of a system state in case of uncertainty modeled by white noise. For nonlinear cases, the theory of nonlinear observers has been developed and its success is mainly due to the sliding mode approach. Using the mathematical theory of variable structure systems with sliding modes, the observer algorithm is designed in such a way that it steers the output of the model to the output of the system obtained via a variety of sensors, in spite of possible mismatches between the assumed model and actual system. The unique properties of sliding mode control allow not only control of the model internal states to the states of the real-life system, but also identification of the disturbance or anomaly that may occur.
Solano, Wanda M.↗
Installation of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument at the Mayall 4-meter telescope
The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will measure the expansion history of the Universe using the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation technique. The spectra of 35 million galaxies and quasars over 14000 square degrees will be measured during the life of the experiment. We describe the installation of the major elements of the instrument at the Mayall 4m telescope, completed in late 2019. The previous prime focus corrector, spider vanes, and upper rings were removed from the Mayall’s Serrurier truss and replaced with the newlyconstructed DESI ring, vanes, cage, hexapod, and optical corrector. The new corrector was optically aligned with the primary mirror using a laser tracker system. The DESI focal plane system was integrated to the corrector, with each of its ten 500-fiber-positioner petal segments installed using custom installation hardware and the laser tracker. Ten DESI spectrographs with 30 cryostats were installed in a newly assembled clean room in the Large Coude Room. The ten cables carrying 5000 optical fibers from the positioners in the focal plane were routed down the telescope through cable wraps at the declination and hour angle axes, and their integral slitheads were integrated with the ten spectrographs. The fiber view camera assembly was installed to the Mayall’s primary mirror cell. Servers for the instrument control system replaced existing computer equipment. The fully integrated instrument has been commissioned and is ready to start its operations phase.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Solar Meter
The instrument pictured is an inexpensive solar meter which is finding wide acceptance among architects, engineers and others engaged in construction of solar energy facilities. It detects the amount of solar energy available at a building site, information necessary to design the most efficient type of solar system for a particular location. Incorporating technology developed by NASA's Lewis Research Center, the device is based upon the solar cell, which provides power for spacecraft by converting the sun's energy to electricity. The meter is produced by Dodge Products, Inc., Houston, Texas, a company formed to bring the technology to the commercial marketplace.
Source record↗
Use of a spacecraft borne altimeter for determining the mean sea surface and the geopotential
An experiment is proposed to test a first generation spacecraft-borne radar altimeter's capability to measure the topography of the sea surface. The initial radar altimeter will have an instrumental error of one meter and an overall accuracy to two to five meters. This instrument will thus improve the accuracy of the geoid from the present 10 to 20 meters to better than 5 meters. In order to detect storm surges, tidal forces, and ocean currents, an altimeter with an overall accuracy of at least ?1 meter will be required. The overall accuracy of the initial radar altimeter will thus primarily provide geodetic information and possible oceanographic information such as sea state.
Kahn, W. D.↗
XC-35 gust research project preliminary analysis of the lateral distribution of gust velocity along the span of an airplane
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INSTRUMENTS, NAVIGATION↗
Capacitance Meter
Anders Precision Instrument Co.'s original meter could not measure dissipation leakage in capacitors. Seeking to add that capability, the company planned an advanced model. Before starting work, company president, Thomas Anderson, sought technical assistance from NASA's NERAC (New England Research Application Center). Anderson wanted a survey of the status and capabilities of NASA's electronic measuring devices. NERAC performed a search of six databases, including NASA's and provided a comprehensive report on state of the art worldwide.
Source record↗
Design and Analysis of the JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM)Primary Metering Structure
The design and analysis of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Model (ISIM) structural requirements is presented.
Bartoszyk, Andrew↗
Solar energy meter
An instrument was developed to continually integrate the energy available in incident light on a specifically oriented surface. The unit was designed for outdoor use in remote locations and is capable of operation over a temperature range of -20 to +60 C with good accuracy. The unit is weather resistant, requires low power, has a high input impedance, is inexpensive, and has a visual readout and an analog output for recording.
Masters, R. M.↗
Description of the Klemperer wing strain meter (accelerometer)
The wing strain meter enables a pilot to know the strain on lifting surfaces and to warn him of the safe limits which may not be exceeded. In wing strain the most important factors are the force of gravity and the force of lift which gives the measure of the sustaining force, and their components which are perpendicular to the lifting surfaces. This reports methods for using the wing strain meter.
INSTRUMENTS - WING LOAD INDICATORS - KLEMPERER (ZE↗
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Observatory Implementation and Challenges
NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman), previously referred to as Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), was named after Dr. Nancy Grace Roman, an astronomer and NASA pioneer of modern space-based astronomy who is known as the “mother of the Hubble Space Telescope”. Roman is a deep space infrared observatory with a Hubble-sized telescope and wide field of view instrument (greater than 100 times that of Hubble’s) that will conduct a high latitude time-domain survey, a high latitude imaging and spectroscopic survey, and a galactic bulge time-domain survey to characterize dark energy and expand the census of exoplanets in our galaxy while allowing a broad range of astrophysics research. Roman will also demonstrate exoplanet coronagraphy with active wave front control technology and provide general investigator programs for the science community. Roman is finishing the critical design phase and is planning for launch in 2026. It will operate in a quasi-halo orbit about Sun-Earth L2, 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, for a five-year primary mission life. The Observatory features an Optical Telescope Assembly with an existing, repurposed 2.4m primary mirror, a Wide Field Instrument with a focal plane array comprised of 18 HgCdTe near-infrared detectors and a grism, prism and filter elements for imaging and spectroscopy in support of the primary surveys, as well as a Coronagraph instrument technology demonstration with starlight suppression technology for direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets. The telescope is mounted to the Instrument Carrier composite truss structure which also optically meters each instrument, includes a Launch Load and Vibration Isolation System to provide passive isolation of spacecraft jitter sources while also supporting the payload during launch and is attached to the Spacecraft Bus. The Spacecraft also includes a Solar Array Sunshield ,Deployable Aperture Cover, Lower Instrument Sunshade, High Gain Antenna System, and Outer Barrel Assembly. Figure 1 shows an overview of the Roman Observatory. When fully integrated, Roman will be the largest Observatory assembled and tested at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Figure 1. Roman Observatory Overview Development of scientific satellites is challenging by nature, as the pursuit to broaden scientific knowledge always pushes the boundary of what has come before. The implementation of the Roman mission is a prime example and expected challenges have been augmented by the foundational decision to use the existing telescope components, developed in the early 2000s by another Government agency for a different application. Other unique aspects of the Roman mission, such as its survey nature, the vast amount of data required to meet science objectives, and packaging of the Observatory elements around the existing telescope components, create constrained design spaces that drive competing requirements across Observatory subsystems. Given these challenges, systems engineering has been a critical discipline in balancing implementation decisions for the Roman mission and will continue to play a key role going forward. This paper will discuss details of the Roman Observatory configuration, as well as some of the systems engineering challenges and the decision-making process used to mature the Roman Space Telescope preliminary design to implementation.
Lisa Ml Bartusek↗
Meteorological Tower Network Expansion Pilot Project Siting Considerations to Ensure Data Quality and Representativeness of Three New Meteorological Towers at Los Alamos National Laboratory
Associated with the Meteorological Tower Network Expansion Pilot Project by the Environmental Protection and Compliance (EPC) Compliance Programs (CP) Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ) team, the purpose of this technical report is to establish requisite justification for the siting of three 10-meter high instrumented meteorological towers at three new locations on the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) site. These towers and their associated instrumentation are similar in scope to the existing 10-meter meteorological tower that is collecting meteorological data in Mortandad Canyon (MDCN). The conclusions and recommendations in this technical report will inform LANL management, EPC-CP MAQ staff, and other LANL divisions of the criteria employed for the selection of the final location for siting these three new towers. Meeting such comprehensive criteria will ensure that all data acquired will be spatially representative for meeting the diverse Safety Basis (SB), emergency management, and operations organizations programmatic needs and analytical data input requirements to its codes.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
The Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer
The Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GeoFTS) is an imaging spectrometer designed for an earth science mission to measure key atmospheric trace gases and process tracers related to climate change and human activity. The GeoFTS instrument is a half meter cube size instrument designed to operate in geostationary orbit as a secondary "hosted" payload on a commercial geostationary satellite mission. The advantage of GEO is the ability to continuously stare at a region of the earth, enabling frequent sampling to capture the diurnal variability of biogenic fluxes and anthropogenic emissions from city to continental scales. The science goal is to obtain a process-based understanding of the carbon cycle from simultaneous high spatial resolution measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) many times per day in the near infrared spectral region to capture their spatial and temporal variations on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and interannual time scales. The GeoFTS instrument is based on a Michelson interferometer design with a number of advanced features incorporated. Two of the most important advanced features are the focal plane arrays and the optical path difference mechanism. A breadboard GeoFTS instrument has demonstrated functionality for simultaneous measurements in the visible and IR in the laboratory and subsequently in the field at the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) observatory on Mt. Wilson overlooking the Los Angeles basin. A GeoFTS engineering model instrument is being developed which will make simultaneous visible and IR measurements under space flight like environmental conditions (thermal-vacuum at 180 K). This will demonstrate critical instrument capabilities such as optical alignment stability, interferometer modulation efficiency, and high throughput FPA signal processing. This will reduce flight instrument development risk and show that the GeoFTS design is mature and flight ready.
Carbon exchanges↗