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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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13 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

IPL-Annealed Mixed-Cation Perovskites with Robust Coating Window toward Scalable Manufacturing of Commercial Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising alternative solar technology, but the technical challenges of (1) stability/durability, (2) efficiency at scale, and (3) manufacturability must be overcome to achieve widespread PSC commercialization. The challenge of balancing solution ink formulation and scalable manufacturing is often overlooked in the literature, where focus is on adopting inks from processes that will not scale. In this study, we apply a classical roll-to-roll manufacturing perspective, utilizing both compositional engineering and intense pulsed light (IPL) annealing, to develop a mixed-cation perovskite ink with a robust coating window that simultaneously solve issues of stability and manufacturability for PSCs. Our method resulted in blade-coated, flexible, mixed-cation PSCs on ITO-PET substrates with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) efficiency of 16.7% using IPL annealing of the absorber layer and, to our knowledge, is one of the fastest processing methods for the perovskite layer. This overall reduction in processing time with a stable ink represents an advance toward the scaled production of perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates.

flexible perovskite solar cells↗
DOE OSTI2017

MOOSE IPL Extensions (Documentation)

In FY-2015, The development of MOOSE was driven by the needs of the NEAMS MOOSE-based applications, BISON, MARMOT, and RELAP-7. An emphasis was placed on the continued upkeep and improvement MOOSE in support of the product line integration goals. New unified documentation tools have been developed, several improvements to regression testing have been enforced and overall better software quality practices have been implemented. In addition the Multiapps and Transfers systems have seen significant refactoring and robustness improvements, as has the “Restart and Recover” system in support of Multiapp simulations. Finally, a completely new “Control Logic” system has been engineered to replace the prototype system currently in use in the RELAP-7 code. The development of this system continues and is expected to handle existing needs as well as support future enhancements.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2017

NEAMS-IPL MOOSE Framework Activities 2017

The MOOSE Framework is a modular pluggable framework for building complex simulations. The ability to add new objects with custom syntax is a core capability that makes MOOSE a powerful platform for coupling multiple applications together within a single environment. The creation of a new, more standardized JSON syntax output improves the external interfaces for generating graphical components or for validating input file syntax automatically without the need for explicit developer interaction. The design of this interface and the requirements it satisfies are covered in this short report.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

NEAMS-IPL MOOSE Midyear Framework Activities

Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environement (MOOSE) is a modular, pluggable framework for building complex simulations. The ability to add new objects with custom syntax is a core capability that makes MOOSE a powerful platform for coupling multiple applications together within a single environment. Documentation is not only a required component for a complete software quality assurance plan, but is critical to the overall success and wide-spread adoption of the platform by other researchers and institutions. Therefore, the notion of a modular, pluggable framework has been extended to the creation of documentation content. This report details the methodology for defining the NQA-1 compliant requirements in a manner that allows for the automatic generation of the Software Requirement Specification (SRS), Software Design Description (SDD), and Requirement Traceabiltity Matrix (RTM) from any repository revision.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hybrid CdS nanowires/Si heterostructure photodetector fabricated by intense pulsed light assisted - laser ablation in liquid

Synthesis of CdS nanowires NWs by combined intense pulsed light (IPL) and pulsed laser ablation in liquid is demonstrated for the first time. An IPL source providing 3 ms duration pulses was used to assist the synthesis of CdS nanowires by 7 ns pulsed laser ablation of cadmium target in thiourea and CTAB solution. The results showed a small increase in optical energy band gap of CdS NWs and a decrease of the nanowires diameter from 50 to 40 nm after combining the IPL. The intensity of the photoluminescence emission peak located at 458 nm was doubled when the IPL combined laser ablation process. In addition the synthesized CdS nanowires showed single crystalline pure hexagonal wurtzite phase with decreased particles agglomeration and smaller particle size. Raman spectra were improved too by revealing sharp and shifted peaks at 293 and 585 cm{sup −1}. The figures of merit of hybrid n-CdSNWs/p-Si heterojunction photodetector namely responsivity and minority carrier lifetime were found to be improved remarkably after using IPL assisted laser ablation.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Intense Pulse Light Annealing of Perovskite Photovoltaics Using Gradient Flashes

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been fabricated through high-speed and low-cost depositions but often require long annealing. Intense pulse light (IPL) can anneal thin films in seconds after deposition by inducing very high temperatures lasting for milliseconds, and multiple flashes can be used to tune the temperature profile. In this study, a gradient flash annealing (GFA) approach is introduced and compared to uniform flash annealing (UFA) by investigating the crystallinity, morphology, and phase evolution of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite films and their impact on PSC performance. Unlike UFA, low-intensity pulsed irradiation during the pre-annealing stage of GFA played a significant role on enhancing the PSC performance by forming pure-phase CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite thin films with superior morphology and high crystallinity. To understand the kinetics, a transient thermal simulation using ANSYS was developed and confirmed with an experimental setup. The results combined with microscopy and spectrophotometry were used to visualize how duration, delay time, photon flux, and flash count parameters participated in crystallization, phase, and morphology evolution. The IPL annealing induced rapid surface temperature increase, reaching as high as 800 °C, while produced well-developed and bound perovskite grains without any surface defects in an uncontrolled ambient environment with high humidity (>60%). The study resulted in PSCs with maximum efficiency and fill factor of 9.27 and 69.92% for the UFA and 11.75 and 68% when annealed through the GFA approach, respectively. Lastly, this work utilized IPL as the sole thermal source for post-deposition annealing to rapidly fabricate efficient PSCs in only 10 s, which opens the pathway for high-speed, low-cost, and large-scale automated fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics and semiconductors.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Changes in environmental and engineered conditions alter the plasma membrane lipidome of fractured shale bacteria

ABSTRACT Microorganisms that persist in fractured shale reservoirs cause several problems including secreting foul gases and forming biofilms. Current biocontrol measures often fail due to limited knowledge of their in situ activities. The plasma membrane protects the cell, mediates many of its critical functions, and responds to intracellular cues and ecological perturbations through physicochemical modifications. As such, it provides valuable insight into the physiological adaptation of microorganisms in disturbed environmental systems. Here, we (i) demonstrate how changes in salinity and hydraulic retention time (HRT) influence the plasma membrane intact polar lipid (IPL) chemistry of model bacterium, Halanaerobium congolense WG10, and mixed microbial consortia enriched from shale-produced fluids and (ii) elucidate adjustments in membrane IPL chemistry during biofilm growth relative to planktonic cells. We incubated H. congolense WG10 in chemostats under three salinities (7%, 13%, and 20% NaCl), operated under three HRTs (19.2, 24, and 48 h), and in drip flow biofilm reactors under the same salinity gradients. Also, mixed microbial consortia in produced fluids were enriched in triplicate chemostat vessels under three HRTs (19.2, 24, and 72 h) and biofilm reactors. Lipids were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Our results show that phosphatidylglycerols, cardiolipins, and phosphatidylethanolamines were predominantly enriched in planktonic H. congolense WG10 cells grown at hypersalinity (20%) compared to optimum (13%). In addition, several zwitterionic phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines were higher in abundance during biofilm growth. These observations suggest that microbial adaptation and biofilm formation in fractured shale are enabled by strategic plasma membrane IPL chemistry adjustments. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms inadvertently introduced into the shale reservoir during fracturing face multiple stressors including brine-level salinities and starvation. However, some anaerobic halotolerant bacteria adapt and persist for long periods of time. They produce hydrogen sulfide, which sours the reservoir and corrodes engineering infrastructure. In addition, they form biofilms on rock matrices, which decrease shale permeability and clog fracture networks. These reduce well productivity and increase extraction costs. Under stress, microbes remodel their plasma membrane to optimize its roles in protection and mediating cellular processes such as signaling, transport, and energy metabolism. Hence, by observing changes in the membrane lipidome of model shale bacteria, Halanaerobium congolense WG10, and mixed consortia enriched from produced fluids under varying subsurface conditions and growth modes, we provide insight that advances our knowledge of the fractured shale biosystem. We also offer data-driven recommendations for improving biocontrol efficacy and the efficiency of energy recovery from unconventional formations.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Copper Electrode on Flexible Substrate by Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Microsized Copper Particles

Metal electrodes deposited in a grid pattern onto flexible polymer substrates have been shown to be a viable alternative to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent anode for organic photovoltaics. copper may be a better alternative in terms of cost and stability for large area low-cost solar modules, specifically on roll-to-roll platforms. These customized electrode patterns can be fabricated from copper nanoparticles through various printing techniques applicable to solution phase processing. The Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) technique has been used to sinter copper nanoparticles (~100nm) to fabricate conductive copper electrodes on flexible polymer substrates. However, compared to nanosized (~100 nm) copper particles, microsized (~2 um) copper is much cheaper. In this work, microsized (~2 um) copper is used to produce high conductive copper inks. The conductivity of the print can be adjusted through the use of surfactant. IPL sintering was optimized to obtain high conductivity copper films. In conclusion, several microscopic and electrical spectroscopic characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), 4-point probe resistivity measurements were employed to characterize the copper electrodes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Integration of the Nek5000 Computational Fluid Dynamics Code with the NEAMS Workbench

The mission of the US Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) Program is to develop, apply, deploy, and support state-of-the-art predictive modeling and simulation tools for the design and analysis of current and future nuclear energy systems using computing architectures ranging from laptops to leadership-class facilities. NEAMS is organized into three product lines: the Fuels Product Line (FPL),the Reactors Product Line (RPL), and the Integration Product Line (IPL). The FPL and RPL focus on the development of high-fidelity tools such as the MOOSE-based applications BISON and MARMOT [3, 9] at Idaho National Laboratory, and the PROTEUS neutronics code and the NEK5000 computational fluid dynamics code from the Simulation-based High-efficiency Advanced Reactor Prototyping (SHARP) framework [10]. The NEAMS IPL will enable users to apply high-fidelity simulations to inform lower order models for the design, analysis, and licensing of advanced nuclear systems.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rapid scalable fabrication of roll-to-roll slot-die coated flexible perovskite solar cells using intense pulse light annealing

Perovskite solar cells have achieved high efficiencies at the lab scale using batch processes that often may not be scalable. Processes that can be integrated into a continuous manufacturing platform, such as roll-to-roll, where several processes can be carried out sequentially are necessary to develop a new cost-competitive solar technology. In this work, intense pulsed light thermal post-processing is coupled with scalable slot-die coating and air knife evaporation in a high-speed roll-to-roll process of up to 2 m min –1 . The optimization of IPL energy parameters, web speeds, solution flow rates, and concentration of precursor inks yielded a champion power conversion efficiency of 11.24% for a 1 cm 2 roll-to-roll coated device. The overall processing time for a single layer in this process is reduced from minutes to seconds and the overall footprint of the manufacturing process is decreased. Furthermore, this demonstrates the promising capabilities for intensed pulsed light to reduce manufacturing costs and paves a roadmap for scalable and efficient PSCs on a roll-to-roll platform.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Warthog: Coupling Nek5000 Thermal Hydraulics to BISON Fuel Performance through the Giraffe Interface

The Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program under the US Department of Energy (DOE) consists of three product lines. The Fuels Product Line (FPL), hosted at Idaho National Laboratory (INL), has produced a multiphysics framework with the name Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) (Gaston et al. 2015). The FPL has also produced several high-fidelity physics codes including the fuel performance code Bison (Hales et al. 2016). The Reactors Product Line (RPL), hosted at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne), has developed the high-order spectral-element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code Nek5000 (Fischer et al. 2015). The Integration Product Line (IPL), hosted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), is tasked with ensuring tools from the other product lines can be coupled together so that users may perform high-fidelity multiphysics simulations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Digital Twin and Cybersecurity Requirements for Beartooth

This report summarizes the requirements for the Cybersecurity and the Digital Twin for Beartooth. The Beartooth digital twin will ultimately allow for both comprehensive offline data analysis and transformational autonomy. This document places limits on the IPL-funded work scope to end at a predictive digital twin stage but allow for future expansion to support full autonomy. It is expected that this work will support both currently funded LDRD and future direct-funded digital twin research.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Roll-to-roll Manufacturing of Continuous Perovskite Modules

This project researched the development of inks that were roll-to-roll compatible and that could reduce processing time to achieve high speed operation. This necessitated the development of two nanoparticle inks, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and nickel oxide (NiO) as electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) respectively. Several PVSK inks were also developed including a methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPI), a mixed cation chemistry (MC) and a triple cation (TC) chemistry. All of these layers were demonstrated in roll-to-roll compatible processes utilizing Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) processing.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗